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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}


Placeholder for [[Verse:Unbegotten]] classical language in Russia and Central Asia. It is the liturgical language of (a kind of) Buddhism.
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}


gájati = to sing
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


tři, tér, tří = 3
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


četur, četér, četura = 4
PIE oey > eg


==Phonology==
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x]
 
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
 
initial e- > je-


Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou áj áu
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


How far to take e > a? (It helps that Czech is one of the less palatalizing Slavic languages)
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


initial e- > je-
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
TODO: Dual
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
Line 58: Line 106:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrká''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkam''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrká''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkam''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnámi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštá'' || ''ouštéma'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrká!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáh!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštání!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}


=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
! colspan=2| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}
=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''mať'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''mař'' || ''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' ||''agňou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''mařéš'' ||''mařou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňém''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťáj'' ||''maťém''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařej'' ||''mařém''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''mař'' ||''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňém''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťém''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařém''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňémi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''matijá'' ||''maťémi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''marí'' ||''mařémi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agníš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''maťé'' ||''matíš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''mařé'' ||''maríš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' ||''agňé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''maťi!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''maře!''||''maríní!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}


=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''džouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''madhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}
=== s-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjavé''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštavaḥ''
|''madhu'' || ''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouš'' ||''véjavou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštavou''
|''madhouš'' ||''madhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavej'' ||''véjum''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštum''
|''madhavej'' ||''madhum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštúḥ''
|''madhu'' ||''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjum''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštum''
|''madhouḥ'' ||''madhum''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjumi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí'' ||''patrbhi''
|''džouštujá'' ||''džouštumi''
|''madhú'' ||''madhumi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|''džouštáu'' ||''džouštúš''
|''madháu'' ||''madhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!''  ||''véjavé!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''džouštou!'' ||''džoustavaḥ!''
|}
|''madhou!''||''madhúní!''
 
==== Feminine ====
 
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
=== Personal ===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tad'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
|  
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
|  
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
|  
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
|-
! abl.
! abl.
|
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
|
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
|
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid
 
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
===Affixes===
TODO: optative endings
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! 1st
! nom.
| ''-m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vadhé'' || ''-madhé''
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! acc.
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-šé'' || ''-tadhé'' || ''-dhvé''
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! gen.
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-toudhé'' || ''-nté''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
|}
! poss.
{{col-3}}
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
Secondary endings
|-
 
! dat.
Indicative
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! abl.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! ins.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! loc.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
|-
! 1st
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vadha'' || ''-madha''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! m. || f. || n.
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-tadha'' || ''-dhva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! nom.
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-toudha'' || ''-anta''
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
|}
! acc.
{{col-3}}
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! gen.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! 1st
! dat.
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! abl.
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-dhvá''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! ins.
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


===Verb classes===
=== Demonstrative ===
Athematic:  
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
*dáti (to give): dedám, dedáš, dedát, ..., dedánt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhéti (to put): dedhém, dedhéš, dedhét, ..., dedhént
*bhúti (to be): jesmi, jesi, jest, jsva, jsta, jstou, jsme, jste, jsant


Thematic o/e ablaut:
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bheram, (tú) bhereš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bheret, (vedá) bherava, (judá) bhereta, (sá, sé, té) bheretou, (véḥ) bherame, (júḥ) bherete, (sí, saḥ, tá) bherant''


root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
==Adjectives==
 
=== o-stem adjectives ===
Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories
==== Hard ====
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
-eh₂ti: ''dáráti'' (to gift): ''dárám, dáráš, dárát, dáráva, dáráta, dárátou, dáráme, dáráte, dáránt''
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
 
|-
-yéti, -yeti: ''džeďheti'' (to pray, to request): ''džeďhem, džeďheš, džeďhet, džeďheva, džeďheta, džeďhetou, džeďheme, džeďhete, džeďhent''
!
 
! colspan=3| masc.
-éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): ''harejem, hareješ, harejet, harejeva, harejeta, harejetou, harejeme, harejete, harejent''
! colspan=3| fem.
 
! colspan=3| neut.
==== ''á'' class ====
|-
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
!
 
!singular
Participles:
!dual
*''šventánť'' = active participle
!plural
*''šventán'' = passive participle
!singular
 
!dual
Primary conjugation
!plural
 
!singular
Present indicative
!dual
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávadhé'' || ''šventámadhé''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventášé'' || ''šventátadhé'' || ''šventádhvé''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátoudhé'' || ''šventánté''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Secondary conjugation
==== Soft ====


Imperfect indicative
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávadha'' || ''ješventámadha''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventátá'' || ''ješventátadha'' || ''ješventádhva''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátoudha'' || ''ješventánta''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Imperative endings
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| ''-'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''-'' || ''šventává'' || ''šventámadhá''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''šventá, šventádhi'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventáse'' || ''šventátá'' || ''šventádhvá''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''šventátu'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventántu'' || ''šventátá'' || ''šventátoudhá'' || ''šventántá''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
==Verbs==
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
== Numerals ==
<poem>
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
</poem>


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Czechmate has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená géman gájat''. (Using ''géman'' 'song' as an object of ''gájati'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájat''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


*''Džená géman gájat'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Géman gájat džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== Czechmate textbook ===
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
 
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnáman Vrn jest. Ší č džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľá č Vrnaš patní. Žmátá jstou. Tíma tří dhéná jsant, súná duhatér č.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvé č'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jéva č maža bhara, jéva č žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
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