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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]]. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


PIE uy, ey > ej
PIE oey > eg


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Line 39: Line 74:
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
 
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
 
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
 
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 49: Line 92:
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
Line 64: Line 107:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabha''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábha'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabha'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkabha''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnábha'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštabha'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabha''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábha'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabha'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáḥ!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébha'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agníḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéḥ'' || ''mařébha'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébha'' ||''agňéḥ''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébha'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébha'' || ''mařéḥ''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbh''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbh''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbha'' ||''patníbhi''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patníḥ!''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
Line 219: Line 262:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouḥ'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouḥ'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubha'' ||''výjubhi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubha'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubha'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabha''  ||''žmenabh''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenaḥ''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenáḥ'' ||''žmenabha''  ||''žmenabh''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabha''  ||''žmenéḥ''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 309: Line 354:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenabh''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
Line 318: Line 363:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenáḥ'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenabh''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabha''  ||''vnamenéḥ''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 345: Line 390:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabha''  ||''andhesabh''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
Line 354: Line 399:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesáḥ'' ||''andhesabha''  ||''andhesabh''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabha''  ||''andheséḥ''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 371: Line 416:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 387: Line 432:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbh''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕḥ''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréḥ'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbh''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbha''  ||''patrbhi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 408: Line 453:
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==== Feminine ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
 
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
|-
! nom.
!
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''taḥ'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! acc.
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''me'' || ''te''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|-
|-
! gen.
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|  
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|-
|-
! dat.
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''meži'' || ''tebhi''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|-
! abl.
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|-
|-
! ins.
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|-
|-
! loc.
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid (distance-neutral)
 
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
===Affixes===
TODO: optative endings
 
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vadhé'' || ''-madhé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tadhé'' || ''-dhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-toudhé'' || ''-nté''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|}
|}
{{col-n}}
Secondary endings


Indicative
==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
=== Personal ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! m. || f. || n.
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! 1st
! acc.
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vadha'' || ''-madha''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! 2nd
! gen.
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-tadha'' || ''-dhva''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! poss.
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-toudha'' || ''-anta''
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
|}
! dat.
{{col-n}}
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! abl.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! 1st
! loc.
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-dhvá''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! m. || f. || n.
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
|-
|-
|}
! nom.
{{col-end}}
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''  
 
===Verb classes===
Athematic:
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to put): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
 
Thematic o/e ablaut:
''bherti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bherů, (tú) bhereš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bheret, (vedů) bherava, (judů) bhereta, (sá, sé, té) bheretou, (véḥ) bherame, (júḥ) bherete, (sí, saḥ, tá) bherant''
 
root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
Seṭ-root (ending in a laryngeal) verbs merge into one of the other categories
 
-eh₂ti: ''důráti'' (to gift): ''důrám, důráš, důrát, důráva, důráta, důrátou, důráme, důráte, důránt''
 
-yéti, -yeti: ''džeďheti'' (to pray, to request): ''džeďhem, džeďheš, džeďhet, džeďheva, džeďheta, džeďhetou, džeďheme, džeďhete, džeďhent''
 
-éyeti: ''harejeti'' (to boil): ''harejem, hareješ, harejet, harejeva, harejeta, harejetou, harejeme, harejete, harejent''
 
No aorist; past perfective comes from PIE perfect
==== Nasal infix class ====
 
==== ''á'' class ====
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
 
Participles:
*''šventánť'' = pres. active participle
*''šventán'' = passive participle
*''šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! acc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
! 1st
! poss.
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávadhé'' || ''šventámadhé''
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! dat.
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátadhé'' || ''šventádhvé''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! abl.
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátoudhé'' || ''šventánté''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
|}
! ins.
 
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! loc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
|-
! 1st
! m. || f. || n.
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávadha'' || ''ješventámadha''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! nom.
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátadha'' || ''ješventádhva''
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! acc.
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátoudha'' || ''ješventánta''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
|}
! gen.
 
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! poss.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! dat.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! 1st
! abl.
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavadhé'' || ''šventášamadhé''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! ins.
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatadhé'' || ''šventášadhvé''
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatoudhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


Imperative endings
=== Demonstrative ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámadhá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventádhvá!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátoudhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|-
|}


==== Thematic root class ====
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
Infinitive: ''bendheti'' = to bind


Participles:
==Adjectives==
*''bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
=== o-stem adjectives ===
*''bandhan'' = passive participle
==== Hard ====
*''benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Primary conjugation
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhamé'' || ''bendhavadhé'' || ''bendhamadhé''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetadhé'' || ''bendhevé''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetoudhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
Secondary conjugation
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
 
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávadha'' || ''ješventámadha''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
! 2nd
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátadha'' || ''ješventádhva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátoudha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Future indicative
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavadhé'' || ''šventášamadhé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatadhé'' || ''šventášadhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatoudhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámadhá!''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventádhvá!''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátoudhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
Participles:
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
*present ''jsanť''
*future ''bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''  
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
! 3rd
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Future
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
|-
!|
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! 1st
!
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''  
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
 
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
Past ipfv.
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
!|
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| ''jebhúḥ'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''  
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|-
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
! 3rd
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}


Imperative
==Verbs==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Line 801: Line 783:
jévurdeša = 11
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
dvůrdeša = 12
třijurdeša = 13
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
penčurdeša = 15
Line 808: Line 790:
aštůrdeša = 18
aštůrdeša = 18
jnevurdeša = 19
jnevurdeša = 19
víšati = 20
vížati = 20
jévurvíšati = 21
jévurvížati = 21
tříšat = 30
třížat = 30
četuršat = 40
četuržat = 40
penčšat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septašat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůšat = 80
aštůžat = 80
jnevašat = 90
jnevažat = 90
šata = 100
šata = 100
žílí = 1000
žílí = 1000
Line 822: Line 804:


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájat''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájati'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájat''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


The topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájat'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájat džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnama Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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