Khattish: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 140: Line 140:
===Orthography===
===Orthography===


Formal Khattish uses [[w:Featural_alphabet|featural]] [[w:Abjad|abjad]] script Cekara shown above with its romanization. Diacritics are marked in educational materials and words out of context, sometimes in place names as well. The diacritics have evolved into elaborate decorations in the Razáfian calligraphy.
Formal Khattish uses [[w:Featural_alphabet|featural]] [[w:Abjad|abjad]] script Cekara shown above with its romanization. Diacritics are marked in educational materials and words out of context, sometimes in place names as well. Older systems indicated stress with "strong" diacritic dashes as opposed to dot-like "weak" diacritics. The diacritics have evolved into elaborate decorations in the Razáfian calligraphy.


There is some controversy of the creator of Khattish script due to a great loss of historical records during the years under Western Tyranny of the sixth era:  
There is some controversy of the creator of Khattish script due to a great loss of historical records during the years under Western Tyranny of the sixth era:  
Line 190: Line 190:
*partially conjugated for subject/object person & number (1SG, 1PL)  
*partially conjugated for subject/object person & number (1SG, 1PL)  
*rather small set of auxiliary clitics for tense & aspect
*rather small set of auxiliary clitics for tense & aspect
** developed similarly to Sanskrit participial periphrastic phrases
**"he cat see-touch" (he is watching a cat), "he dog see-leave" (he saw a dog), "he horse see-meet" (he will see a horse)
**"he cat see-touch" (he is watching a cat), "he dog see-leave" (he saw a dog), "he horse see-meet" (he will see a horse)
*apophony for negation  
*apophony for negation  
*first consonant voicing for subjunctive mood
*first consonant voicing for subjunctive mood
*stress changes for other moods


===Adposition===
===Adposition===
Line 213: Line 215:
ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SV, AOV, OAV or O<sub>1</sub>AO<sub>2</sub>V (verb-final), head-medial
ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SV, AOV, OAV or O<sub>1</sub>AO<sub>2</sub>V (verb-final), head-medial


Antipassive construction uses SV(O)




[[Category:Ideas]]
[[Category:Ideas]]

Latest revision as of 19:14, 15 July 2015

Khattish Zupett [zɯpət'] is the language of Khat region in Grundet. Khattish derives from Proto-West-Herookuan languages. Although Khattish is a cousin language of Sceptrian, the strong influence from Kher languages has made it hard to recognize the shared traits.


Phonology

Consonants

The IPA symbol is shown after the romanization if they aren't the same.

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ng ŋ
Plosive Voiceless p t k kg q
Voiced b d g gg ɢ
Fricative Voiceless f ɸ~f s ss ʃ h x
Voiced v β~v z zz ʒ x ɣ
Ejective pp p' tt t' kk k'
Affricate pf c t͡s cc t͡ʃ kh kx
Trill pr ʙ r rr ʀ
Approximant w w~ʋ l ɹ~l j ɰ~j
  • /f/, /v/ and /ʋ/ are allophones of /ɸ/, /β/ and /w/ with close vowels
  • /l/ and /j/ come with front vowels while /ɹ/ and /ɰ/ are used with back vowels

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Unrounded u ɯ
Rounded ú u
Mid é e e ə~ɵ
Open-mid Unrounded a ʌ
Rounded á ɔ
  • 'vowels can be long: aa /ʌ:/, áa /ɔ:/
    • If diacriticts are marked in the native abjad, long vowels are shown simply with double marks.
  • /ɵ/ appears as an allophone of /ə/ after voiced consonants

Phonotactics

Word-final schwa is not pronounced, unless preceded by an approximant

  • Onset
  • Nucleus
  • Coda


Cekara.JPG

Orthography

Formal Khattish uses featural abjad script Cekara shown above with its romanization. Diacritics are marked in educational materials and words out of context, sometimes in place names as well. Older systems indicated stress with "strong" diacritic dashes as opposed to dot-like "weak" diacritics. The diacritics have evolved into elaborate decorations in the Razáfian calligraphy.

There is some controversy of the creator of Khattish script due to a great loss of historical records during the years under Western Tyranny of the sixth era:

Lightlisteners name shinesharer saint Gunda Tliwirshu as the designer, based on the remaining parts of his chronicles written on the island of Guard already in the third era, around 470. They claim that she had to create a translation of the Book of Light and even a new script "for those living in the darkness; poor natives to whom, alas, our beautiful language [Rinapri] is nothing but birds' singing".

Since the language has changed much during these millennia, supporters of the Lafan school believe that the script was coined in 4th era around year 400 by Narrif Tsero, one of the most productive Khat linguists, who used Kher and Northern runic scripts (not used anymore) as the base. The new script managed to spread just in time before the decline of Khat culture and was finally revived after the of the collapse of Western Tyranny in the sixth era more than two thousand years later by Teke Kále. Much later, in the seventh era 290, the founder of New Khat Empire, Sekkute I, used the script as a national romantic example of pure Khattish culture, not contaminated by this Westlang.

See also the modern script whose one variation uses β-grapheme for v and its left-mirrored version for f, 8-grapheme for pf, b-grapheme for z and d-grapheme for s.

Morphology

  • roots slightly similar to semitic roots: voiceless bi- and triliterals (while Kher have only quadriliteral roots)
    • voiceless→voiced & ejective→affricate & voiced→approximant as one derivation process: √p-p → b-p and p-b
    • derivation with affixes as well

Pronoun

Noun

Nouns of Khattish have two grammatical genders, animate (AN) and inanimate (IN), which are characteristic to words and not explicitly shown. Animate class contains all living creatures and their body parts while inanimate

Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural, and the plural is formed by voicing the consonant of the stressed syllable (second or last).

Case

Noun cases:

  • Absolutive (ABS): Subject of intransitive verbs and direct object of transitive ones
    • base form (consonants and medial schwas)
  • Ergative (ERG): Agent of transitive verbs (before object); causative (after object)
    • final ée
  • Dative (DAT): Indirect objects; for the benefit of (BEN)
    • final u with AN and k with IN
  • Genitive (GEN): possession (his head); with most adpositions; adjective-forming
    • last syllable nuclaus = syllabic l
  • Instrumental-comitative (INS-COM): using something or in company of someone (compare "with"); adjacent location (ADE)
    • final s with AN and h with IN

Adjective

  • noun GEN where the last internal e becomes a
  • agree with gender: na-suffix with animate nouns
  • only agrees with ergative case: -áa for AN and for IN


Verb

  • partially conjugated for subject/object person & number (1SG, 1PL)
  • rather small set of auxiliary clitics for tense & aspect
    • developed similarly to Sanskrit participial periphrastic phrases
    • "he cat see-touch" (he is watching a cat), "he dog see-leave" (he saw a dog), "he horse see-meet" (he will see a horse)
  • apophony for negation
  • first consonant voicing for subjunctive mood
  • stress changes for other moods

Adposition

postpositions and circumpositions


Derivational morphology

Suffixes:

  • -enú origin, characteristic


Numeral

decimal base

Syntax

ergative-absolutive alignment, word order SV, AOV, OAV or O1AO2V (verb-final), head-medial

Antipassive construction uses SV(O)