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Knrawi (view source)

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|nativename        = knrawi
|nativename        = knrawi
|pronunciation    = k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ
|pronunciation    = k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Knrawi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for standard Knrawi
|state            = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_Isles Knrawi Isles]
|state            = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_Isles Knrawi Isles]
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|created          = 2020
|created          = 2020
|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|familycolor      = isolate
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|era              = -2000 to -900 MT
|script            = Wacag
|script            = Wacag
|nation            = Knrawi Empire
|nation            = Knrawi Empire
|map              = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
|map              = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green)
|mapcaption        = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green), c. -1200 MT
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}


'''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ&#93;]]</span>) is an isolate spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from [[Soc'ul']] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.
'''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for standard Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ&#93;]]</span>) is a language spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from [[Soc'ul']] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles. It is most likely related to the rest of the central Pre-Knrawi languages, but if so their common ancestor is too distant to reconstruct.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.
Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows (using Standard Knrawi phonetic values).


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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*All sonorants can be syllabic.
*All sonorants can be syllabic.
**Syllabic [β̞] and [ɉ] are fricated in most regions and in standard and Royal Knrawi.
**Syllabic [β̞] and /ɉ/ are fricated in most regions and in standard and Royal Knrawi.
**In some regions and in standard (but not Royal) Knrawi all sonorants are syllabified before consonants or word boundaries except before syllabic vowels/consonants.
**In some regions and in standard (but not Royal) Knrawi all sonorants are syllabified before consonants or word boundaries except before syllabic vowels/consonants.
*Alveolar consonants become bilabial adjacent to /m/, /ʊ/, and labialized consonants.
*Alveolar consonants become bilabial adjacent to /m/, /ʊ/, and labialized consonants.
**/n/ becomes what is notated here as [mʷ], but is merged into [m] in most regions and in standard Knrawi.
*In most regions /k̟ˣ/ and /x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃˣ] and [ʃˣ].
*In most regions /k̟ˣ/ and /x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃˣ] and [ʃˣ].
**/n/ becomes what is notated here as [mʷ], but is merged into [m] in most regions and in standard Knrawi.
*In most regions and standard (but not Royal) Knrawi /ŋ/ assimilates to following velar consonants, and /n/ assimilates to following dental and postalveolar consonants.
*/ŋ/ assimilates to following velar consonants, and /n/ assimilates to following dental and postalveolar consonants.
*In standard Knrawi both also assimilate to preceding consonants.
*/ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically.
*/ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically.
**In some regions this also applies across word boundaries.
**In some regions this also applies across word boundaries.
*The conditions for approximants (not including non-syllabic vowels) being realized as fricatives varies by region.
*The conditions for approximants (not including non-syllabic vowels) being fortified to fricatives varies by region.
**In standard Knrawi they are realized as fricatives on word boundaries and after [j] or [w].
**In standard Knrawi they are fortified on word boundaries and after nonsyllabic vowels.
*[β̞] and [w] (but not [β]) are merged in most regions and in standard Knrawi.
**In Royal Knrawi fortition does not occur except in syllabic [β̞] and /ɉ/ which are realized as [β̍] and [ɣ̍].
*[β̞] and [w] (but not [β]) are merged in most regions and in standard (but not Royal) Knrawi.
**In standard Knrawi the merged value is [w].
**In standard Knrawi the merged value is [w].
*In some regions,
*In some regions,
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**aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants.
**aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants.
**C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with the C₁ being less sonorous than C (unless is syllabic).
**C₁CC₁, #CC₁, and C₁C# clusters with the C₁ being less sonorous than C (unless is syllabic).
***Roots with only epenthetic vowels can only have high lexical tone.
*In some regions,
*In some regions,
**Unstressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [e] and [o] (with /a/ still having [ɛ] and [ɔ] realizations).
**Unstressed /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ are realized as [e] and [o] (with /a/ still having [ɛ] and [ɔ] realizations).
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*Some regions also have a separate grammatical low falling tone and realize the falling tone as high falling, see [[Knrawi#Nouns and pronouns|Nouns and pronouns]].
*Some regions also have a separate grammatical low falling tone and realize the falling tone as high falling, see [[Knrawi#Nouns and pronouns|Nouns and pronouns]].
*Roots with only epenthetic vowels can only have high lexical tone.


Only a word's stressed syllable bears tone; other syllables' pitch depends on intonation.
Only a word's stressed syllable bears tone; other syllables' pitch depends on intonation.
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Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis.
Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis.


In questions the particle ''wuj'' and/or the demonstrative ''wi'' may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word.
In questions the particle ''wuj'' and/or the demonstrative ''wi'' (and other relative/interrogative demonstratives) may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word.


====Rhythm====
====Rhythm====
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Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₁)C), with C₁ being more sonorous than the adjacent consonant and syllabic consonants functioning as V.
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₁)C), with C₁ being more sonorous than the adjacent consonant and syllabic consonants functioning as V.


Clusters with syllabic consonants are as onset-heavy as possible unless a stress shift occurs; an exception is some regions in which two-sonorant clusters syllabify the first sonorant.
Clusters with syllabic consonants are as onset-heavy as possible unless a stress shift occurs; an exception is some regions in which two-sonorant clusters syllabify the first sonorant unless following a syllabic vowel/consonant.


In most regions syllabicity is lost next to vowels unless a stress shift occurs.
In most regions (but not Royal Knrawi) syllabicity is lost next to vowels unless a stress shift occurs.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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===Compounding===
===Compounding===
Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in productive compounds shifts left from the last word's original stress, but in many older compounds is either initial or final as a non-compound word of the same part of speech, or have irregular stress.
Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in ad hoc compounds shifts left from the last word's original stress, but in many older compounds is either initial or final as a non-compound word of the same part of speech, or have irregular stress.


In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit.
In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit.
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As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone.
As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone.


The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two combine into a dipping tone.
The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over lexical or grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two (and/or combined lexical and grammatical falling tone) combine into a low falling tone.


All native proper nouns and most other proper nouns bear plural tone.
All native proper nouns and most other proper nouns bear plural tone.
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Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Knrawi#First and third person|First and third person]] and [[Knrawi#Possession|Possession]]); the person of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Knrawi#First and third person|First and third person]] and [[Knrawi#Possession|Possession]]); the person of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.


The demonstrative ''shir'' (and the relative/interrogative demonstrative ''wi'') can also be used as a pronoun.
The demonstrative ''shir'' and relative/interrogative demonstrative ''wi'' can also be used as pronouns.


====Possession====
====Possession====
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! colspan="2" | !! {{gcl|IND}} !! {{gcl|SUBJ}} !! {{gcl|IMP}} !! {{gcl|JUS}}
! colspan="2" | !! {{gcl|IND}} !! {{gcl|SUBJ}} !! {{gcl|IMP}} !! {{gcl|JUS}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|2}}
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}}
| ∅ || -ha || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | || hu
| ∅ || -ha || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | || hu
|-
|-
! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}}
! >{{gcl|2}}
| -aj || -j || ju -j
| -aj || -j || ju -j
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|2}}
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}}
| m- || yi- || hu || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" |
| m- || yi- || hu || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" |
|-
|-
! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}}
! >{{gcl|2}}
| sr- || y- || y- yu
| sr- || y- || y- yu
|}
|}
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|}
|}


Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Number marking is optional when using numerals.


===Negation===
===Negation===
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
'''Thaágg jua r yamúszaq ih r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr ih r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi ih guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr.
'''Thaágg jua r yamúszaq hn r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr hn r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi hn guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr.


{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq ih r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr ih r zauak-jr.
|Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq hn r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr hn r zauak-jr.
|person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}}
|person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Gu-fmqh-ri ih gu-wui-ri r̀ iaràm, quatît-g hu qa-khuy sug-kuku-jr.
|Gu-fmqh-ri hn gu-wui-ri r̀ iaràm, quatît-g hu qa-khuy sug-kuku-jr.
|NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}}
|NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
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===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/knrawi| CALS translations]
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/standard-knrawi CALS translations]


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/knrawi/ CALS]
[https://cals.info/language/standard-knrawi/ CALS]


[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_(language) Pollasena Wiki]
[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_(language) Pollasena Wiki]
Dillon
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