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| The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb. | | The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb. |
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| | Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. |
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| |{{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|tay e qay ye}}
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| |morphemes=tˢaɰe e(k) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
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| |gloss=see DIR water PROX
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| |translation=I look at water.
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| }}
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| |{{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|attay a qay ye}}
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| |morphemes=at-tˢaɰe a(t) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
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| |gloss=NDIR-see NDIR water PROX
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| |translation=I see water.
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| }}
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| |}
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| When the object is a pronominal participant, fused forms of the particles and clitic are used. These are quite reduced and irregular.
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| {{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote qaye}}
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| |morphemes=lɰõlɰ a(t)-(e)ɰe kˣaɰe
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| |gloss=good NDIR-PROX water
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| |translation=I have good water.
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| }}
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| Here {{ash|ɱõȸ}} is the verb and the sentence can be literally said to mean "the water for me is good".
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| ===Valency===
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| A direct object can be directly followed by an indirect object to form a more complex sentence.
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| {{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|tẽɱ e ɱõȸ odo ye}}
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| |morphemes=be DIR good NDIR-DIST PROX
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| |gloss=tˢẽkɰ e(k) lɰõlɰ a(t)-(a)ɰa (e)ɰe
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| |translation=I made them something good (to eat).
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| }}
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| A verb can be made passive by omitting the subject.
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| {{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|taday ece}}
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| |morphemes=tˢa~tˢaɰe e(k)-(e)ɰe
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| |gloss=CONT~see DIR-PROX
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| |translation=I am being watched.
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| }}
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| ===Relative clauses===
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| When a nominal referent is the subject of a verb with no intervening objects, a determiner must be inserted between the two. A verb can be made an attributive part of a noun phrase by inserting the same determiner, but the order of noun and verb is then inverted.
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| {|
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| |{{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|qot o dadat}}
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| |morphemes=kˣatˢ (a)ɰa tatatˢ
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| |gloss=bad DIST house
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| |translation=The house is bad.
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| }}
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| |{{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|eccey a dadot o qat e}}
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| |morphemes=at-keɰ a(t) tatatˢ (a)ɰa kˣatˢ (e)ɰe
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| |gloss=NDIR-move NDIR house DIST bad PROX
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| |translation=I see water.
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| }}
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| |}
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| ==Glossed examples==
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| The following examples are given with both variations on the labiovelar realisations.
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| ===Possession===
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| | <div style="float: left"> |
| {{gloss | | {{gloss |
| |phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote tedoȹ}} | | |phrase={{ash|tẽɱo qáyi}} |
| |IPA=/lɰãlɰ atˢe tˢetakɰ/ [mᶭɒ̃‿ⱱ̃ᶭɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒp̚ᶭ]~[ŋʷɒ̃‿ɾ̃ʷɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒk̚ʷ] | | |morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/ |
| |gloss=good NDIR-PROX mouth | | |IPA=[ˈtˢẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji] |
| |translation=I speak well. | | |gloss=be=DET water |
| | |translation=There is water. |
| }} | | }} |
| | | </div> |
| ===Question===
| | <div style="float: left"> |
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| {{gloss
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| |phrase={{ash|qa nãtẽɱ o tot o}}
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| |IPA=/kˣa tatˢẽkɰ a(t) tˢatˢ (a)ɰa/ [kˣã nã.sẽ‿mᶭɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]~[kˣã nã.sẽ‿ŋʷɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]
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| |gloss=Q in-live NDIR place DIST
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| |translation=Where do you live?
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| }}
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| ===Continuous aspect===
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| {{gloss | | {{gloss |
| |phrase={{ash|tececey ad aqoȹo ye}} | | |phrase={{ash|tíŋi qayí}} |
| |IPA=/tˢekekeɰ at akˣakɰa (e)ɰe/ [tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.bᶭɒ je]~[tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.gʷɒ je] | | |morphemes=/tˢẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/ |
| |gloss=away-go~CONT NDIR Appa PROX | | |IPA=[ˈtˢĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji] |
| |translation=We are going to [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]]. | | |gloss=be=DIR water=PROX |
| | |translation=I made the water. |
| }} | | }} |
| | </div> |
| | <div style="clear: both"></div> |