Linguifex

Ilithian: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ilithian (view source)

Revision as of 01:43, 27 March 2024

11,123 bytes removed ,  27 March
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(333 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]]. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
lígma (leyg-mn) = game
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 36: Line 13:
|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
Line 44: Line 21:
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
Line 52: Line 29:
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
Line 72: Line 49:
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
Line 78: Line 55:
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}


Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
 
PIE oey, ōy > ej


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Line 99: Line 74:
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Line 113: Line 92:
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
Line 128: Line 107:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnach''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnach''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnach''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštách'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkéch''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštéch''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnách!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


Line 188: Line 167:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťach''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťach''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňéch''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhou'' || ''mařéch''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťach!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
Line 242: Line 221:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 254: Line 233:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbhi''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 267: Line 246:
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| ''výju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
Line 283: Line 262:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''výju'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjavé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavach''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''výjouš'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''výjavej'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjavů'' ||''výjúch''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''výjouch'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubh''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''výjú'' || ''výjubhou'' ||''výjubhi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubhi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''výjáu'' || ''výjavou'' ||''výjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''výjou!'' || ''výjavů!'' ||''výjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavach!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 338: Line 318:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 344: Line 324:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenach''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
Line 350: Line 330:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenéch''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 373: Line 354:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 385: Line 366:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenéch''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 409: Line 390:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 421: Line 402:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andheséch''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 435: Line 416:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 451: Line 432:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 457: Line 438:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
Line 463: Line 444:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbhi''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 472: Line 453:
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==== Feminine ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sach'' || ''tá''
|-
! acc.
| ''me'' || ''te''
|-
! gen.
|
|-
! dat.
| ''meži'' || ''tebhi''
|-
! abl.
|
|-
! ins.
|
|-
! loc.
|
|}
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šid (distance-neutral)


==Adjectives==
=== Irregulars ===
=== o-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós)
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!dual
Line 523: Line 467:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtach''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''jsúrtach''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtach''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtou''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtach''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


=== u-stem adjectives ===
==Pronouns==
 
=== Personal ===
==Verbs==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
===Affixes===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
TODO: optative endings
 
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! m. || f. || n.
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! nom.
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! 1st
! acc.
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-mé'' || ''-vahé'' || ''-mahé''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! 2nd
! gen.
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tahé'' || ''-hvé''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! poss.
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-touhé'' || ''-nté''
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
|}
! dat.
{{col-n}}
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
Secondary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! abl.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! 1st
! loc.
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vaha'' || ''-maha''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! m. || f. || n.
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touha'' || ''-anta''
|-
|-
|}
! nom.
{{col-n}}
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! acc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
! 1st
! poss.
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! dat.
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-hvá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
! abl.
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
|-
|}
! ins.
{{col-end}}
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
 
===Verb classes===
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
==== Nasal infix class ====
Infinitive: ''jugti'' = to join, to connect
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungam'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! loc.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
|-
! 1st
! m. || f. || n.
| ''jungů'' || ''jungava'' || ''jungame'' || ''jungamé'' || ''jungavahé'' || ''jungamahé''
|-
|-
! 2nd
! nom.
| ''jundžeš'' || ''jundžeta'' || ''jundžete'' || ''jundžesé'' || ''jundžetahé'' || ''jundžehvé''
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''  
|-
|-
! 3rd
! acc.
| ''jundžet'' || ''jundžetou'' || ''jungant'' || ''jundžeté'' || ''jundžetouhé'' || ''junganté''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
|}
! gen.
 
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! poss.
!colspan="3"| Active
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
! dat.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
|-
! 1st
! abl.
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''  
|-
|-
! 2nd
! ins.
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|-
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


==== ''-áti'' verbs ====
=== Demonstrative ===
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)


Participles:
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
*''šventous, šventánť'' = pres. active participle
*''šventám'' = passive participle
*''šventášas, šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation


Present indicative
==Adjectives==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
=== o-stem adjectives ===
==== Hard ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventámé'' || ''šventávahé'' || ''šventámahé''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátahé'' || ''šventáhvé''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátouhé'' || ''šventánté''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
Secondary conjugation
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
 
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávaha'' || ''ješventámaha''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtáš''
! 2nd
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}


Future indicative
==== Soft ====
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášamé'' || ''šventášavahé'' || ''šventášamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatahé'' || ''šventášahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatouhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}


Imperative endings
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámahá!''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventáhvé!''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátouhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
==== -ejeti ====
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
Infinitive: ''harejeti'' = to anger
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
 
Participles:
*''harejas, harejanť'' = pres. active participle
*''harejam'' = passive participle
*''haréšas, haréšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| ''harejů'' || ''harejava'' || ''harejame'' || ''harejamé'' || ''harejavahé'' || ''harejamahé''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesíš''
! 2nd
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
| ''hareješ'' || ''harejeta'' || ''harejete'' || ''harejesé'' || ''harejetahé'' || ''harejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejet'' || ''harejetou'' || ''harejant'' || ''harejeté'' || ''harejetouhé'' || ''harejanté''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
 
=== Participles ===
Secondary conjugation
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
 
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
 
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
Future indicative
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|-
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
! 1st
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšamé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}


Imperative endings
==Verbs==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -jeti ====
Infinitive: ''ašoušeti'' = to hear
 
Participles:
* ašoušís, ašoušenť = pres. active participle
* ašoušem = passive participle
* ašouššas, ašouššanť = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašoušem'' || ''ašouševa'' || ''ašoušeme'' || ''ašoušemé'' || ''ašouševahé'' || ''ašoušemahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašoušeš'' || ''ašoušeta'' || ''ašoušete'' || ''ašoušesé'' || ''ašoušetahé'' || ''ašoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušet'' || ''ašoušetou'' || ''ašoušent'' || ''ašoušeté'' || ''ašoušetouhé'' || ''ašoušenté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jášouší'' || ''jášouševa'' || ''jášoušeme'' || ''jášoušemá'' || ''jášouševaha'' || ''jášoušemaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jášoušech'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušete'' || ''jášoušešá'' || ''jášoušetaha'' || ''jášoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jášouše'' || ''jášoušetou'' || ''jášoušen'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušetouha'' || ''jášoušenta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašouššů'' || ''ašouššava'' || ''ašouššame'' || ''ašouššamé'' || ''ašouššavahé'' || ''ašouššamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouššaš'' || ''ašouššata'' || ''ašouššate'' || ''ašouššasé'' || ''ašouššatahé'' || ''ašouššahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašouššat'' || ''ašouššatou'' || ''ašouššant'' || ''ašouššaté'' || ''ašouššatouhé'' || ''ašouššanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''ašouševa!'' || ''ašoušeme!'' || ''-'' || ''ašouševá!'' || ''ašoušemahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouše! ašoušedhi!'' || ''ašoušeta!'' || ''ašoušete!'' || ''ašoušese!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušetu!'' || ''ašoušetou!'' || ''ašoušentu!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušetouhá!'' || ''ašoušentá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Thematic root class ====
Infinitive: ''bensti'' = to bind
 
Participles:
*''bendhas, bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
*''bandham'' = passive participle
*''benšas, benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhamé'' || ''bendhavahé'' || ''bendhamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetahé'' || ''bendhehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetouhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavaha'' || ''jebendhamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebendhe'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebendhan'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhetouha'' || ''jebendhanta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''benšů'' || ''benšava'' || ''benšame'' || ''benšamé'' || ''benšavahé'' || ''benšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''benšaš'' || ''benšata'' || ''benšate'' || ''benšasé'' || ''benšatahé'' || ''benšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''benšat'' || ''benšatou'' || ''benšant'' || ''benšaté'' || ''benšatouhé'' || ''benšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bendhava!'' || ''bendhame!'' || ''-'' || ''bendhavá!'' || ''bendhamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendhe!'' || ''bendheta!'' || ''bendhete!'' || ''bendhese!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhetu!'' || ''bendhetou!'' || ''bendhantu!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhetouhá!'' || ''bendhantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Root athematic ====
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
* ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Participles:
*present ''jsas'' (m), ''jsanť'' (f)
*future ''bhúšas, bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|}
Forms beginning with ''js-'' are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The ''j'' is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
 
Future
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|-
|}
 
Past ipfv.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebhúch'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|}
 
Imperative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Line 1,191: Line 783:
jévurdeša = 11
jévurdeša = 11
dvůrdeša = 12
dvůrdeša = 12
třijurdeša = 13
třírdeša = 13
četurdeša = 14
četurdeša = 14
penčurdeša = 15
penčurdeša = 15
Line 1,203: Line 795:
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aštůžat = 80
Line 1,214: Line 806:
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = ''Onna wa uta wo utau''
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = ''Uta wa onna ga utau''
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = ''Hito wa futari ga iru'' (Of humans, there are two)
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = ''Kare wa inu ga iru''
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-eč'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouhaľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhaľach pať jest, Ouhaľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tíbha tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýreč.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouhaľá. Jsužen is Ouhaľá's husband, Ouhaľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žamana ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]


=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Ilithian'''
'''Ilithian'''


JÉDNESI PANTÁTACH APATEČMENÁ. Grýv tasmej ajavej, jasmé žmenišá mať jenter jsúrtami vlkamič vištíti vjážet, meš vídas vištítouch stánouch, rtíchče, pravekouchče, rbhijáchče, jebhi žmené anadedhánté, umbebhát meži ka nepová dousá bhúját, ka se jsu, su kají štidhý žmenou se undůjou, meš jen kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''


MAŤECH PALÍGIŠATÁŤ.
{{col-break}}
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)


REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.


FICKLENESS OF MIND. After spending much time and thought on this problem, and having earnestly considered it, I finally decided to live with the least amount of trouble and labor with the greatest degree of comfort, peace, and good cheer.
However, I found it difficult to discover which profession this might be. Moreover, I did not know with whom to take proper counsel about the matter. For I was unwilling to ask the advice of just anyone, presuming that each would naturally praise his own calling. On the other hand, I was loath to undertake anything in a hurry for fear of erring.
Nevertheless, I confess that I secretly attempted to take up now one, then another or a third thing, but soon dropped them all again, perceiving (as I thought) difficulties and trivialities in all of them. Meantime, I feared that my fickleness might bring me into derision; accordingly, I knew not what to do.
After much inward struggle and hesitation, it finally occurred to me to investigate first all human affairs under the sun, and after I had intelligently compared them one with another, to choose the profession that would enable me to live pleasantly and peacefully. The longer I thought of this plan, the better I liked it.
{{col-break}}
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)


O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
 
Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.
 
VRTKAVOST MYSLI. Na kterouž věc mnoho a často pomýšleje a s rozumem svým pilně se radě, na tom mi se ustanovala mysl, abych sobě takový života způsob, v kterémž by co nejméně starostí a kvaltování, co nejvíc pak pohodlí, pokoje a dobré mysli bylo, oblíbil.
 
Než tu mi se opět nesnadné zdálo, které a jaké by to takové povolání bylo, poznati; a s kým se o to dostatečně poraditi, nevěděl sem; aniž mi se hrubě chtělo s někým se raditi, mysle, že mi každý svou věc chváliti bude. Sám také kvapně k něčemu sáhnouti, abych nepřebral, boje se, nesměl sem.
 
Ač, přiznám se, jednoho, druhého i třetího tajně chytati sem se počal, ale každé hned zase pustil; proto, že sem při každé věci i nesnadnosti i marnosti (jakž mi se zdálo) něco znamenal. Mezitím bál sem se, aby mi má neustavičnost hanby nepřinesla: i nevěděl sem co dělati.


Až natrápě a navrtě se dosti sám v sobě, na toto sem přišel, abych nejdříve všecky lidské věci, co jich pod sluncem jest, prohlédl, a teprv jedno s druhým rozumně srovnávaje, jistý sobě stav vyvolil a své sobě věci k užívání pokojného na světě života pěkně nějak spořádal. Načež čím sem myslil více, tím mi se ta cesta líbila lépe.
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/226723...366776"