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Katäfalsen: Difference between revisions
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{{privatelang | {{privatelang}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image=Katafalsen braid-1.png | |image=Katafalsen braid-1.png | ||
|name=Katäfalsen | |name=Katäfalsen | ||
|pronunciation={{IPA|[ | |pronunciation={{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}} | ||
|creator=Resangir | |creator=Resangir | ||
|setting= | |setting= | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}) is an apriori language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from ''' | '''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}, alternative spelling: '''Katã Falsen''', short: '''Katah''', {{IPA|[ˈkɑtɑχ]}}) is an apriori constructed language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from '''Proto-Katäfalsen''' with a mentionable amount of loanwords from Old Greek. | ||
== Name == | == Name == | ||
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|The water language | |The water language | ||
}} | }} | ||
== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
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!A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Ö||Ä | !A||B||D||E||F||G||H||I||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||R||S||T||U||W||Ö||Ä | ||
|} | |} | ||
Due to the potential to build very long compounds, the Latin orthography has two equivalent ways to write them down. The first one is to simply string the components together (''katä + falsen → Katäfalsen'') and the second one to put an acute over the last vowel of the first component (''katä + falsen → katã falsen''). Here, ''ä'' and ''ö'' with acutes are substituted by ''ã'' and ''õ''. Both conventions are often used together within the same text. | |||
At the end of a line, syllabfication using a hyphen (''-'') is possible at every syllable boundary. | |||
=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
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The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard. | The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard. | ||
Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural | Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural accents {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been fronted to {{IPA|[æ]}}. {{IPA|/ø/}} varies between the mid front rounded {{IPA|[ø̞]}} in higher and the mid central rounded {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} in lower sociolects. | ||
Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | ||
Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. '' | Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. ''Katäfalsen'' {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlzen]}}. When at word boundaries or in compounds geminated consonants occur, they are usually pronounced as long consonants, except in very careful speech where the first consonant is terminated audibly. Within a word, geminates are deleted as described in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
==== Declension ==== | ==== Declension ==== | ||
Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight. | Nouns are declined in four cases, which are found in a subordinate and a coordinate form each. The total number of cases is therefore eight. | ||
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*mowe: ''mo-w-e'', place-2-{{sc|loc}}, 'whenever (you like)' | *mowe: ''mo-w-e'', place-2-{{sc|loc}}, 'whenever (you like)' | ||
*moe: ''mo-∅-e'', place-3-{{sc|loc}}, 'then' | *moe: ''mo-∅-e'', place-3-{{sc|loc}}, 'then' | ||
== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
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=== Braid script === | === Braid script === | ||
[[File:Elementary braids of Katafalsen.png|thumb|The braid s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> consisting of the four elementary braids]] | [[File:Elementary braids of Katafalsen.png|thumb|The braid s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>2</sub>s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> consisting of the four elementary braids]] | ||
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|} | |} | ||
In order to make the writing unambiguous, the initial set of a letter must always be contained in the final set of its precursor. For example, {{angbr|tj}} or {{angbr|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>}} is allowed since {1}, the initial set of the second letter is contained in the final set of the first letter, {1, 4}. But in reverse order, {{angbr|jt}} is forbidden since {1, 4} is not contained in {1}. This issue must be fixed using fillers between the letters. In many situations, different fillers are possible, the following table provides | In order to make the writing unambiguous, the initial set of a letter must always be contained in the final set of its precursor. For example, {{angbr|tj}} or {{angbr|s<sub>1</sub>s<sub>4</sub>s<sub>1</sub>}} is allowed since {1}, the initial set of the second letter is contained in the final set of the first letter, {1, 4}. But in reverse order, {{angbr|jt}} is forbidden since {1, 4} is not contained in {1}. This issue must be fixed using fillers between the letters. In many situations, different fillers are possible, the following table provides some of them. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> | |s<sub>3</sub>s<sub>4</sub> | ||
|style="background:#D0D0D0"| | |style="background:#D0D0D0"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*The patterns for ''f'', ''s'' and ''h'' are the double patterns of ''p'', ''t'' and ''k''. | *The patterns for ''f'', ''s'' and ''h'' are the double patterns of ''p'', ''t'' and ''k''. | ||
==== | == Etymology == | ||
== | === Historical soundshifts === | ||
The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are: | The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are: | ||
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!kore | !kore | ||
|} | |} | ||