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Katäfalsen: Difference between revisions
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'''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}) is an apriori language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from ''' | '''Katäfalsen''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlsen]}}) is an apriori language, which is partially inspired by Basque, Hebrew and Latin. The aim was to construct a language with a phonology practicable for speakers of most European languages along with unorthodox grammar and syntax. Katäfalsen is highly synthetic and features a free word order and ergative-absolutive alignment. Most of the vocabulary is directly derived from '''Proto-Katäfalsen''' with a mentionable amount of loanwords from Old Greek. | ||
== Name == | == Name == | ||
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The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard. | The actual phonetic realisation of the phonemes depends a lot on the speaker's sociolect and also on the setting of speech. For example, a standard speaker would imitate a higher sociolect when talking to a dignitary and a lower one when talking to inferiors. Two extremes of the possible realisations are the religious and rural accents. The urban accent is considered standard. | ||
Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural | Regarding vowels, the differences between the accents are marginal except for {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are consistently mid front unrounded and mid back rounded vowels, i.e. more precisely {{IPA|[e̞]}} and {{IPA|[o̞]}}. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} tend to be slightly more open in rural accents ({{IPA|[ɪ]}} and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}) in contrast to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[u]}} in religious accents, with the standard accent being somewhere in between. While {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is quite consistently {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, the length contrast to {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has only survived in higher sociolects. In rural accents {{IPA|/ɑː/}} has been fronted to {{IPA|[æ]}}. {{IPA|/ø/}} varies between the mid front rounded {{IPA|[ø̞]}} in higher and the mid central rounded {{IPA|[ɵ̞]}} in lower sociolects. | ||
Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | Phonemes that are pronouned in each accent exactly like their symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet are {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. The voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} can be slightly aspirated in all accents. {{IPA|/h/}} is usually the voiceless uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}}. {{IPA|/s/}} is both in higher and urban sociolects {{IPA|[s]}} but {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in rural accents, which gives them a much softer sound. Being an alveolar approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}} in the standard accent, {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is tapped in rural as well as religious accents, i.e. {{IPA|[ɾ]}}. {{IPA|/l/}} is usually velarised in religious accents ({{IPA|[ɫ]}}). An unmistakable indicator of the speaker's sociolect is the realisation of {{IPA|/ʔ/}}: In higher sociolects, the differentiation between {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ/}} is still prominent, with the pronunciation of the latter being {{IPA|[ħ]}}~{{IPA|[h]}}. Complete deletion of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs in lower sociolects, in this case disappearing {{IPA|/ħ/}} triggers vowel mutation as mentioned in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | ||
Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. '' | Under the influence of voiced sounds and intervocalically , the voiceless fricatives /f/, /s/ and /x/ might be voiced to [v], [z] and [ʁ] by some speakers, e.g. ''Katäfalsen'' {{IPA|[kɑˈtɑːfɑlzen]}}. When at word boundaries or in compounds geminated consonants occur, they are usually pronounced as long consonants, except in very careful speech where the first consonant is terminated audibly. Within a word, geminates are deleted as described in [[#Vowel mutation|Vowel mutation]]. | ||
== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== | == Etymology == | ||
=== | === Proto-Katäfalsen === | ||
The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are: | The majority of Katäfalsen's vocabulary is derived directly from Old Katäfalsen. While the consonants underwent only marginal changes, the vowel system changed substantially. The phonemes of Old Katäfalsen are: | ||
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!kore | !kore | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Declension paradigms === | |||
=== Ablaut === | |||
=== Greek loanwords === | === Greek loanwords === | ||
== Vocabulary == | |||
=== Numerals === | === Numerals === | ||