Karnišna: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 11:42, 25 September 2013

Carnian
Ⰽⰰⱃⱀⰻⱎⱀⰰ Karnišna
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ˈkaɾniʃna]]
Created by
Native toItaly
Native speakers- (2013)
Language codes
ISO 639-1-
ISO 639-2-
ISO 639-3-

Carnian, also known as Karnišna (natively), is a South Slavic language spoken in Northern Italy, more specifically in two regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto. The language borders on several languages spoken in the area, namely Slovene, Friulian, Venetian, Italian and German. Carnian is a fairly conservative language (it has dual, for example), but with heavy influence from the neighbouring Romance languages, both in its grammar and vocabulary. The official script of the language is Glagolitic but Latin is used at an increasing rate nowadays.

Background

Phonology

Consonants

The Carnian consonant inventory is fairly simple. There are 32 consonants in total, 9 of which are geminate consonants. Carnian has lost the velar plosive /g/ and turned it into the velar fricative /ɣ/, with [g] being now an allophone of [ɣ]. An interesting feature of the language is also the dental fricative /ð/, which has developed from /d/ in some positions. Despite being a Slavic language, Carnian completely lacks palatal or palatalised consonants (except for /j/ and even that is often considered as a non-vocalic vowel).

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar
Nasal Plain m n
Geminate
Plosive Plain p b t d k
Geminate
Fricative Plain f ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ
Geminate
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Approximant ʋ j w
Trill r
Flap or tap ɾ
Lateral approx. Plain l
Geminate

Vowels

Carnian has 10 vowels total. There is no phonemic distinction between vowel legth but a general rule is that stressed vowels are longer than unstressed vowels.

Front Central Back
Close i y u
Close-mid e ø o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Phonotactics

Orthography

The Latin alphabet of Carnian is close to a phonetic alphabet but with some historical spellings and letters.

Grammar

Nouns

Carnian nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are three genders, inherited from Proto-Slavic: masculine, feminine and neuter. There are also three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Carnian also has six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The only case that has been lost since Proto-Slavic is vocative.

Declensions

Main: Carnian declensions

There are three main types of declensions, one for each gender. However, there are many smaller declensions with irregularities, and masculine nouns are also inflected according to animacy. In total, there are ten masculine declensions (all of them come in animate-inanimate variations), nine feminine declensions and nine neuter declensions.

Overview of basic declension paradigms
Case Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -a -i -a -e -u -a
Genitive -a -e -u -a
Dative -i -oma -on -i -ama -an -i -oma -on
Accusative inan./-aanim. -a -e -e -u -a
Locatve inan./-ianim. -äh -ah -äh
Instrumental -on -oma -i -ama -am -on -oma -i

Adjectives

Carnian adjectives belong to three types: qualitative, relational and possessive. They are also inflected for gender, number, case, and definiteness. Adjectives agree with the noun in the first three categories, that is in gender, number and case. Definiteness is shown only on adjectives, nouns are otherwise uninflected by it. Both the definite and the indefinite paradigms are divided into two types: short and long. The indefinite paradigms apply only to qualitative adjectives while the definite paradigms apply to relational and possessive adjectives. The short indefinite paradigm further applies only to qualitative adjectives in their comparative degree, and the short definite forms apply to qualitative adjectives in their superlative forms. The short definite paradigms also applies to adjctival pronouns, such as the demonstratives.

Overview of basic declension paradigms
Number Case Indefinite Definite
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Long Short Long Short Long Short Long Short Long Short Long Short
Singular Nominative -i -a -u -e -i(t) -ala -a -ule -e
Genitive -a -e -a -(e)ga -ylä -e -(e)ga
Dative -i -i -i -(e)mi -äl(i) -i -(e)mi
Accusative in.
-aan.
-iin.
-(e)gaan.
-u -e -i(t) -i -ålå -ule -e
Locative -i -i -i -en -äl(i) -i -en
Instrumental -on -in -on -in -in -ålå -in
Dual Nominative -a -i -i -ala -a -äl(i) -i -äl(i) -i
Genitive -i -ih -i -ih -i -ih -ili -ej -ili -ej -ili -ej
Dative -oma -ima -ama -ima -oma -ima -ima
Accusative -a -i -i -ala -a -äl(i) -i -äl(i) -i
Locative -i -ih -i -ih -i -ih -ili -ej -ili -ej -ili -ej
Instrumental -oma -ima -ama -ima -oma -ima -ima
Plural Nominative -i -e -a -ili -i -elä -e -ala -a
Genitive -äh -ih -ah -ih -äh -ih -ih
Dative -on -in -am(i) -im(i) -on -in -in
Accusative -e -i -e -a -elä -i -elä -e -ala -a
Locative -äh -ih -ah -ih -äh -ih -ih
Instrumental -e -am(i) -im(i) -e -im(i)

Verbs

Pronouns

Morphology

Syntax