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== Introduction ==
{{privatelang}}
'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsɛn]}}) is an apriori language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with simple phonology along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment.
 
{{Infobox language
|image=Katafalsen braid-1.png
|name=Katäfalsen
|pronunciation={{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}
|creator=Resangir
|setting=
|created=2019
|fam1=constructed language
|fam2=artistic language
|ancestor=Proto-Katäfalsen
|ancestor2=Old Katäfalsen
|script=Latin, Greek, braids
|iso3=none
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}, alternative spelling: '''Katã Falsen''', short: '''Katah''', {{IPA|[ˈkɑtɑχ]}}) is an apriori constructed language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from '''Proto-Katäfalsen''' with a mentionable amount of loanwords from Old Greek.
 
== Name ==
Analysing the name ''Katäfalsen'' already shows many of the language's features and offers therefore an appropriate introduction. Possible English translations are "the water language", "the water languages", "(a) water language" and "water languages" as neither number nor definiteness must be expressed explicitely. The word ''fales'' means "tongue" as a body part and is converted into the abstract noun "language" by the suffix ''-n''. Its main function is forming feminine nouns but can also yield abstracta. Here, it triggers metathesis, i.e. alternation of the order of phonemes, and produces the word ''falsen'' "language". The word for "water" is ''kat'', which has the stem ''kata''. Since "water language" specifies a certain type of "language", the component "water" is considered to be subordinate and takes a subordinate suffix which lengthens the final vowel in ''kata'' to ''katä''. Finally, the two words ''katä'' and ''falsen'' form the compound ''Katäfalsen''. An acceptable glossing would consequently be:
 
{{interlinear
|Katä-falsen
|water\{{sc|sr}}-tongue\{{sc|fem}}
|The water language
}}


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 71: Line 97:
!Close
!Close
|i<br>{{IPA|/i/}}
|i<br>{{IPA|/i/}}
|y<br>{{IPA|/y/}}
|
|
|
|u<br>{{IPA|/u/}}
|u<br>{{IPA|/u/}}
Line 77: Line 103:
!Mid
!Mid
|e<br>{{IPA|/e/}}
|e<br>{{IPA|/e/}}
|
|ö<br>{{IPA|/ø/}}
|
|
|o<br>{{IPA|/o/}}
|o<br>{{IPA|/o/}}
Line 95: Line 121:
Uppercase letters are used for the first letter of a sentence and proper nouns.
Uppercase letters are used for the first letter of a sentence and proper nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!a||b||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||r||s||t||u||w||y||ä
!a||b||d||e||f||g||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||p||r||s||t||u||w||ö||ä
|-
|-
!A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Y||Ä
!A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Ö||Ä
|}
|}
Due to the potential to build very long compounds, the Latin orthography has two equivalent ways to write them down. The first one is to simply string the components together (''katä + falsen → Katäfalsen'') and the second one to put an acute over the last vowel of the first component (''katä + falsen → katã falsen''). Here, ''ä'' and ''ö'' with acutes are substituted by ''ã'' and ''õ''. Both conventions are often used together within the same text.
At the end of a line, syllabfication using a hyphen (''-'') is possible at every syllable boundary.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
Line 147: Line 177:
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|-
|-
!{{IPA|/i/}}
!{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|-
|-
!{{IPA|/o/}}
!{{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|-
!{{IPA|/u/}}
!{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
|-
Line 169: Line 199:
|{{IPA|/ɑːw/}}
|{{IPA|/ɑːw/}}
|-
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
!{{IPA|/ø/}}
|{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
|rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|rowspan="5" colspan="2" style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|-
|-
Line 188: Line 218:
The last five syllable nuclei are never followed by {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} because they solely arise from the mutations above and complex syllable codae are forbidden. When a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached to a word ending with a mutated vowel, the mutation is usually undone.
The last five syllable nuclei are never followed by {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} because they solely arise from the mutations above and complex syllable codae are forbidden. When a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached to a word ending with a mutated vowel, the mutation is usually undone.


''t'''y''' + an'' → ''t'''oj'''an''<br>
''t'''ö''' + an'' → ''t'''oj'''an''<br>
''am'''i''' + an'' → ''am'''ej'''an''
''am'''i''' + an'' → ''am'''ej'''an''


Line 217: Line 247:
* '''''me'''sal'''pi'''-sedar'': The initial syllable of the first component receives a secondary stress.
* '''''me'''sal'''pi'''-sedar'': The initial syllable of the first component receives a secondary stress.
* ''a'''gä'''-mesal'''pi'''-sedar'': The stress on the second syllable is heavier than the one on the first syllable.
* ''a'''gä'''-mesal'''pi'''-sedar'': The stress on the second syllable is heavier than the one on the first syllable.
=== Phonetic remarks ===
[[File:Katafalsen vowels.png|thumb|Vowel chart of a standard urban Katäfalsen accent]]
The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard.
Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural accents {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been fronted to {{IPA|[æ]}}. {{IPA|/ø/}} varies between the mid front rounded {{IPA|[ø̞]}} in higher and the mid central rounded {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} in lower sociolects.
Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].
Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. ''Katäfalsen'' {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlzen]}}. When at word boundaries or in compounds geminated consonants occur, they are usually pronounced as long consonants, except in very careful speech where the first consonant is terminated audibly. Within a word, geminates are deleted as described in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
=== Noun phrases ===
==== Declension ====
==== Declension ====
Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight.
Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight.
The case suffixes and their exemplary application to the noun ''pares'' (man) are given in the following table:
The case suffixes and their exemplary application to the noun ''fales'' (tongue) are given in the following table:


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 236: Line 276:
!Absolutive
!Absolutive
|style="text-align:center;"|∅
|style="text-align:center;"|∅
|pares
|fales
|style="text-align:center;"|*ħ
|style="text-align:center;"|*ħ
|parsi
|falsi
|-
|-
!Dative
!Dative
|style="text-align:center;"|a
|style="text-align:center;"|a
|paresa
|falesa
|style="text-align:center;"|ä
|style="text-align:center;"|ä
|paresä
|falesä
|-
|-
!Locative
!Locative
|style="text-align:center;"|e
|style="text-align:center;"|e
|parese
|falese
|style="text-align:center;"|i
|style="text-align:center;"|i
|paresi
|falesi
|-
|-
!Ablative
!Ablative
|style="text-align:center;"|o
|style="text-align:center;"|o
|pareso
|faleso
|style="text-align:center;"|u
|style="text-align:center;"|u
|paresu
|falesu
|}
|}


Line 266: Line 306:
*'''Locative''': place where, time when; accompaniment
*'''Locative''': place where, time when; accompaniment
*'''Ablative''': where from; means or topic; cause, reason or value
*'''Ablative''': where from; means or topic; cause, reason or value
Some nouns undergo irregularities such as vowel changes when taking the case suffixes. Their origin is explained in [[#Old Katäfalsen|Old Katäfalsen]].
''peres + e'' → ''parese''<br>
''kat + e'' → ''kataj''


==== Postpositions ====
==== Postpositions ====
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The meaning of a postposition may change depending on its and the noun's case suffixes, while the noun always needs to be in the subordinate form.
The meaning of a postposition may change depending on its and the noun's case suffixes, while the noun always needs to be in the subordinate form.
Examples:
Examples:
*katätoni: ''katä-toni'', mountain.{{sc|abs.sr}}-middle.{{sc|loc}}, 'in the middle of the mountain'
*katätoni: ''katä-toni'', water.{{sc|abs.sr}}-middle.{{sc|loc}}, 'in the middle of the sea'
*parsitamali: ''parsi-tamali'', man.{{sc|abs.sr}}-thought.{{sc|loc}}, 'regarding the man'
*parsitamali: ''parsi-tamali'', man.{{sc|abs.sr}}-thought.{{sc|loc}}, 'regarding the man'


Line 279: Line 324:
*'''aw''' ''you'' (from {{IPA|/w/}} talking an epenthetic {{IPA|/ɑ/}})
*'''aw''' ''you'' (from {{IPA|/w/}} talking an epenthetic {{IPA|/ɑ/}})
The subordinate forms are according the the rules given in [[#Metathesis and epenthesis|Metathesis and epenthesis]] ''ajä'' and ''awä''. The English third-person pronouns ''he, she, it, they'' are expressed by one of the demonstrative pronouns:
The subordinate forms are according the the rules given in [[#Metathesis and epenthesis|Metathesis and epenthesis]] ''ajä'' and ''awä''. The English third-person pronouns ''he, she, it, they'' are expressed by one of the demonstrative pronouns:
*'''ra''' and '''es''' refer to things or persons which are further specified in different ways:
*'''ha''' and '''es''' refer to things or persons which are further specified in different ways:
**'''ra''': The specification happens by describing the thing or person.
**'''ha''': The specification happens by describing the thing or person.
**'''es''': The specification happens physically, i.e. there is a sensory perception.
**'''es''': The specification happens physically, i.e. there is a sensory perception.
*'''raj''': Refers to things or persons close to the speaker.
*'''haj''': Refers to things or persons close to the speaker.
*'''raw''': Refers to things or persons away from the speaker but close to the listener.
*'''haw''': Refers to things or persons away from the speaker but close to the listener.
*'''ä''' (from {{IPA|/ħ/}} talking an epenthetic {{IPA|/ɑ/}}): Refers to things or persons away from both speaker and listener.
*'''ä''' (from {{IPA|/ħ/}} talking an epenthetic {{IPA|/ɑ/}}): Refers to things or persons away from both speaker and listener.
The subordinate form of ''ä'' is ''aä'' as ''ä'' is analysed as {{IPA|/ɑħ/}} and has evolved {{IPA|/ɑħ/}} + {{IPA|/ħ/}} > {{IPA|/ɑħɑħ/}} > {{IPA|/ɑʔɑː/}}.
The subordinate form of ''ä'' is ''aä'' as ''ä'' is analysed as {{IPA|/ɑħ/}} and has evolved {{IPA|/ɑħ/}} + {{IPA|/ħ/}} > {{IPA|/ɑħɑħ/}} > {{IPA|/ɑʔɑː/}}.


Apparently, the phonemes {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} are connected to deixis in the first, second and third person. This recurs at other words such as adverbs that feature deixis. For example, from the word '''mo''' ''time'' are derived:
*moje: ''mo-j-e'', place-1-{{sc|loc}}, 'now'
*mowe: ''mo-w-e'', place-2-{{sc|loc}}, 'whenever (you like)'
*moe: ''mo-∅-e'', place-3-{{sc|loc}}, 'then'
== Orthography ==
=== Greek script ===
During the cultural contact with the Greeks, the Greek alphabet was adopted to write down Katäfalsen. Before that, the braid alphabet was the only script, which however was inappropriate for longer texts and also could not be used for inscriptions. The script contains three archaic letters: Ϙ, Ͱ and Ϝ. Apart from the letter {{angbr|Ϙ}}, the Latin script used in this article is an exact transliteration. This script is written from left to right and does not have case.
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin script
!Greek script
!Notes
|-
|a
|Α
|
|-
|b
|Β
|
|-
|d
|Δ
|
|-
|e
|Ε
|
|-
|f
|Φ
|
|-
|g
|Γ
|
|-
|h
|Χ
|
|-
|
|Ϙ
|{{IPA|/ʔ/}} when it comes from Old Katäfalsen {{IPA|/ħ/}}.<br>The Greeks originally used {{angbr|Ϙ}} for a back allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}.
|-
|i
|Ι
|
|-
|j
|Ͱ
|A variation of either Iota (Ι) or Eta (Η).<br>Compare Boeotian raised E.
|-
|k
|Κ
|
|-
|l
|Λ
|
|-
|m
|Μ
|
|-
|n
|Ν
|
|-
|o
|Ο
|
|-
|p
|Π
|
|-
|r
|Ρ
|
|-
|s
|Σ
|
|-
|t
|Τ
|
|-
|u
|Υ
|
|-
|w
|Ϝ
|Stood for {{IPA|/w/}} in archaic Greek alphabets.
|-
|ö
|Ω
|
|-
|ä
|Η
|
|}
=== Braid script ===
[[File:Elementary braids of Katafalsen.png|thumb|The braid s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> consisting of the four elementary braids]]
The highly complex braid alphabet is the oldest of the scripts used for Katäfalsen. It consists of letters, i.e. patterns that correspond to phonemes, and fillers, which must be inserted between certain letters following strict rules in order to ensure that the braid is unambiguous. The Greek script and the derived Latin transliteration differ from the braid script quite much regarding how vowels are represented. Disadvantages of the braid script are beside the large required space that it cannot represent spaces and is hard to be read. While the Greek alphabet can be used for extensive inscriptions, the main applications of the braid script are ritual. A common material used for braiding is human hair with many people having their names braided into their hair. By connecting start and end of a braid and thereby closing it, a so-called link and in some cases even a knot results. The complicated exercise to interpret names by comparing their links to other words yielding the same link is practised by wise men.
The script uses five strands, which will be pictured vertically and numbered from left to right in this article. Four crossings of adjacent strands are possible, these ''elementary braids'' will be named s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, s<sub>3</sub> and s<sub>4</sub>. It is important that the left strand in such crossings does always cross over the right one. The letter patterns are concatenations of elementary braids as summarised in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
!Representation
!Transliteration
!Initial set
!Final set
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>
|j
|{1}
|{1}
|-
|s<sub>2</sub>
|w
|{2}
|{2}
|-
|s<sub>3</sub>
|ħ
|{3}
|{3}
|-
|s<sub>4</sub>
|ʔ
|{4}
|{4}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|p
|{1, 3}
|{1, 3}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|t
|{1, 4}
|{1, 4}
|-
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|k
|{2, 4}
|{2, 4}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|b
|{1, 2}
|{1, 2}
|-
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|d
|{2, 3}
|{2, 3}
|-
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|g
|{3, 4}
|{3, 4}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|f
|{1, 3}
|{1, 3}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|s
|{1, 4}
|{1, 4}
|-
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|h
|{2, 4}
|{2, 4}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|n
|{1, 3}
|{2}
|-
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|m
|{2, 4}
|{3}
|-
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|r
|{1, 4}
|{2}
|-
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|l
|{1, 4}
|{3}
|}
In order to make the writing unambiguous, the initial set of a letter must always be contained in the final set of its precursor. For example, {{angbr|tj}} or {{angbr|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>}} is allowed since {1}, the initial set of the second letter is contained in the final set of the first letter, {1, 4}. But in reverse order, {{angbr|jt}} is forbidden since {1, 4} is not contained in {1}. This issue must be fixed using fillers between the letters. In many situations, different fillers are possible, the following table provides some of them.
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="10"|Final sets
|-
!{1}
!{2}
!{3}
!{4}
|-
!rowspan="10"|Initial sets
!{1}
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|-
!{2}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|-
!{3}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|-
!{4}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|}
As already mentioned, the script cannot represent spaces. This was however never a problem because compounds can carry a lot of information in Katäfalsen and the script's usage was restristed to mostly religious and ritual ornamentations. There are a few systematic deviations from the Greek and Latin scripts, which indicates that the braid script was developed during an earlier stage of the language.


*The vowels ''a'', ''e'' and ''o'' are written with the same patterns as ''ħ'', ''j'' and ''w''.
*The vowels ''ä'', ''i'', ''u'' and ''ö'' are written as pairs. Here, a possible synthesis of these vowels in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]] is regarded. Otherwise, genimation is favoured.
**''ħħ'' corresponds to the long vowel ''ä''.
**''jj'' and ''jħ'' correspond to ''i''.
**''ww'' and ''wħ'' correspond to ''u''.
**''wj'' and ''jw'' correspond to ''ö''.
*/ʔ/ is allways represented in the orthography. Thereby, for example {{angbr|ħħ}} "ä" and {{angbr|ħʔħ}} "aa" are distinguished.
*Whenever /ʔ/ comes from /ħ/, the pattern for ''ħ'' is used.
*The patterns for ''f'', ''s'' and ''h'' are the double patterns of ''p'', ''t'' and ''k''.


== Etymology ==


=== Historical soundshifts ===
The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are:


==== Coordination and subordination ====
'''Consonants'''
==== Derivational suffixes ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Velar
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|m<br>{{IPA|/m/}}
|n<br>{{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!voiced
|b<br>{{IPA|/b/}}
|d<br>{{IPA|/d/}}
|g<br>{{IPA|/g/}}
|-
!voiceless
|p<br>{{IPA|/p/}}
|t<br>{{IPA|/t/}}
|k<br>{{IPA|/k/}}
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
|f<br>{{IPA|/f/}}
|s<br>{{IPA|/s/}}
|h<br>{{IPA|/x/}}
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|
|r<br>{{IPA|/r/}}
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approximant
|
|l<br>{{IPA|/l/}}
|
|}


'''Vowels'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Front
!rowspan="2"|Central
!colspan="2"|Back
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
!Close
|i<br>{{IPA|/i/}}
|
|
|u<br>{{IPA|/u/}}
|
|-
!Mid
|e<br>{{IPA|/e/}}
|ē<br>{{IPA|/eː/}}
|ə<br>{{IPA|/ə/}}
|o<br>{{IPA|/o/}}
|ō<br>{{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
!Open
|
|
|a<br>{{IPA|/a/}}
|
|
|}
The syllable structure was a strict (C)(G)V, where C denotes a consonant, G one of the non-syllabic vowels {{IPA|/a̯/}}, {{IPA|/i̯/}} and {{IPA|/u̯/}} and V a vowel.
Every word had exactly one unpredictably stressed syllable with the exception of a couple of stressless clitics.


Most syllables had one of the vowels {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}. Syllables containing one of the other mid vowels showed the following ablaut scheme:
{| class="wikitable"
!Full grade
!Ē-grade
!Ō-grade
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
|ˈp'''e'''risə
|ˈp'''ē'''risə
|ˈp'''ō'''risə
|}


A noun could have at most one syllable with ablaut. This lexical ablaut is no longer productive in Katäfalsen but was in Old Katafalsen.


The sound changes from Old Katäfalsen to Katäfalsen happened in two stages. During the first stage, the morphology and some phonological features of modern Katäfalsen like metathesis and epenthesis were not developed yet.
After the development, a second row of sound changes occured, which led to the situation described in [[#Phonology|Phonology]].


'''First stage'''
*Insertion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} if syllable onset is empty
*Reduction of word-final vowels
**In unstressed final syllables: V → ∅
**In unstressed final syllables with a non-syllabic vowel: (C)i̯V → (C)i, (C)u̯V → (C)u, (C)a̯V → (C)a
**In stressed final syllables: V → a
*Loss of non-syllabic vowels
**As syllable onsets: a̯ → ħ, i̯ → j, u̯ → w
**After a consonant before ə: Ca̯ə → Ca, Ci̯ə → Ci, Cu̯ə → Cu
**After a consonant in an unstressed syllable: Ca̯V → CəħV, Ci̯V → CəjV, Cu̯V → CəwV
**After a consonant in a stressed syllable: Ca̯V → CVˈħV, Ci̯V → CVˈjV, Cu̯V → CVˈwV
*Vowel changes (and loss of stress)
**In unstressed syllables: ə → a, i → e, u → o, a → a, e → a, o → a, ē → e, ō → o
**In stressed syllables: ə → a, i → i, u → u, a → ä, e → e, o → o, ē → i, ō → u
**Exception: Word-final a → a (from vowel reduction)


'''Second stage'''
*Deletion of word-final a
*Word-final: ä → a, i → e, u → o by analogy (analysed as {{IPA|/aːʔ/}}, etc.)
*Vocalisation of coda approximants (summarised in [[#Sound changes|Sound changes]])
Now the irregularities mentioned in [[#Declension|Declension]] can be fully explained.
Old Katäfalsen marked the four cases absolutive, locative, dative and ablative by the infixes -∅-, -i̯-, -a̯- and -u̯- in the last syllable of a word. The infixes attract stress and thereby cause vowel changes. In the following table the evolution of characteristic examples is given:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"|Old Katäfalsen
!colspan="2"|ˈperisa 'man'
!colspan="2"|kaˈtu 'water'
!colspan="2"|ˈtia 'animal'
!colspan="2"|ˈku̯oru 'war'
|-
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
|-
!Sound changes
|ˈperisa<br>→ ˈperis<br>→ peres
|periˈsi̯a<br>→ periˈsi<br>→ paresi<br>→ parese
|kaˈtu<br>→ kaˈta<br>→ kata
|kaˈti̯u<br>→ kaˈti̯a<br>→ kataˈja<br>→ kataja<br>→ kataj
|ˈtia<br>→ ˈtiʔa<br>→ ˈti<br>→ ti<br>→ te
|tiˈi̯a<br>→ tiˈja<br>→ teja<br>→ tej<br>→ ti
|ˈku̯oru<br>→ ˈku̯or<br>→ koˈwor<br>→ kawur
|ku̯əˈri̯u<br>→ ku̯əˈri<br>→ kuˈri<br>→ kori<br>→ kore
|-
!Modern Katäfalsen
!peres
!parese
!kata
!kataj
!te
!ti
!kawur
!kore
|}




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