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Ish: Difference between revisions
→Grammar: Syntax & valency
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Words in Ish do not have a lot of morphology besides a very productive affinity for compounding. Most content words do not fit neatly into any particular class of words, but are either verbs or nouns depending on their syntactic position, making word order somewhat rigid. However there are function words, some of which are fused. | Words in Ish do not have a lot of morphology besides a very productive affinity for compounding. Most content words do not fit neatly into any particular class of words, but are either verbs or nouns depending on their syntactic position, making word order somewhat rigid. However there are function words, some of which are fused. | ||
===Syntax=== | |||
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb. | |||
{| | |||
|{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|taye e qaye ya}} | |||
|morphemes=tˢaɰe e(k) kˣaɰe (e)ɰa | |||
|gloss=see DIR water PROX | |||
|translation=I look at water. | |||
}} | |||
|{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|attaye a qaye ya}} | |||
|morphemes=at-tˢaɰe a(t) kˣaɰe (e)ɰa | |||
|gloss=NDIR-see NDIR water PROX | |||
|translation=I see water. | |||
}} | |||
|} | |||
When the object is a pronominal participant, fused forms of the particles and clitic are used. These are quite reduced and irregular. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote qaye}} | |||
|morphemes=lɰõlɰ a(t)-(e)ɰa kˣaɰe | |||
|gloss=good NDIR-PROX water | |||
|translation=I have good water. | |||
}} | |||
Here {{ash|ɱõȸ}} is the verb and the sentence can be literally said to mean "the water for me is good". | |||
===Valency=== | |||
A direct object can be directly followed by an indirect object to form a more complex sentence. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|nẽd e ɱõȸ odo ya}} | |||
|morphemes=be DIR good NDIR-DIST PROX | |||
|gloss=tẽl e(k) lɰõlɰ a(t)-(a)ɰa (e)ɰa | |||
|translation=I made them something good (to eat). | |||
}} | |||
A verb can be made passive by omitting the subject (note also the postvocalic elision yielding {{ash|ce}} instead of {{ash|ece}}. | |||
{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|tataye ce}} | |||
|morphemes=tˢa~tˢaɰe e(k)-(e)ɰa | |||
|gloss=CONT~see DIR-PROX | |||
|translation=I am being watched. | |||
}} | |||
==Glossed examples== | ==Glossed examples== | ||