Khattish: Difference between revisions

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'''Khattish''' ''Zupett'' [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages and is a very distant relative of Rinapri. While Khattish is a cousin language of [[Sceptrian}}, the strong influence from Kher languages has made it hard to recognize the shared traits.
'''Khattish''' ''Zupett'' [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages. While Khattish is a cousin language of [[Sceptrian}}, the strong influence from Kher languages has made it hard to recognize the shared traits.


noun cases (ABS, ERG, DAT, GEN, LOC, CAU), ergative-absolutive alignment, SOV (verb-final) and octal numeral base.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 9: Line 8:
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Standard Khattish features a very strict set of phonemes with only four places of articulation. Dialects show some variations such as labio-dental and post-alveolar fricatives  
Standard Khattish features a strict set of phonemes with mostly four places of articulation. Dialects show some variations such as labio-dental and post-alveolar fricatives.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 340px; text-align:center;"
The IPA symbol is shown after the romanization if they aren't the same.
! style="width: 68px; "|
 
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! Alveolar
!Postalveolar
! Velar
! Uvular
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| m
| '''m'''
| n  
| '''n'''
| ŋ
|
| '''ng''' ŋ
|   
|   
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
| p b
!Voiceless
| t d
| '''p  
| k g
| '''t
|  
|
| '''k
| '''kw
|-
!Voiced
|'''b
|'''d
|
|'''g
|'''gw''' ɢ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Voiceless
| '''f''' ɸ~f
| '''s'''  
| '''ss''' ʃ
| '''h''' x
|
|-
!Voiced
| '''v''' β~v
| '''z'''  
| '''zz''' ʒ
| '''x''' ɣ
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
!colspan="2"|Ejective
| ɸ  β
|'''pp''' p'
| z  s 
|'''tt''' t'
| x  ɣ
|
|'''kk''' k'
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Affricate
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| pɸ
| '''pf''' pɸ
| t͡s
| '''c''' t͡s  
| kx
|'''cc''' t͡ʃ
| '''kh''' kx
|   
|   
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''pr''' ʙ
| ɹ
| '''r'''
| ɰ
|
|   
|   
| '''rr''' ʀ
|-
|-
! style="" |Trill
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| ʙ
| '''w''' w~ʋ
| r
| '''l''' ɹ~l
|
| '''j''' ɰ~j
|   
|   
| ʀ
|}
|}


Co-articulated approximant: [w]
*Plosives can be geminated
*/f/, /v/ and /ʋ/ are allophones of /ɸ/, /β/ and /w/ with close vowels
*/l/ and /j/ come with front vowels while /ɹ/ and /ɰ/ are used with back vowels


Ejectives: [pʼ], [tʼ] and [kʼ]


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2"|
! style="width: 55px; " |Front
! Front
! style="width: 55px; " |Central
! Central
! style="width: 55px; " |Back
! Back
|-
! rowspan="2" |Close
!Unrounded
|
|
| '''u''' ɯ
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
!Rounded
|
|
|  
|  
| ɯ u
| '''ú''' u
|-
|-
!style="" |Mid
!colspan="2" |Mid
|e
|'''é''' e
|ə
|'''e''' ə~ɵ
|
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! rowspan="2" |Open-mid
!Unrounded
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ʌ ɔ
| '''a''' ʌ  
|-
!Rounded
|
|
| '''á''' ɔ
|}
|}
*Can be long
*/ɵ/ appears as an allophone of /ə/ after voiced consonants
===Phonotactics===


===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization.
Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization. See also the [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Cekara-Lafenu-450846925 modern script].
 
 
==Morphology==
 
*roots slightly similar to semitic roots: voiceless bi- and triliterals (while Kher have quadriliteral roots which work more like semitic ones)
**voicing & ejective→affricate as one derivation process: √p-p → ''b-p'' and ''p-b''
**derivation with affixes as well
 
===Pronoun===
 
 
===Noun===
 
Animate (AN) and inanimate (IN) grammatical genders, singular and plural numbers
 
Noun cases:
*Absolutive (ABS): Subject of intransitive verbs and direct object of transitive ones
**base form
*Ergative (ERG): Agent of transitive verbs
**final ''é''
*Dative (DAT): Indirect objects and beneficials
**final ''k'' with AN and ''ee'' with IN
*Genitive (GEN):
**final ''l'' with AN and ''j'' with IN
*Locative (LOC):
**final ''h''
*Causative (CAU):
**final ''f''
 
===Adjective===
 
 
===Verb===
 
 
===Apposition===
 
postpositions
 
===Numeral===
 
decimal base
 
 
==Syntax==
 
ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SOV (verb-final), head-medial
 




[[Category:Ideas]]
[[Category:Ideas]]

Revision as of 20:38, 2 July 2014


Khattish Zupett [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages. While Khattish is a cousin language of [[Sceptrian}}, the strong influence from Kher languages has made it hard to recognize the shared traits.


Phonology

Cekara.JPG

Consonants

Standard Khattish features a strict set of phonemes with mostly four places of articulation. Dialects show some variations such as labio-dental and post-alveolar fricatives.

The IPA symbol is shown after the romanization if they aren't the same.

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ng ŋ
Plosive Voiceless p t k kw
Voiced b d g gw ɢ
Fricative Voiceless f ɸ~f s ss ʃ h x
Voiced v β~v z zz ʒ x ɣ
Ejective pp p' tt t' kk k'
Affricate pf pɸ c t͡s cc t͡ʃ kh kx
Trill pr ʙ r rr ʀ
Approximant w w~ʋ l ɹ~l j ɰ~j
  • Plosives can be geminated
  • /f/, /v/ and /ʋ/ are allophones of /ɸ/, /β/ and /w/ with close vowels
  • /l/ and /j/ come with front vowels while /ɹ/ and /ɰ/ are used with back vowels


Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Unrounded u ɯ
Rounded ú u
Mid é e e ə~ɵ
Open-mid Unrounded a ʌ
Rounded á ɔ
  • Can be long
  • /ɵ/ appears as an allophone of /ə/ after voiced consonants

Phonotactics

Orthography

Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization. See also the modern script.


Morphology

  • roots slightly similar to semitic roots: voiceless bi- and triliterals (while Kher have quadriliteral roots which work more like semitic ones)
    • voicing & ejective→affricate as one derivation process: √p-p → b-p and p-b
    • derivation with affixes as well

Pronoun

Noun

Animate (AN) and inanimate (IN) grammatical genders, singular and plural numbers

Noun cases:

  • Absolutive (ABS): Subject of intransitive verbs and direct object of transitive ones
    • base form
  • Ergative (ERG): Agent of transitive verbs
    • final é
  • Dative (DAT): Indirect objects and beneficials
    • final k with AN and ee with IN
  • Genitive (GEN):
    • final l with AN and j with IN
  • Locative (LOC):
    • final h
  • Causative (CAU):
    • final f

Adjective

Verb

Apposition

postpositions

Numeral

decimal base


Syntax

ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SOV (verb-final), head-medial

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