78
edits
Lemizh: Difference between revisions
→Orthography and phonology: Formatting etc.
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (The tonal system was simplified to the present two-way pitch-accent system.) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (→Orthography and phonology: Formatting etc.) |
||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
==Orthography and phonology== | ==Orthography and phonology== | ||
The alphabet is [[w:Phonetic orthography|phonetic]]: each letter corresponds to a certain sound, and each sound is represented by a single letter. The direction of writing is left to right. This article uses the standard transcription of the native Lemizh alphabet | The alphabet is [[w:Phonetic orthography|phonetic]]: each letter corresponds to a certain sound, and each sound is represented by a single letter. The direction of writing is left to right. This article uses the standard transcription of the native Lemizh alphabet as given in the following table: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center" | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 800px; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center" | ||
! colspan="29" | Letters of the Lemizh alphabet | ! colspan="29" | Letters of the Lemizh alphabet | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 58: | Line 57: | ||
| m <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || || || ng <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | | m <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || || || ng <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | plosives | ! colspan="2" | plosives <small>(voiceless • voiced)</small> | ||
| p <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • b <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || t <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • d <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || k <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • g <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | | p <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • b <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || t <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • d <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar plosive|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || k <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • g <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar plosive|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | fricatives | ! colspan="2" | fricatives <small>(voiceless • voiced)</small> | ||
| f <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • w <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || th <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • dh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || s <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • z <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || sh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • zh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || x <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • gh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | | f <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • w <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial fricative|β]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || th <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • dh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || s <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • z <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || sh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • zh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || x <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> • gh <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 73: | Line 72: | ||
| || || r <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || | | || || r <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
The plosive-fricative combinations ''pf, ts, tsh, kx'' and their voiced couterparts only occur at word boundaries and in compound words. They are not pronounced as affricates but as separate sounds. The same applies for other combinations of a plosive plus another consonant (''pm, tl'' etc.), as well as for two identical plosives (''kk'' etc.): the release of the first plosive is always audible. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! front !! back | ! rowspan="2" | !! colspan="2" | front !! colspan="2" | back | ||
|- | |||
! unrounded !! rounded !! unrounded !! rounded | |||
|- | |- | ||
! close | ! close | ||
| i <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | | i <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || ü <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || y <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || u <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! open-mid | ! open-mid | ||
| e <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | | e <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || ö <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || a <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Open-mid back unrounded vowel|ʌ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> || o <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Two consecutive different vowels are pronounced as a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]; two consecutive identical vowels as a long one. Single vowels are always short. | Two consecutive different vowels are pronounced as a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]]; two consecutive identical vowels as a long one. Single vowels are always short. | ||
| Line 106: | Line 108: | ||
V is the mora's vowel, L a liquid, N a nasal, and O an obstruent that can be either a P(losive), a F(ricative), FP, PF, FF, FFP, FPF, or PFF. Word-initial consonant clusters cannot contain more than three sounds. No geminate consonants (<abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''ff'' etc.) occur within a mora. Consecutive plosive-fricative or fricative-plosive combinations within the same mora must have the same sonority – either both are voiced, or both are voiceless. A plosive cannot have the same place of articulation as a following consonant with the exception of ''rh'' and ''r''. <abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''dzh'', <abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''ddh'' and their voiceless counterparts are also prohibited within a mora. | V is the mora's vowel, L a liquid, N a nasal, and O an obstruent that can be either a P(losive), a F(ricative), FP, PF, FF, FFP, FPF, or PFF. Word-initial consonant clusters cannot contain more than three sounds. No geminate consonants (<abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''ff'' etc.) occur within a mora. Consecutive plosive-fricative or fricative-plosive combinations within the same mora must have the same sonority – either both are voiced, or both are voiceless. A plosive cannot have the same place of articulation as a following consonant with the exception of ''rh'' and ''r''. <abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''dzh'', <abbr title="impossible">*</abbr>''ddh'' and their voiceless counterparts are also prohibited within a mora. | ||
Word boundaries, including those within compound words, are always mora boundaries. Where mora boundaries would still be ambiguous, liquids and nasals are assigned to the earliest possible mora, and obstruents to the latest possible mora. | Word boundaries, including those within compound words, are always mora boundaries. Where mora boundaries would still be ambiguous, liquids and nasals are assigned to the earliest possible mora (as the ''m'' in ''lem·ỳzh.''), and obstruents to the latest possible mora. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||