Kyrdan Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Kyrdan and its main descendants. This particular list is based on a 207 word list, although not all original words are present, because Kyrdan speakers were not familiar with some of these terms or concepts and thus their languages lack words for them. Some words were replaced with terminology, familiar to Kyrdan speakers (for example: 56 “leaf” or 57 “root” were replaced with “microbial mat” and “origin”), while other words were simply left out.

No.	English	Proto-Kyrdan	Kirtumur	Kērsalur	Cirdamur
1	I	*qa-	ha-	ha-	a-
2	you (singular)	*ā-	ō-	ā-	ā-
3	he	–	i-	yi-/ye-	xi-
7	this	–	yi-	yu-	i-
8	that	*da	ta	ta	da
9	here	–	niyum	yaim	xai
10	there	*da-im?	tam	taim	dai
11	who	*gʷar~kʷar	khar	khwar	gar
12	what	*war	war	war	yar
13	where	–	kei	war neamasa	yarcēm
14	when	*kʷim~kʷiŋ	khim	kwhim	giŋ
15	how	*kōn	khōn	khōn	kōn
16	not	*ma~mi	ma~mi	mi	ma
17	all	*andu	antu	antu	andu
18	many	*eř-ku-n	erku	iškun	esku
19	some	*za-lë-n	za	zalen	sale
20	few	*gelki-n	kelka	kelkan	gelki
21	other	*tāt	thōt	thāt	tāti
22	one	*ig ŋiq	ik	ik	ŋiˀ
23	two	*ʒë-u	cu	cu	se
24	three	*eš-ga	eška	eška	eš
25	four	*pa-ga	phak	phaka	pa
26	five	*ja-ga	yak	yaka	ya
27	big	*wō	wōa	wō	yō
28	long	*ej	*eja	*ei	*ēi
29	wide	*pas	phasa	phas	pas
30	thick	*bag	paka	pak	bak
31	heavy	*qōp *šad-i	hōpa	šat	ōp sadi
32	small	*jēř-i	yera	yer	yēci
33	short	*kyr *ʒin-i	khera	khēr cin	sini
34	narrow	*rap	rapa	rap	rap
35	thin	*pāx *xis-i	xesa	pāx	xiši
36	woman	*eřaŋi *čalmi	ŋiraŋi	meraŋi	calmi
37	man (adult male)	*bëki	ŋirpekhi	mirpekhi	beki
38	man (human being)	*ŋʷiri *kyci	ŋiri	miri	kici
39	child	*nini	nini	nini	nini
40	wife	*qaweřaŋi	hauraŋi	haweraŋi	aicaŋi
41	husband	*qawëbëki	haupekhi	hawepekhi	aibeki
42	mother	*ameřaŋi	ameraŋi	ameraŋi	amecaŋi
43	father	*amabëki	amapekhi	amapekhi	amabeki
44	living creature	*alësi	arri	alesi	atti
52	colony	*ōqař	ōar	ōaš	ōhat
53	pipe	*weq	we	we	yeˀ
55	seed capsule	*zalëši	zarer	zašeš	salex
56	archaea	*ŋipas	ŋephas	ŋephas	ŋipaš
57	origin	*yrim	irim	ērim	irim
58	membrane	*fem	hem	hem	em
60	microbial mat	*lum	lum	akalem	lum
61	rope	*jeiq?	jei	jei	ēˀ
62	skin	*zër	zer	zer	ser
63	flesh	*ryw	rē	rewa	ri
64	blood	*aur *ur	aur	aur	ur
65	bone	*řaqʷas	rōs	šawa	saˀaš
66	body	*jaux	jaux	jaux	jōx
67	egg, cyst	*ŋaus *nāqëm	ŋaus	ŋaus	nāˀem
69	end	*čulpēk	chulpēk	chulpēk	culpēk
70	cover	*ʒap *ŋič	cap	capham	ŋic
71	hair	*qepë	hep	hep	epe
72	head	*fes *tuq	hes	hes	tuˀ
73	ear	*qysul	hisul	hēsul	išul
74	eye	ŋëw-in	ŋiwin	mēn	ŋain
75	nose	*qëmgir	himkir	himkir	emgir
76	mouth	*qʷez	hez	wez	es
77	tooth	*qij *lenxu	linux	hije linux	leˀun
78	tongue (organ)	*feiř	heir	heiš	ēc
79	fingernail	*gʷit-tuŋ	kittuŋ	kwittuŋ	kit
80	foot	*zitiř *aqa-sad	zitir	zitiš	ahasat
81	leg	*cēdëw	chētu	chētu	cēd
82	knee	*ķiq	ki	ki	ciˀ
83	hand	*rim *byr	rim	pēr	rim
84	corner	*bil	pil	pilum	nambil
85	belly	*tāg	thōk	thāk	tāk
86	guts	*jydëm	jitem	jētem	item
87	neck	ķōqʷa	kōwa	kōwa	cōˀ
88	back	*dergʷë	terke	terkwe	derek
89	breast	*qeip	heip	heip	ēp
90	heart	*tiŋqe	thiŋe	theŋe	tiˀeŋ
91	liver	–	mupilnu jitem	mupilnu jētem	sipildamnu idem
92	to drink	*wōra~waura?	waura	wōra	yōra
93	to eat	*ŋʷaisa	mesa~misa	misa	ŋaisa
94	to bite	*qaca	hacha	hacha	aca
95	to suck inhale	*buʒ	puca	pauca	busa
96	to spit exhale	*inʒa	neca	anaica	insa
97	to vomit	–	utitem aneca	namartāk aneca	udatinsa
98	to blow	–	intu ceiya	intu caia	udā insa
99	to breathe	*ʒaia	ceiya	caia	saia
100	to laugh	*šiša *xawa	šeša	šeša	xōa
101	to see	*nëna	nena	nena	anna
102	to hear	*šala	šala	šela	xala
103	to know	*qʷama	wama	wama	ōma
104	to think	*fysa	hesa	hēsa	iša
105	to smell	*myga	meka	meka	mia
106	to fear	*guŋira	kuŋira	kuŋira	udiŋira
107	to sleep	*gʷōřa	kōra	kwōša	gōca
108	to live	*ŋala qela	ŋala	hela	ela
109	to die	*gala	kala	kala	gala
110	to kill	*dō-gala	tō kala	tō kala	dōgla
111	to fight	*lika	lekha	likha	lika
112	to chase	*gaita	keitha	kaitha	gaita
113	to hit	*rauqa	rauwa	raua	rōˀa
114	to cut	*ǯara *kʷara	khara	khwara	šara
115	to split	*dara	tara	untara	dara
116	to stab	*waxa	waxa	waxa	yaxa
117	to scratch	*fura	haura	hura	ura
118	to dig	*bala	pala	unpala	ubbala
119	to swim	qʷōla	haula	wōla	ōla
120	to fly	*saǯa	saca	saca	šaša
121	to walk	*lua *quda	lua	lua	uda
122	to come	*qadata	hata	hatatha	atta
123	to lie (as in a bed)	*řuda *luda	luta	lata šuta	suda
124	to sit	*ķikʷa	kikha	kikhwa	cika
125	to stand	*geba	kupa	kepa	giba
126	to turn (intransitive)	*gʷyra duwa	tuwa kira	kʷēra tuwa	gira
127	to fall	*pela	phela	phela	pala
128	to give	*tača *dama	thacha	thacha	udama
129	to hold	*dala in-dama	tala	tala	indama
130	to squeeze	*fiša	haša	hiša	ixa
131	to rub	*taqura	thaura	thaura	tāˀra
132	to wash	*tuqa	thua	thua	tuˀa
133	to wipe	*sāba	sōpa	sāpa	šabba
134	to pull	*bagʷa	paka	pakwa	baga
135	to push	*in-bagʷa	naka	unakwa	inbaga
136	to throw	*jila	yala	yila	ila
137	to tie	*wiga	waka	waka	ia
138	to sew	*ķaša	kaša	kaša	caxa
139	to count	*jā(q)ma	yōma	yāma	yaˀma
140	to say	*duma~dauma	tuma	tuma	dōma
141	to sing	*muda	muta	muta	muda
142	to play	–	šarmata	urekana	iˀan gama
143	to float	*nyla *qēlqula	nila	nēla	ēˀlula
144	to flow	*deķa	teka	teka	deca
145	to freeze	*wanira *iqera	wanira	wanira	iˀera
146	to swell	*šuga	šuššuka	šuššuka	xua
147	sun	*ķa	ka	ka	ca
148	moon	*ku	khu	khu	ku
149	star	*niw	nē	newa	ni
150	water	*wa	wa	wa	ya
151	rain	*ije~iqʷe	iye	iwe	ye
152	river	*fy	hi	hē	i
153	lake	–	ul hē	mual weya	ul
154	sea	*mul	mul	mul	dumul mul
155	salt	*zēm	zēm	zēm	sēm
156	stone	*nāw *cikʷ	nō	chikw	cik gim
157	sand	–	irix	lām	icci
158	dust	*qaupëw *ʒilëw	hauphu	cilu	sil
159	earth	*ēm zam	ēm	ēm	sam
160	cloud	*im *ca	im	im chaphas	ca
161	fog	*ruš *eŋë	ruš	ruš	eŋ
162	sky	*zān	zōn	zān	sān
163	wind	*laj	lei	laja	li
164	snow	*dir	tir	namtir	uddir
165	ice	*qōn	hōn	hōn	ōn
166	smoke	*sidiw	sitē	sitiwi	šidik
167	fire	*cala *nam-dāb	chal	chala	namdāb
168	ash	*nil-dij	niltē	nil	nilid
169	to burn	*daba	tapa	tapa	daddaba
170	road	*syl	sil	sēl	šil
171	mountain	*mauz	mauz	mauz	mōs
172	red	*ǯen	cen	cen	šeni
173	green	*tig	thik	thik	tiyi
174	yellow	*reig	reik	reik	rēi
175	white	ēq-u	ē	ēu	ēˀi
176	black	*quw-u	hō	hu	uyu
177	night	*ŋʷus *tax	ŋus	mus	tax
178	day	*kiŋ	khiŋ	khiŋ	kiŋ
179	year	*mei?	mei	mei	en
180	warm	*kʷax *wēn	wēna	wēn	kaxi
181	cold	*giqu *zōl	zōla	zōl	giˀu
182	full	*aiš	eiša	aiš	aixi
183	new	*ʒen	sena	cen	seni
184	old	*lib	lepa	lip	libi
185	good	*ař	ara	aš	aci
186	bad	*qul	hula	hul	ul
187	spoilt	*ķyr	kera	kēr	curi
188	dirty	*pēl	phēla	phēl	pēli
189	straight	*čak	chakha	chak	caki
190	round	*raw	rawa	rau	rawi
191	sharp (as a knife)	*čidrë	chetra	cheter	cirdi
192	dull (as a knife)	*lux	luxa	lux	luxi
193	smooth	*iřiŋʷ	ireŋa	išim	iciŋi
194	wet	*wyp	wepha	wēp	ipi
195	dry	*qār	hōra	hār	āri
196	correct	*gin	kina	kin	gini
197	near	*māq	mōa	mā	māˀ
198	far	*ajā	ayōa	ayā	yā
199	right	*ʒi	cea	ci	si
200	left	*gʷyl	kela	kwēl	gili
201	at	–	nu-	una-	a
202	in	–	ni-	ni-	a
203	with	*-da?	-ta	-ta	ida
204	and	–	ō	kwa	ŋa
205	if	*lē?	lē-	i-	lē-
206	because	*mu	mu-	mu	mu-
207	name	*ķāl	kōl	kāl	cāl