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{{privatelang}} {{construction}}
{{privatelang}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image=Katafalsen braid-1.png
|name=Katäfalsen
|name=Katäfalsen
|pronunciation={{IPA|[kɑˈtæfɑlsen]}}
|pronunciation={{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}
|creator=Resangir
|creator=Resangir
|setting=
|setting=
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|fam1=constructed language
|fam1=constructed language
|fam2=artistic language
|fam2=artistic language
|ancestor=Old Katäfalsen
|ancestor=Proto-Katäfalsen
|ancestor2=Old Katäfalsen
|script=Latin, Greek, braids
|script=Latin, Greek, braids
|iso3=none
|iso3=none
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}}
}}


'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtæfɑlsen]}}) is an apriori language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from '''Old Katäfalsen''' with a mentionable amount of loanwords from Old Greek.
'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}, alternative spelling: '''Katã Falsen''', short: '''Katah''', {{IPA|[ˈkɑtɑχ]}}) is an apriori constructed language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from '''Proto-Katäfalsen''' with a mentionable amount of loanwords from Old Greek.


== Name ==
== Name ==
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|The water language
|The water language
}}
}}
== Background ==
=== External history ===
=== Internal history ===


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
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!A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Ö||Ä
!A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Ö||Ä
|}
|}
Due to the potential to build very long compounds, the Latin orthography has two equivalent ways to write them down. The first one is to simply string the components together (''katä + falsen → Katäfalsen'') and the second one to put an acute over the last vowel of the first component (''katä + falsen → katã falsen''). Here, ''ä'' and ''ö'' with acutes are substituted by ''ã'' and ''õ''. Both conventions are often used together within the same text.
At the end of a line, syllabfication using a hyphen (''-'') is possible at every syllable boundary.


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
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The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard.
The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard.


Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural and urban accents {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been fronted to {{IPA|[æ]}}. {{IPA|/ø/}} varies between the mid front rounded {{IPA|[ø̞]}} in higher and the mid central rounded {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} in lower sociolects.
Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural accents {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been fronted to {{IPA|[æ]}}. {{IPA|/ø/}} varies between the mid front rounded {{IPA|[ø̞]}} in higher and the mid central rounded {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} in lower sociolects.


Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].
Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].


Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. ''asbi'' [ˈɑzbi]. When at word boundaries or in compounds geminated consonants occur, they are usually pronounced as long consonants, except in very careful speech where the first consonant is terminated audibly. Within a word, geminates are deleted as described in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].
Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. ''Katäfalsen'' {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlzen]}}. When at word boundaries or in compounds geminated consonants occur, they are usually pronounced as long consonants, except in very careful speech where the first consonant is terminated audibly. Within a word, geminates are deleted as described in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]].


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
=== Nouns ===
==== Declension ====
==== Declension ====
Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight.
Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight.
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*'''Ablative''': where from; means or topic; cause, reason or value
*'''Ablative''': where from; means or topic; cause, reason or value


Some nouns undergo vowel changes when taking the case suffixes. The origin of this vowel change is explained in [[#Old Katäfalsen|Old Katäfalsen]].
Some nouns undergo irregularities such as vowel changes when taking the case suffixes. Their origin is explained in [[#Old Katäfalsen|Old Katäfalsen]].


''peres + e'' → ''parese''
''peres + e'' → ''parese''<br>
''kat + e'' → ''kataj''


==== Postpositions ====
==== Postpositions ====
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*mowe: ''mo-w-e'', place-2-{{sc|loc}}, 'whenever (you like)'
*mowe: ''mo-w-e'', place-2-{{sc|loc}}, 'whenever (you like)'
*moe: ''mo-∅-e'', place-3-{{sc|loc}}, 'then'
*moe: ''mo-∅-e'', place-3-{{sc|loc}}, 'then'
==== Derivational suffixes ====
=== Compounds ===
==== Coordination and subordination ====
== Syntax ==


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
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=== Braid script ===
=== Braid script ===
==== Letters and fillers ====
[[File:Elementary braids of Katafalsen.png|thumb|The braid s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> consisting of the four elementary braids]]
[[File:Elementary braids of Katafalsen.png|thumb|The braid s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> consisting of the four elementary braids]]


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|}
|}


In order to make the writing unambiguous, the initial set of a letter must always be contained in the final set of its precursor. For example, {{angbr|tj}} or {{angbr|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>}} is allowed since {1}, the initial set of the second letter is contained in the final set of the first letter, {1, 4}. But in reverse order, {{angbr|jt}} is forbidden since {1, 4} is not contained in {1}. This issue must be fixed using fillers. In many situations, different fillers are possible, the following table provides the most commonly used. The patterns for ''f'', ''s'' and ''h'' are just the doubled patterns for ''p'', ''t'' and ''k'' and are therefore not included.
In order to make the writing unambiguous, the initial set of a letter must always be contained in the final set of its precursor. For example, {{angbr|tj}} or {{angbr|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>}} is allowed since {1}, the initial set of the second letter is contained in the final set of the first letter, {1, 4}. But in reverse order, {{angbr|jt}} is forbidden since {1, 4} is not contained in {1}. This issue must be fixed using fillers between the letters. In many situations, different fillers are possible, the following table provides some of them.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!
!colspan="10"|Final sets
|-
!{1}
!{2}
!{3}
!{4}
|-
!rowspan="10"|Initial sets
!{1}
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>1</sub>
|-
!{2}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>2</sub>
|-
!{3}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>3</sub>
|-
!{4}
|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub>
|style="background:#D0D0D0"|
|}
|}


As already mentioned, the script cannot represent spaces. This was however never a problem because compounds can carry a lot of information in Katäfalsen and the script's usage was restristed to mostly religious and ritual ornamentations. There are a few systematic deviations from the Greek and Latin scripts, which indicates that the braid script was developed during an earlier stage of the language.
*The vowels ''a'', ''e'' and ''o'' are written with the same patterns as ''ħ'', ''j'' and ''w''.
*The vowels ''ä'', ''i'', ''u'' and ''ö'' are written as pairs. Here, a possible synthesis of these vowels in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]] is regarded. Otherwise, genimation is favoured.
**''ħħ'' corresponds to the long vowel ''ä''.
**''jj'' and ''jħ'' correspond to ''i''.
**''ww'' and ''wħ'' correspond to ''u''.
**''wj'' and ''jw'' correspond to ''ö''.
*/ʔ/ is allways represented in the orthography. Thereby, for example {{angbr|ħħ}} "ä" and {{angbr|ħʔħ}} "aa" are distinguished.
*Whenever /ʔ/ comes from /ħ/, the pattern for ''ħ'' is used.
*The patterns for ''f'', ''s'' and ''h'' are the double patterns of ''p'', ''t'' and ''k''.
== Etymology ==
=== Historical soundshifts ===
The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are:


==== Mathematical background ====
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Velar
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|m<br>{{IPA|/m/}}
|n<br>{{IPA|/n/}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Stop
!voiced
|b<br>{{IPA|/b/}}
|d<br>{{IPA|/d/}}
|g<br>{{IPA|/g/}}
|-
!voiceless
|p<br>{{IPA|/p/}}
|t<br>{{IPA|/t/}}
|k<br>{{IPA|/k/}}
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
|f<br>{{IPA|/f/}}
|s<br>{{IPA|/s/}}
|h<br>{{IPA|/x/}}
|-
!colspan="2"|Approximant
|
|r<br>{{IPA|/r/}}
|
|-
!colspan="2"|Lateral approximant
|
|l<br>{{IPA|/l/}}
|
|}


== Vocabulary ==
'''Vowels'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|Front
!rowspan="2"|Central
!colspan="2"|Back
|-
!Short
!Long
!Short
!Long
|-
!Close
|i<br>{{IPA|/i/}}
|
|
|u<br>{{IPA|/u/}}
|
|-
!Mid
|e<br>{{IPA|/e/}}
|ē<br>{{IPA|/eː/}}
|ə<br>{{IPA|/ə/}}
|o<br>{{IPA|/o/}}
|ō<br>{{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
!Open
|
|
|a<br>{{IPA|/a/}}
|
|
|}


=== Old Katäfalsen ===
The syllable structure was a strict (C)(G)V, where C denotes a consonant, G one of the non-syllabic vowels {{IPA|/a̯/}}, {{IPA|/i̯/}} and {{IPA|/u̯/}} and V a vowel.
Every word had exactly one unpredictably stressed syllable with the exception of a couple of stressless clitics.


=== Greek loanwords ===
Most syllables had one of the vowels {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}. Syllables containing one of the other mid vowels showed the following ablaut scheme:


=== Numerals ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Full grade
!Ē-grade
!Ō-grade
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/o/}}
|{{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
|ˈp'''e'''risə
|ˈp'''ē'''risə
|ˈp'''ō'''risə
|}


== Examples ==
A noun could have at most one syllable with ablaut. This lexical ablaut is no longer productive in Katäfalsen but was in Old Katafalsen.


The sound changes from Old Katäfalsen to Katäfalsen happened in two stages. During the first stage, the morphology and some phonological features of modern Katäfalsen like metathesis and epenthesis were not developed yet.
After the development, a second row of sound changes occured, which led to the situation described in [[#Phonology|Phonology]].


'''First stage'''
*Insertion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} if syllable onset is empty
*Reduction of word-final vowels
**In unstressed final syllables: V → ∅
**In unstressed final syllables with a non-syllabic vowel: (C)i̯V → (C)i, (C)u̯V → (C)u, (C)a̯V → (C)a
**In stressed final syllables: V → a
*Loss of non-syllabic vowels
**As syllable onsets: a̯ → ħ, i̯ → j, u̯ → w
**After a consonant before ə: Ca̯ə → Ca, Ci̯ə → Ci, Cu̯ə → Cu
**After a consonant in an unstressed syllable: Ca̯V → CəħV, Ci̯V → CəjV, Cu̯V → CəwV
**After a consonant in a stressed syllable: Ca̯V → CVˈħV, Ci̯V → CVˈjV, Cu̯V → CVˈwV
*Vowel changes (and loss of stress)
**In unstressed syllables: ə → a, i → e, u → o, a → a, e → a, o → a, ē → e, ō → o
**In stressed syllables: ə → a, i → i, u → u, a → ä, e → e, o → o, ē → i, ō → u
**Exception: Word-final a → a (from vowel reduction)


'''Second stage'''
*Deletion of word-final a
*Word-final: ä → a, i → e, u → o by analogy (analysed as {{IPA|/aːʔ/}}, etc.)
*Vocalisation of coda approximants (summarised in [[#Sound changes|Sound changes]])




Now the irregularities mentioned in [[#Declension|Declension]] can be fully explained.
Old Katäfalsen marked the four cases absolutive, locative, dative and ablative by the infixes -∅-, -i̯-, -a̯- and -u̯- in the last syllable of a word. The infixes attract stress and thereby cause vowel changes. In the following table the evolution of characteristic examples is given:


{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2"|Old Katäfalsen
!colspan="2"|ˈperisa 'man'
!colspan="2"|kaˈtu 'water'
!colspan="2"|ˈtia 'animal'
!colspan="2"|ˈku̯oru 'war'
|-
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
!Absolutive
!Locative
|-
!Sound changes
|ˈperisa<br>→ ˈperis<br>→ peres
|periˈsi̯a<br>→ periˈsi<br>→ paresi<br>→ parese
|kaˈtu<br>→ kaˈta<br>→ kata
|kaˈti̯u<br>→ kaˈti̯a<br>→ kataˈja<br>→ kataja<br>→ kataj
|ˈtia<br>→ ˈtiʔa<br>→ ˈti<br>→ ti<br>→ te
|tiˈi̯a<br>→ tiˈja<br>→ teja<br>→ tej<br>→ ti
|ˈku̯oru<br>→ ˈku̯or<br>→ koˈwor<br>→ kawur
|ku̯əˈri̯u<br>→ ku̯əˈri<br>→ kuˈri<br>→ kori<br>→ kore
|-
!Modern Katäfalsen
!peres
!parese
!kata
!kataj
!te
!ti
!kawur
!kore
|}




Resangir
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