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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}


Placeholder for [[Verse:Unbegotten]] classical language in Russia and Central Asia
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}
 
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


gájati = to sing
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


tři, tír, tří = 3
PIE oey > eg


četvar, četér, četvara = 4
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?


==Phonology==
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), -ḥ = [x] and -ṃ = [ŋ]
 
initial e- > je-


Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou áj áu
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


How far to take e > a? (It helps that Czech is one of the less palatalizing Slavic languages)
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


initial e- > je-
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
TODO: Dual
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 44: Line 92:
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
Line 58: Line 106:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrká''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkaṃ''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrká''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkaṃ''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnámi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštá'' || ''ouštéma'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrká!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáh!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštání!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}


=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
! colspan=2| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}
=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''mať'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''mař'' || ''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' ||''agňou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''mařéš'' ||''mařou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťáj'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařej'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''mař'' ||''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňémi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''matijá'' ||''maťémi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''marí'' ||''mařémi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agníš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''maťé'' ||''matíš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''mařé'' ||''maríš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' ||''agňé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''maťi!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''maře!''||''maríní!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}


=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''džouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''madhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}
=== s-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
==== Feminine ====
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjavé''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštavaḥ''
|''madhu'' || ''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouš'' ||''véjavou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštavou''
|''madhouš'' ||''madhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavej'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhavej'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštúḥ''
|''madhu'' ||''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhouḥ'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjumi''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''džouštujá'' ||''džouštumi''
|''madhú'' ||''madhumi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''džouštáu'' ||''džouštúš''
|''madháu'' ||''madhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!'' ||''véjavé!''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''džouštou!'' ||''džoustavaḥ!''
|''madhou!''||''madhúní!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
=== Personal ===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
! gen.
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
! dat.
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
! abl.
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
! loc.
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
|-
! acc.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
! poss.
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
! dat.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! loc.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tad'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
|  
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
|  
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
|  
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! abl.
! abl.
|
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
|
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
|
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
 
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
 
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
=== o-stem adjectives ===
===Affixes===
==== Hard ====
TODO: optative endings
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{{col-begin}}
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
{{col-3}}
|-
Primary endings
!
 
! colspan=3| masc.
Indicative
! colspan=3| fem.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''-ṃ, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-ma'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vadhé'' || ''-madhé''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-šé'' || ''-tadhé'' || ''-dhvé''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-toudhé'' || ''-nté''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}
{{col-3}}
Secondary endings


Indicative
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| (vowel change) || ''-va'' || ''-ma'' || ''-má'' || ''-vadha'' || ''-madha''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-tadha'' || ''-dhva''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-toudha'' || ''-anta''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
{{col-3}}
=== Participles ===
Imperative endings
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
!singular
!colspan="3"| Passive
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-dhvá''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb classes===
==Verbs==
Athematic:
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
*dáti (to give): dedáṃ, dedáš, dedát, ..., dedánt
 
*státi (to stand): sestáṃ, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
== Numerals ==
*dhéti (to put): dedhéṃ, dedhéš, dedhét, ..., dedhént
<poem>
*bhúti (to be): jesmi, jesi, jest, jsva, jsta, jstou, jsma, jste, jsant
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
</poem>


Thematic o/e ablaut:
==Syntax==
''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bheraṃ, (tú) bhereš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bheret, (vedá) bherava, (judá) bhereta, (sá, sé, té) bheretou, (véḥ) bherama, (júḥ) bherete, (sí, saḥ, tá) bherant''
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešma, anešte, anešant
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''


-eh₂ti: ''dáráti'' (to gift): ''dáráṃ, dáráš, dárát, dáráva, dáráta, dárátou, dáráma, dáráte, dáránt''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


-yéti, -yeti: ''džhaďheti'' (to pray, to request): ''džhaďheṃ, džhaďheš, džhaďhet, džhaďheva, džhaďheta, džhaďhetou, džhaďhema, džhaďhete, džhaďhent''
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


-éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): ''harejeṃ, hareješ, harejet, harejeva, harejeta, harejetou, harejema, harejete, harejent''
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéče'''


==Syntax==
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''
Czechmate has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená géman gájat''. (Using ''géman'' 'song' as an object of ''gájati'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájat''.)
 
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
 
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
 
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''


*''Džená géman gájat'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
*''Géman gájat džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''


==Sample text==
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
=== Czechmate textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vírej Vrn rekté, taš vnáman Vrn jest. Ší č džená jest. Dženáj Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľá č Vrnaš patní. Tá žantátá jstou. Tíma tří dhéná jsant, súná duhatér č.''


===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
'''Avi ješvé č'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jéva č maža bhara, jéva č žamana ašu bheranti.''
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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