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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]]. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
Jsužan = name cognate to Eugene, Owen


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but -ḥ = [x], j = [ʝ~ç]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''š''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


PIE oey, ōy > ej
PIE oey > eg


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Line 41: Line 74:
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýn, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
 
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
 
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáḥ!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agníḥ''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťaḥ''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéḥ'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéḥ'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňéḥ''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhou'' || ''mařéḥ''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patníḥ''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patníḥ'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbhi''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patníḥ!''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouḥ'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouḥ'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouḥ'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubhi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenaḥ''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenáḥ'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenéḥ''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenáḥ'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenéḥ''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 349: Line 390:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 358: Line 399:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesáḥ'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andheséḥ''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 375: Line 416:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 391: Line 432:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 397: Line 438:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕḥ''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréḥ'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbhi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 412: Line 453:
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==== Feminine ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''taḥ'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''
|-
! acc.
| ''me'' || ''te''
|-
! gen.
|
|-
! dat.
| ''meži'' || ''tebhi''
|-
! abl.
|
|-
! ins.
|
|-
! loc.
|
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid (distance-neutral)


==Adjectives==
=== Irregulars ===
=== o-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsudhr'' 'good'
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!dual
Line 463: Line 467:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsudhr''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''jsudhrá''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''jsudhraḥ''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|''jsudhraš''|| ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsudhram'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsudhráj'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhram'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsudhra'' ||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhrouḥ''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''jsudhrou''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' ||''jsudhrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábh''
|''jsudhráḥ'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsudhrý'' ||''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréḥ''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''jsudhrajá'' ||''jsudhrábhou'' ||''jsudhrábhi''
|''jsudhrý'' || ''jsudhrabhou'' ||''jsudhréḥ''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsudhrami'' || ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhréš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''jsudhré''||''jsudhrou''  ||''jsudhráš''
|''jsudhrami'' || ''jsudhrou'' ||''jsudhréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsudhre''||''jsudhrů''||''jsudhré''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré''||''jsudhraḥ''
|''jsudhra''||''jsudhré'' || ''jsudhrá''
|}
|}
=== u-stem adjectives ===


==Verbs==
==Pronouns==
===Affixes===
=== Personal ===
TODO: optative endings
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
 
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! m. || f. || n.
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! 1st
! acc.
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vahé'' || ''-mahé''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! 2nd
! gen.
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tahé'' || ''-hvé''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! poss.
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-touhé'' || ''-nté''
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
|}
! dat.
{{col-n}}
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
Secondary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! abl.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! 1st
! loc.
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vaha'' || ''-maha''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
| ''-ḥ'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! m. || f. || n.
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touha'' || ''-anta''
|-
|-
|}
! nom.
{{col-n}}
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! acc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
! 1st
! poss.
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! dat.
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-dhvá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! abl.
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
|}
! ins.
{{col-end}}
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
 
===Verb classes===
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
==== Nasal infix class ====
Infinitive: ''jugti'' = to join, to connect
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungam'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! loc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
|-
! 1st
! m. || f. || n.
| ''jungů'' || ''jungava'' || ''jungame'' || ''jungamé'' || ''jungavahé'' || ''jungamahé''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! nom.
| ''jundžeš'' || ''jundžeta'' || ''jundžete'' || ''jundžesé'' || ''jundžetahé'' || ''jundžehvé''
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! acc.
| ''jundžet'' || ''jundžetou'' || ''jungant'' || ''jundžeté'' || ''jundžetouhé'' || ''junganté''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
|}
! gen.
 
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! poss.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! dat.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! 1st
! abl.
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! ins.
| ''jejudžeḥ'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


Future indicative
=== Demonstrative ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}


==== ''-áti'' verbs ====
==Adjectives==
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
=== o-stem adjectives ===
 
==== Hard ====
Participles:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
*''šventous, šventánť'' = pres. active participle
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
*''šventám'' = passive participle
*''šventášas, šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávahé'' || ''šventámahé''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátahé'' || ''šventáhvé''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátouhé'' || ''šventánté''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
Secondary conjugation
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
 
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávaha'' || ''ješventámaha''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
! 2nd
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
| ''ješventáḥ'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Future indicative
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavahé'' || ''šventášamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatahé'' || ''šventášahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatouhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámahá!''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventáhvé!''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátouhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
==== -ejeti ====
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
Infinitive: ''harejeti'' = to anger
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungam'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''harejů'' || ''harejava'' || ''harejame'' || ''harejamé'' || ''harejavahé'' || ''harejamahé''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš''
! 2nd
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
| ''hareješ'' || ''harejeta'' || ''harejete'' || ''harejesé'' || ''harejetahé'' || ''harejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejet'' || ''harejetou'' || ''harejant'' || ''harejeté'' || ''harejetouhé'' || ''harejanté''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Secondary conjugation
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''jejudžeḥ'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
Future indicative
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|-
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
! 1st
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}


Imperative endings
==Verbs==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -jeti ====
 
==== Thematic root class ====
Infinitive: ''bensti'' = to bind
 
Participles:
*''bendhas, bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
*''bandham'' = passive participle
*''benšas, benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhamé'' || ''bendhavahé'' || ''bendhamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetahé'' || ''bendhehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetouhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavaha'' || ''jebendhamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebendheḥ'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhende'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebhendan'' || ''jebhendeta'' || ''jebendhetouha'' || ''jebendhanta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''benšů'' || ''benšava'' || ''benšame'' || ''benšamé'' || ''benšavahé'' || ''benšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''benšaš'' || ''benšata'' || ''benšate'' || ''benšasé'' || ''benšatahé'' || ''benšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''benšat'' || ''benšatou'' || ''benšant'' || ''benšaté'' || ''benšatouhé'' || ''benšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bendhava!'' || ''bendhame!'' || ''-'' || ''bendhavá!'' || ''bendhamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendhe!'' || ''bendheta!'' || ''bendhete!'' || ''bendhese!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhetu!'' || ''bendhetou!'' || ''bendhantu!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhetouhá!'' || ''bendhantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Root athematic ====
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
* ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Participles:
*present ''jsas'' (m), ''jsanť'' (f)
*future ''bhúšas, bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|}
Forms beginning with ''js-'' are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The ''j'' is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
 
Future
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|-
|}
 
Past ipfv.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebhúḥ'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|}
 
Imperative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Line 1,040: Line 783:
jévurdeša = 11
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
dvůrdeša = 12
třijurdeša = 13
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
penčurdeša = 15
Line 1,052: Line 795:
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aštůžat = 80
Line 1,063: Line 806:
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = ''Hito wa futari ga iru'' (Of humans, there are two)
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = ''Kare wa inu ga iru''
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-eč'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Vrn rekté, taš vnama Vrn jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Vrn Ouhaľaḥ pať jest, Ouhaľáč Vrnaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Vrn, his name is Vrn. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Vrn is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouḥ: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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