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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], {{PAGENAME}} script
}}


Placeholder for [[Verse:Unbegotten]] classical language in Russia and Central Asia. It is the liturgical language of (a kind of) Buddhism.
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}


gájati = to sing
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


tři, tér, tří = 3
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


četur, četér, četura = 4
PIE oey > eg


rýž = king
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?


==Phonology==
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x]


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ej ou áj áu
initial e- > je-


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
 
How far to take e > a? (It helps that Czech is one of the less palatalizing Slavic languages)


Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)?
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


initial e- > je-
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


all é > ý in the "Prakrit"
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
TODO: Dual
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 50: Line 92:
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
Line 64: Line 106:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrká''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkam''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrká''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkam''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnám''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštam''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnámi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštá'' || ''ouštéma'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrká!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáh!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštání!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


 
=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=2| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' || ''maríní''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňém''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' ||''maťém''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' ||''mařém''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' ||''maríní''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňém''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťém''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařém''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňémi''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' ||''maťémi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''marí'' ||''mařémi''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' ||''maríš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!''||''maríní!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}


=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}


=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=2| ''džouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''madhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštavaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''madhu'' || ''madhúní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouš'' ||''véjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''madhouš'' ||''madhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavej'' ||''véjum''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštum''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''madhavej'' ||''madhum''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštúḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''madhu'' ||''madhúní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjum''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštum''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''madhouḥ'' ||''madhum''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjumi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''džouštujá'' ||''džouštumi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''madhú'' ||''madhumi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''džouštáu'' ||''džouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''madháu'' ||''madhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!'' ||''véjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''džouštou!'' ||''džoustavaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''madhou!''||''madhúní!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
=== n-stems ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
=== Irregular nouns ===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|-
|-
! nom.
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''taḥ'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
! acc.
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''me'' || ''te''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou'' ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
! gen.
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|  
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|-
! dat.
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|  
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
! abl.
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
! ins.
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
! loc.
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid


==Adjectives==
=== ma-stems ===
==Verbs==
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
===Affixes===
|-
TODO: optative endings
!
{{col-begin}}
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
{{col-3}}
|-
Primary endings
!
 
!singular
Indicative
!dual
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''-m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vadhé'' || ''-madhé''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou'' ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-šé'' || ''-tadhé'' || ''-dhvé''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí'' ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-toudhé'' || ''-nté''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}
|}
{{col-3}}
Secondary endings


Indicative
=== s-stems ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou'' ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vadha'' || ''-madha''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-tadha'' || ''-dhva''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou'' ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-toudha'' || ''-anta''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí'' ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
|}
{{col-3}}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
Imperative endings
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
 
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-dhvá''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou'' ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí'' ||''patrbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb classes===
==== Feminine ====
Athematic:
*dáti (to give): dedám, dedáš, dedát, ..., dedánt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to put): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt


Thematic o/e ablaut:
=== Irregulars ===
''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bheram, (tú) bhereš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bheret, (vedá) bherava, (judá) bhereta, (sá, sé, té) bheretou, (véḥ) bherame, (júḥ) bherete, (sí, saḥ, tá) bherant''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
|-
root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
!
 
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories
|-
 
!
-eh₂ti: ''dáráti'' (to gift): ''dárám, dáráš, dárát, dáráva, dáráta, dárátou, dáráme, dáráte, dáránt''
!singular
 
!dual
-yéti, -yeti: ''džeďheti'' (to pray, to request): ''džeďhem, džeďheš, džeďhet, džeďheva, džeďheta, džeďhetou, džeďheme, džeďhete, džeďhent''
!plural
 
|-
-éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): ''harejem, hareješ, harejet, harejeva, harejeta, harejetou, harejeme, harejete, harejent''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
 
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
No aorist; past perfective comes from PIE perfect
|-
==== ''á'' class ====
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
 
Participles:
*''šventánť'' = pres. active participle
*''šventán'' = passive participle
*''šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávadhé'' || ''šventámadhé''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventášé'' || ''šventátadhé'' || ''šventádhvé''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátoudhé'' || ''šventánté''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|}
|}


Secondary conjugation
==Pronouns==
 
=== Personal ===
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
! gen.
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
! dat.
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
! abl.
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! loc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
|-
|-
! 1st
! m. || f. || n.
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávadha'' || ''ješventámadha''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! nom.
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátadha'' || ''ješventádhva''
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! acc.
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátoudha'' || ''ješventánta''
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
|-
|}
! gen.
 
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! poss.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! dat.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 1st
! abl.
| ''šventášam'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavadhé'' || ''šventášamadhé''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! ins.
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášašé'' || ''šventášatadhé'' || ''šventášadhvé''
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! loc.
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatoudhé'' || ''šventášanté''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
|}
! nom.
 
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! acc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! gen.
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
|-
! 1st
! poss.
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámadhá!''
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! dat.
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventádhvá!''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! abl.
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátoudhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)


==== o/e-class ====
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Participles:
*present ''jsanť''
*future ''bhúšanť''


Present
==Adjectives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
=== o-stem adjectives ===
==== Hard ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
|-
|-
!|
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! 1st
!
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''  
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
 
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
Future
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
!|
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''bhúšam'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''  
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí''  ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Past ipfv.
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
 
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!|
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! 1st
!
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''jebhúḥ'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''  
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Imperative
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
!
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''  
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
==Verbs==
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
== Numerals ==
<poem>
jév, jévá, jéva (m/f/n) = 1
dvů, dvé, dvé (m/f/n) = 2
tři, třis, tří (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
šeš = 6
septa - 7
aštů = 8
jneva = 9
deša = 10
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
šešurdeša = 16
septurdeša = 17
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
vížati = 20
jévurvížati = 21
třížat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
</poem>


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Czechmate has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená géman gájat''. (Using ''géman'' 'song' as an object of ''gájati'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájat''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


The topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená géman gájat'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Géman gájat džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== Czechmate textbook ===
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
 
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnáman Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátá jstou. Tíma tří dhýná jsant, súná duhatýreč.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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