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'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = jľoudhišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}


'''Ilithian''' /ɪ'lɪθiən/ (''jľoudhišká dažvá'') is a classical language in Russia and Central Asia in [[Verse:Unbegotten]], spoken by the Ilithians (referred to as Ἰλείθοι ''Ileíthoi'' in Ancient Greek sources; the Greek name was borrowed into Latin as ''Ilīthī''). It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic.
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
 
As an ancient IE language, Ilithian is highly inflected and retains many archaic features (while being fairly innovative in other ways). It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
[[Zauhi]] is a descendant.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
lígma (leyg-mn) = game
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen (> Śużen)
 
šu = with
 
rkš = bear
 
žnýtál = family


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
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| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
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| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
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!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
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| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
 
PIE oey, ōy > ej


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
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ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > č dž džh ť ď ďh pj bj bhj vj mň(+no CL) ň ľ ř š
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Iotation causes compensatory lengthening: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňōə'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I show'.
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matěch''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|-
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''maťi!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
|}
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|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavech!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
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|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
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|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
|}
==== Feminine ====
==== Feminine ====


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|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''m(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


=== Demonstrative ===
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
 
Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich


Relative: ja, já, jach
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
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|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtech''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtou''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtou'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijou'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijou''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesavou'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
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=== Participles ===
=== Participles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'being'
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
|-
!
!
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantou''||''jsantou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijou''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantou'' || ''jsantou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantou''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijou''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantou'' || ''jsantéš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}


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četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aštůžat = 80
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Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Džená gájma gájet'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Gájma gájet džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Ilithian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
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=== Ilithian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýrče.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.


===Schleicher's Fable===
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Avi ješvéč'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévač maža bhara, jévač žmena ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
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'''Ilithian'''
'''Ilithian'''


''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, jebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté meži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, šu janý žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am jaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''


'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
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''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Ilithic]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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