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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


{{Infobox language
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}
 
'''Ilithian''' /ɪ'lɪθiən/ or '''Ileithian''' in older sources (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]], spoken by the Ilithians (referred to as Ἰλείθοι ''Ileíthoi'' or Ἰλεύθοι ''Ileúthoi'' in Ancient Greek sources; the Greek name was borrowed into Latin as ''Ilīthī''). It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic. It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
[[Zeuhi]] is a descendant.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
lígma (leyg-mn) = game
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen (> Siżan)
 
šu = with
 
rkš = bear


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
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| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
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| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
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| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
 
Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


PIE oey, ōy > ej
PIE oey > eg


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > č dž džh ť ď ďh pj bj bhj vj mň(+no CL) ň ľ ř š
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Iotation causes compensatory lengthening: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňōə'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I show'.
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
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|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnech''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštá''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštách'' ||''ouštabhou'' ||''ouštabh''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštý'' || ''ouštabhí'' ||''ouštéch''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštá!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''maťech''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňou''  ||''agňou''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťou'' ||''maťou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařou'' ||''mařou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''maťech''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agňébhou'' ||''agňebh''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''maťébhou'' ||''maťebh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařébhou'' ||''mařebh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agňébhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''maťébhí'' ||''maťábhi''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařébhí'' || ''mařéch''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňou'' ||''agníš''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťou'' ||''matíš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařou'' ||''maříš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''maťech!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijou''  ||''patnijou''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijou'' ||''patníš''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjavou'' ||''avýjavou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštavou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhavou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjavou'' ||''avýjúš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštavou'' ||''žouštúš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhavou'' ||''medhúš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavech!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenou'' ||''žmenou''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenou'' ||''žmenaš''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenou''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenou'' ||''vnamenaš''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesou'' ||''andhesou''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesou'' ||''andhesaš''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, sún, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
 
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patrou'' ||''patrou''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patrou'' ||''patrš''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
|}
==== Feminine ====
=== Irregulars ===
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gouch''||''gavou''||''gavou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''gavé'' || ''gavou'' ||''gouš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mý, me'' || ''tý, te'' || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý, se''
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''maná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
|-
! poss.
! poss.
| ''mák, manák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''meži'', ''mé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
|-
! abl.
! abl.
| ''mežách'', ''mách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''maný'' (m), ''majá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''maji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.  
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.  
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|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
| ''nájou'' || ''jújou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
|-
! poss.
! poss.
| ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
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|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nájou'' || ''jújou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou'' || ''tou''
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.  
Line 584: Line 558:
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''tech'' || ''tá''
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
Line 599: Line 573:
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''m(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


=== Demonstrative ===
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)


Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach
 
Relative: ja, já, jach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Line 637: Line 609:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtech''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 652: Line 624:
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
Line 666: Line 638:
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtou''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 675: Line 647:
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
|}
==== Soft ====
==== Soft ====


Line 703: Line 676:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijou'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
Line 728: Line 701:
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijou''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
Line 738: Line 711:
|}
|}
=== Participles ===
=== Participles ===
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
==Verbs==
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
===Affixes===
TODO: optative endings
 
Infinitive ''-ti'' from -tey, like in Balto-Slavic
{{col-begin}}
{{col-n}}
Primary endings
 
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| ''-ů, -m, -mi'' || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-é'' || ''-vahé'' || ''-mahé''
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| ''-š, -si'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-sé'' || ''-tahé'' || ''-hvé''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| ''-t'' || ''-tou'' || ''-nt'' || ''-té'' || ''-touhé'' || ''-nté''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|}
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
{{col-n}}
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
Secondary endings
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
 
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
Indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|-
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
! 1st
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
| -á- > -ou, -(e)je > -í, -je > -ji || ''-va'' || ''-me'' || ''-má'' || ''-vaha'' || ''-maha''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
! 2nd
| ''-ch'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-tá'' || ''-taha'' || ''-hva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''-Ø'' || ''-tou'' || ''-n'' || ''-ta'' || ''-touha'' || ''-anta''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
{{col-n}}
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|-
! 2nd
| ''-Ø, -dhi'' || ''-ta'' || ''-te'' || ''-se'' || ''-tá'' || ''-hvá''
|-
! 3rd
| ''-tu'' || ''-tou'' || ''-ntu'' || ''-tá'' || ''-toudhá'' || ''-antá''
|-
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb classes===
==Verbs==
Past perfective comes from PIE perfects or root aorists
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
==== Nasal infix class ====
Infinitive: ''jugti'' = to join, to connect
 
Gerundive: ''jugtí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''jungas, junganť'' = pres. active participle
*''jungamin'' = passive participle
*''jungšas, jungšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungů'' || ''jungava'' || ''jungame'' || ''jungé'' || ''jungavahé'' || ''jungamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundžeš'' || ''jundžeta'' || ''jundžete'' || ''jundžesé'' || ''jundžetahé'' || ''jundžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžet'' || ''jundžetou'' || ''jungant'' || ''jundžeté'' || ''jundžetouhé'' || ''junganté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jejugou'' || ''jejugava'' || ''jejugame'' || ''jejugamá'' || ''jejugavaha'' || ''jejugamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jejudžech'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžete'' || ''jejudžešá'' || ''jejudžetaha'' || ''jejudžehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jejudže'' || ''jejudžetou'' || ''jejugan'' || ''jejudžeta'' || ''jejudžetouha'' || ''jejuganta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jungšů'' || ''jungšava'' || ''jungšame'' || ''jungšé'' || ''jungšavahé'' || ''jungšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jungšaš'' || ''jungšata'' || ''jungšate'' || ''jungšasé'' || ''jungšatahé'' || ''jungšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jungšat'' || ''jungšatou'' || ''jungšant'' || ''jungšaté'' || ''jungšatouhé'' || ''jungšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''jungava!'' || ''jungame!'' || ''-'' || ''jungavá!'' || ''jungamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jundže! jundžedhi!'' || ''jundžeta!'' || ''jundžete!'' || ''jundžese!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jundžetu!'' || ''jundžetou!'' || ''jungantu!'' || ''jundžetá!'' || ''jundžetouhá!'' || ''jungantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== ''-áti'' verbs ====
Infinitive: ''šventáti'' = to worship
 
Gerundive: ''šventátí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''šventous, šventánť'' = pres. active participle
*''šventámin'' = passive participle
*''šventášas, šventášanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventám'' || ''šventáva'' || ''šventáme'' || ''šventé, šventájé'' || ''šventávahé'' || ''šventámahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventáš'' || ''šventáta'' || ''šventáte'' || ''šventásé'' || ''šventátahé'' || ''šventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventát'' || ''šventátou'' || ''šventánt'' || ''šventáté'' || ''šventátouhé'' || ''šventánté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ješventou'' || ''ješventáva'' || ''ješventáme'' || ''ješventámá'' || ''ješventávaha'' || ''ješventámaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ješventách'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventáte'' || ''ješventášá'' || ''ješventátaha'' || ''ješventáhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ješventá'' || ''ješventátou'' || ''ješventán'' || ''ješventáta'' || ''ješventátouha'' || ''ješventánta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''šventášů'' || ''šventášava'' || ''šventášame'' || ''šventášé'' || ''šventášavahé'' || ''šventášamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventášaš'' || ''šventášata'' || ''šventášate'' || ''šventášasé'' || ''šventášatahé'' || ''šventášahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventášat'' || ''šventášatou'' || ''šventášant'' || ''šventášaté'' || ''šventášatouhé'' || ''šventášanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''šventáva!'' || ''šventáme!'' || ''-'' || ''šventává!'' || ''šventámahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''šventá! šventádhi!'' || ''šventáta!'' || ''šventáte!'' || ''šventáse!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventáhvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''šventátu!'' || ''šventátou!'' || ''šventántu!'' || ''šventátá!'' || ''šventátouhá!'' || ''šventántá!''
|-
|}
 
==== -ejeti ====
Infinitive: ''harejeti'' = to anger
 
Gerundive: ''harejetí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''harejas, harejanť'' = pres. active participle
*''harejamin'' = passive participle
*''haréšas, haréšanť'' = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''harejů'' || ''harejava'' || ''harejame'' || ''harejé'' || ''harejavahé'' || ''harejamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''hareješ'' || ''harejeta'' || ''harejete'' || ''harejesé'' || ''harejetahé'' || ''harejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejet'' || ''harejetou'' || ''harejant'' || ''harejeté'' || ''harejetouhé'' || ''harejanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jeharejí, jeharý'' || ''jeharejeva'' || ''jeharejeme'' || ''jeharejemá'' || ''jeharejevaha'' || ''jeharejemaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jeharejech'' || ''jeharejeta'' || ''jeharejete'' || ''jehareješá'' || ''jeharejetaha'' || ''jeharejehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jehareje'' || ''jeharejetou'' || ''jeharejen'' || ''jeharejeta'' || ''jeharejetouha'' || ''jeharejenta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''haréšů'' || ''haréšava'' || ''haréšame'' || ''haréšé'' || ''haréšavahé'' || ''haréšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''haréšaš'' || ''haréšata'' || ''haréšate'' || ''haréšasé'' || ''haréšatahé'' || ''haréšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''haréšat'' || ''haréšatou'' || ''haréšant'' || ''haréšaté'' || ''haréšatouhé'' || ''haréšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''harejeva!'' || ''harejeme!'' || ''-'' || ''harejevá!'' || ''harejemahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''hareje! harejedhi!'' || ''harejeta!'' || ''harejete!'' || ''harejese!'' || ''harejetá!'' || ''harejehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''harejetu!'' || ''harejetou!'' || ''harejentu!'' || ''harejetá!'' || ''harejetouhá!'' || ''harejentá!''
|-
|}
 
Preterite indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''džehará'' || ''džeharéva'' || ''džeharéme'' || ''džeharejé'' || ''džeharévahé'' || ''džeharémahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''džeharésta'' || ''džeharéta'' || ''džeharéte'' || ''džeharésé'' || ''džeharétahé'' || ''džeharéhvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''džeharé, džehareje'' || ''džeharétou'' || ''džeharýr'' || ''džeharété'' || ''džeharétouhé'' || ''džeharýré''
|-
|}
 
==== -jeti ====
Infinitive: ''ašoušeti'' = to hear
 
Gerundive: ''ašoušetí (jest)''
 
Participles:
* ašoušís, ašoušenť = pres. active participle
* ašoušemin = passive participle
* ašouššas, ašouššanť = future active ptcp.
 
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašoušem'' || ''ašouševa'' || ''ašoušeme'' || ''ašoušé'' || ''ašouševahé'' || ''ašoušemahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašoušeš'' || ''ašoušeta'' || ''ašoušete'' || ''ašoušesé'' || ''ašoušetahé'' || ''ašoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušet'' || ''ašoušetou'' || ''ašoušent'' || ''ašoušeté'' || ''ašoušetouhé'' || ''ašoušenté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jášouši'' || ''jášouševa'' || ''jášoušeme'' || ''jášoušemá'' || ''jášouševaha'' || ''jášoušemaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jášoušech'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušete'' || ''jášoušešá'' || ''jášoušetaha'' || ''jášoušehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jášouše'' || ''jášoušetou'' || ''jášoušen'' || ''jášoušeta'' || ''jášoušetouha'' || ''jášoušenta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''ašouššů'' || ''ašouššava'' || ''ašouššame'' || ''ašouššé'' || ''ašouššavahé'' || ''ašouššamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouššaš'' || ''ašouššata'' || ''ašouššate'' || ''ašouššasé'' || ''ašouššatahé'' || ''ašouššahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašouššat'' || ''ašouššatou'' || ''ašouššant'' || ''ašouššaté'' || ''ašouššatouhé'' || ''ašouššanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''ašouševa!'' || ''ašoušeme!'' || ''-'' || ''ašouševá!'' || ''ašoušemahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''ašouše! ašoušedhi!'' || ''ašoušeta!'' || ''ašoušete!'' || ''ašoušese!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''ašoušetu!'' || ''ašoušetou!'' || ''ašoušentu!'' || ''ašoušetá!'' || ''ašoušetouhá!'' || ''ašoušentá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Thematic root class ====
Infinitive: ''bensti'' = to bind
 
Gerundive: ''benstí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*''bendhas, bendhanť'' = pres. active participle
*''bandhamin'' = passive participle
*''benšas, benšanť'' = future active ptcp.
Primary conjugation
 
Present indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bendhů'' || ''bendhava'' || ''bendhame'' || ''bendhé'' || ''bendhavahé'' || ''bendhamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendheš'' || ''bendheta'' || ''bendhete'' || ''bendhesé'' || ''bendhetahé'' || ''bendhehvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhet'' || ''bendhetou'' || ''bendhant'' || ''bendheté'' || ''bendhetouhé'' || ''bendhanté''
|-
|}
 
Secondary conjugation
 
Imperfect indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebendhou'' || ''jebendhava'' || ''jebendhame'' || ''jebendhamá'' || ''jebendhavaha'' || ''jebendhamaha''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebendhech'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhete'' || ''jebendhešá'' || ''jebendhetaha'' || ''jebendhehva''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebendhe'' || ''jebendhetou'' || ''jebendhan'' || ''jebendheta'' || ''jebendhetouha'' || ''jebendhanta''
|-
|}
 
Future indicative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''benšů'' || ''benšava'' || ''benšame'' || ''benšé'' || ''benšavahé'' || ''benšamahé''
|-
! 2nd
| ''benšaš'' || ''benšata'' || ''benšate'' || ''benšasé'' || ''benšatahé'' || ''benšahvé''
|-
! 3rd
| ''benšat'' || ''benšatou'' || ''benšant'' || ''benšaté'' || ''benšatouhé'' || ''benšanté''
|-
|}
 
Imperative endings
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="3"| Active
!colspan="3"| Passive
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bendhava!'' || ''bendhame!'' || ''-'' || ''bendhavá!'' || ''bendhamahá!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bendhe!'' || ''bendheta!'' || ''bendhete!'' || ''bendhese!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhehvé!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bendhetu!'' || ''bendhetou!'' || ''bendhantu!'' || ''bendhetá!'' || ''bendhetouhá!'' || ''bendhantá!''
|-
|}
 
==== Root athematic ====
*důti (to give): dedům, dedůš, dedůt, ..., dedůnt
*státi (to stand): sestám, sestáš, sestát, ..., sestánt
*dhýti (to do): dedhým, dedhýš, dedhýt, ..., dedhýnt
*bháti (to say): bebhám, bebháš, bebhát, ..., bebhánt
* ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, aneštou, anešme, anešte, anešant
 
==== ''bhúti'' 'to be' ====
Infinitive: ''bhúti''
 
Gerundive: ''bhútí (jest)''
 
Participles:
*present ''jsas'' (m), ''jsanť'' (f)
*future ''bhúšas, bhúšanť''
 
Present
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jesmi'' || ''jsva'' || ''jsme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jesi'' || ''jsta'' || ''jste''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jest'' || ''jstou'' || ''jsant''
|-
|}
Forms beginning with ''js-'' are pronounced with [çs-] if not after a vowel. (The ''j'' is a reflex of PIE h₁.)
 
Future
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhúšů'' || ''bhúšava'' || ''bhúšame''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhúšaš'' || ''bhúšata'' || ''bhúšate''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúšat'' || ''bhúšatou'' || ''bhúšant''
|-
|}
 
Past ipfv.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''jebhúm'' || ''jebhúva'' || ''jebhúme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''jebhúch'' || ''jebhúta'' || ''jebhúte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''jebhú'' || ''jebhútou'' || ''jebhún''
|-
|}
 
Optative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!|
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''bhújám'' || ''bhújáva'' || ''bhújáme''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhújáš'' || ''bhújáta'' || ''bhújáte''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhúját'' || ''bhújátou'' || ''bhújánt''
|-
|}
 
Imperative
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|-
! 1st
| ''-'' || ''bhúva!'' || ''bhúme!''
|-
! 2nd
| ''bhú! bhúdhi!'' || ''bhúta!'' || ''bhúte!''
|-
! 3rd
| ''bhútu!'' || ''bhútou!'' || ''bhúntu!''
|-
|}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Line 1,429: Line 795:
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aštůžat = 80
Line 1,440: Line 806:
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
=== UDHR ===
=== UDHR ===
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou tvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''


=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýrče.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žmena ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
Line 1,467: Line 833:
'''Ilithian'''
'''Ilithian'''


''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, jebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté meži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, šu janý žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am jaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''


'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
Line 1,477: Line 843:
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Ilithic]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
IlL
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