Linguifex

Ilithian: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ilithian (view source)

Revision as of 01:43, 27 March 2024

709 bytes removed ,  27 March
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(123 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{list subpages}}
'''Ilithian''' (''gľauďhišká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avišvijá]], inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|nativename = sebhatišká dažvá
|pronunciation =
|region = Britain
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
}}


'''Sebatian''' /sə'beɪʃən/ (''sebhatišká dažvá'' /ˈsɛbʰacɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical language in Great Britain in [[Verse:Unbegotten]], spoken by the Sebatians. It is inspired by Czech, Sanskrit and Proto-Celtic.
Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
 
As an ancient IE language, Sebatian is highly inflected and retains many archaic features (while being fairly innovative in other ways). It is close to both Greek and Indo-Iranian but shares many features with Balto-Slavic.
 
[[Zauhi]] is a descendant.
 
gájati = to sing
 
vrýž = king
 
lígma (leyg-mn) = game
 
Jsužen = name cognate to Eugene, Owen (> Śużen)
 
šu = with
 
rkš = bear
 
žnýtál = family


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 46: Line 13:
|
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| [ŋ]
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
|-
Line 54: Line 21:
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť, ti''' /c/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/  
| '''k''' /k/  
|
|
Line 62: Line 29:
| '''d''' /d/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď, di''' /ɟ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
| '''g''' /g/
|  
|
|
|-
|-
Line 82: Line 49:
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/
| '''v''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''j''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
!colspan="2"| Liquid
Line 88: Line 55:
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ, li''' /ʎ/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 95: Line 62:
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.


d dh t n l + i í pronounced as if written ď ďh ť ň ľ + i í; ý is non-palatalizing í
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids


Vowels: a e i u á é í/ý ú ů ej ou áj áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = ɯ, ɯː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
PIE oey > eg
 
PIE oey, ōy > ej


Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
Line 109: Line 74:
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í


all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Sebatian é causes "third palatalization"
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"


mýs, mýnes- 'month'
mjs, mjnes- 'month'


ja > je?
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pj bj bhj vj mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š


This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I appear'.
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Literary Sebatian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 333: Line 298:
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''žoustavech!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
Line 372: Line 338:
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}
|}
=== ma-stems ===
=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 449: Line 416:


=== -ýr nouns ===
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesýr, duhatýr''
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
Line 471: Line 438:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patŕch''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
Line 485: Line 452:
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
|}
==== Feminine ====
==== Feminine ====


Line 605: Line 573:
|-
|-
! ins.
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''  
|-
|-
! loc.
! loc.
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''  
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''m(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.


=== Demonstrative ===
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: ši, ší, šich (distance-neutral)
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
 
Interrogative (determiner and pronoun): či, čí, čich


Relative: ja, já, jach
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
Line 643: Line 609:
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtech''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|-
Line 746: Line 712:
=== Participles ===
=== Participles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'being'
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
|-
!
!
Line 801: Line 767:


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
{{main|Sebatian/Verbs}}
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}


== Numerals ==
== Numerals ==
Line 829: Line 795:
četuržat = 40
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
pendžat = 50
šeššat = 60
šežžat = 60
septažat = 70
septažat = 70
aštůžat = 80
aštůžat = 80
Line 838: Line 804:


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Sebatian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená gájma gájet''. (Using ''gájma'' 'song' as an object of ''gájeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''gájet''.)


Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Sebatian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
Line 845: Line 811:
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Žmenou dvů jstou'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
*''Tam švů jest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Sebatian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later forms of Sebatian.
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
Line 851: Line 817:
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''
''Višvé žmené svapátěbhi ženijánté; téšou jsutvrtitáť andoušijéče lígé jsant.''


=== Sebatian textbook ===
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš vnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáče Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů duhatýrče.''
''Ši vír jest. Vír Jsužen rekté, taš jnama Jsužen jest. Šíč džená jest. Džená Ouháľá rekté. Jsužen Ouhálěch pať jest, Ouháľáč Jsuženaš patní. Žmátů jstou. Tébhou tří dhýná jsant, súnů dhvatýrče.''


This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
This is a man. The man is called Jsužen, his name is Jsužen. This is a woman. The woman's name is Ouháľá. Jsužen is Ouháľá's husband, and Ouháľá is his wife. They are married/a couple. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.
Line 860: Line 826:
'''Avi ješvéče'''
'''Avi ješvéče'''


''Avi, jasmej vlná nébhú, jevidat ješvouch: jéva tangu važa vežanti, jévače maža bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''
''Avi, kasmáj vlná nébhú, vidat ješvouch: jéva tangu vaha vehanti, jévače maha bhara, jévače žmena ašu bheranti.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]


=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Sebatian'''
'''Ilithian'''


''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, jasmi se žmenišáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, jebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté meži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, šu janý žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am jaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''
''JÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Gegrýš jaha tasmej ajavej, kasmi se žmeniškáj maťáj vištím ater jsúrtami vlkamič bháněti vjážet, vídas jaha vištítá ater žmenéš stámená rtěchče pravekouchče rbhíchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté jmeži nepavá bhúti doušá, ja se jsu, ku kaný žmenou štidhý se andůjou, meš am kaja praveka džívatou anadůtí bhúját, maťájmi.''


'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/233960...366776"