39,445
edits
Knrawi: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
No edit summary |
|||
| (26 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | |setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] | ||
|created = 2020 | |created = 2020 | ||
| | |familycolor = isolate | ||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|era = -2000 to -900 MT | |||
|script = Wacag | |script = Wacag | ||
|nation = Knrawi Empire | |nation = Knrawi Empire | ||
|map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | |map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green) | |mapcaption = Range map of Knrawi (pink) and [[Soc'ul']] (green), c. -1200 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for standard Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]]]</span>) is | '''Knrawi''' /kənˈrɑwi/ (<small>standard Knrawi: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for standard Knrawi|[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]]]</span>) is a language spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from [[Soc'ul']] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles. It is most likely related to the rest of the central Pre-Knrawi languages, but if so their common ancestor is too distant to reconstruct. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows. | Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows (using Standard Knrawi phonetic values). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 90: | Line 91: | ||
*In most regions /k̟ˣ/ and /x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃˣ] and [ʃˣ]. | *In most regions /k̟ˣ/ and /x̟ˣ/ are realized as [t͡ʃˣ] and [ʃˣ]. | ||
*In most regions and standard (but not Royal) Knrawi /ŋ/ assimilates to following velar consonants, and /n/ assimilates to following dental and postalveolar consonants. | *In most regions and standard (but not Royal) Knrawi /ŋ/ assimilates to following velar consonants, and /n/ assimilates to following dental and postalveolar consonants. | ||
*In standard Knrawi both also assimilate to preceding consonants. | |||
*/ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically. | */ɪ/, /ʊ/, and /a/ are realized as [j], [w], and [ʔ̞] postvocalically. | ||
**In some regions this also applies across word boundaries. | **In some regions this also applies across word boundaries. | ||
| Line 195: | Line 197: | ||
===Compounding=== | ===Compounding=== | ||
Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in | Compounding is frequent and very productive, but in most words is limited to two roots. Stress in ad hoc compounds shifts left from the last word's original stress, but in many older compounds is either initial or final as a non-compound word of the same part of speech, or have irregular stress. | ||
In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit. | In some regions productive compounds are not limited to two roots, instead either being limited to three or having no limit. | ||
| Line 224: | Line 226: | ||
As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone. | As in Soc'ul', plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and in words with modifiable tone it is marked with low tone. | ||
The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two combine into a | The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked with falling tone. This tone takes priority over lexical or grammatical low tone, except in some regions where the two (and/or combined lexical and grammatical falling tone) combine into a low falling tone. | ||
All native proper nouns and most other proper nouns bear plural tone. | All native proper nouns and most other proper nouns bear plural tone. | ||
| Line 231: | Line 233: | ||
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Knrawi#First and third person|First and third person]] and [[Knrawi#Possession|Possession]]); the person of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement. | Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Knrawi#First and third person|First and third person]] and [[Knrawi#Possession|Possession]]); the person of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement. | ||
The demonstrative ''shir'' | The demonstrative ''shir'' and relative/interrogative demonstrative ''wi'' can also be used as pronouns. | ||
====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
| Line 246: | Line 248: | ||
! colspan="2" | !! {{gcl|IND}} !! {{gcl|SUBJ}} !! {{gcl|IMP}} !! {{gcl|JUS}} | ! colspan="2" | !! {{gcl|IND}} !! {{gcl|SUBJ}} !! {{gcl|IMP}} !! {{gcl|JUS}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl| | ! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} !! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} | ||
| ∅ || -ha || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | || hu | | ∅ || -ha || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | || hu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! >{{gcl| | ! >{{gcl|2}} | ||
| -aj || -j || ju -j | | -aj || -j || ju -j | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl| | ! rowspan="2" | {{gcl|2}} !! >{{gcl|1}}/{{gcl|3}} | ||
| m- || yi- || hu || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | | | m- || yi- || hu || rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! >{{gcl| | ! >{{gcl|2}} | ||
| sr- || y- || y- yu | | sr- || y- || y- yu | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 439: | Line 441: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Number marking is optional when using numerals. | |||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
| Line 485: | Line 487: | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ||
'''Thaágg jua r yamúszaq | '''Thaágg jua r yamúszaq hn r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr hn r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi hn guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr. | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
|Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq | |Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq hn r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr hn r zauak-jr. | ||
|person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | |person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} and PASS own-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | ||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no | ||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
{{interlinear | {{interlinear | ||
|Gu-fmqh-ri | |Gu-fmqh-ri hn gu-wui-ri r̀ iaràm, quatît-g hu qa-khuy sug-kuku-jr. | ||
|NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | |NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-{{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} | ||
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | ||
| Line 502: | Line 504: | ||
===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ||
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/knrawi | *[https://cals.info/translation/language/standard-knrawi CALS translations] | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
[https://cals.info/language/knrawi/ CALS] | [https://cals.info/language/standard-knrawi/ CALS] | ||
[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_(language) Pollasena Wiki] | [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Knrawi_(language) Pollasena Wiki] | ||