Lesson:Umbrean/1 - Phonology

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Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiode. Dental Alveol. Postalve. Retrofl. Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglot. Glottal
S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L. S. L.
Plosive Unvoiced Plain p
(p)
p:
(pp)
t
(t)
t:
(tt)
k
(k)
k:
(kk)
Lab. tw
(tw)
tw:
(ttw)
kw
(kw)
kw:
(kkw)
Plat. pj
(pj)
tj
(tj)
tj:
(ttj)
kj
(kj)
kj:
(kkj)
Lab-Pal tɥ
(tjw,twj)
tɥ:
(ttjw,ttwj)
kɥ
(kj)
kɥ:
(kkj)
Voiced Plain b
(b)
b:
(bb)
d
(d)
d:
(dd)
g
(g)
g:
(gg)
Lab. bw
(bw)
dw
(dw)
dw:
(ddw)
gw
(gw)
gw:
(ggw)
Plat. dj
(dj)
dj:
(ddj)
gj
(gg)
gj:
(ggj)
Lab-Pal dɥ
(dwj, djw)
dɥ:
(ddwj, ddjw)
gɥ
(gwj,gjw)
gɥ:
(ggwj,ggjw)
Affricative Unvoiced Plain t͡s
(ts)
t͡ʃ
(tš)
Lab. t͡sw
(tsw)
t͡ʃw
(tšw)
Plat. t͡sj
(tsj)
Lab-Pal t͡sɥ
(tsjw,tswj)
Voiced Plain d͡z
(dz)
d͡ʒ
(dž)
Lab. d͡z w
(dzw)
d͡ʒ w
(džw)
Plat. d͡zj
(dzj)
Lab-Pal d͡zɥ
(dzjw,dzwj)
Fricative Unvoiced Plain f
(f)
f:
(ff)
s
(s)
s:
(ss)
ʃ
(š)
ʃ:
(šš)
x
(ǧ)
x:
(ǧǧ)
Lab. sw
(sw)
sw:
(ssw)
ʃw
(šw)
ʃw:
(ššw)
xw
(ǧw)
Plat. fj
(fj)
fj:
(ffj)
sj
(sj)
sj:
(ssj)
Lab-Pal sɥ
(swj,sjw)
sɥ:
(ssjw,sswj)
Voiced Plain v
(v)
v:
(vv)
z
(z)
z:
(zz)
ʒ
(žž)
ʒ:
(žž)
ɣ
(ǧ)
ɣ:
(ǧǧ)
Lab. zw
(zw)
zw:
(zw)
ʒw
(žw)
ʒw:
(žžw)
ɣw
(ǧw)
Plat. vj
(vj)
vj:
(vvj)
zj
(zj)
zj:
(zzj)
Lab-Pal zɥ
(zwj,zjw)
zɥ:
(zzjw,zzwj)
Nasal Plain m
(m)
m:
(mm)
n
(n)
n:
(nn)
ŋ
(ŋ)
ŋ:
(ŋŋ)
Lab. nw
(n)
ŋw
(ŋw)
Plat. mj
(mj)
ŋj
(ŋj)
ŋj:
(ŋŋj)
Glides Lateral Appr. Plain l
(l)
l:
(ll)
Lab. lw
(lw)
Plat. lj
(lj)
Lab-Pal lɥ
(lwj,ljw)

Vowels

Front Near front Central Near back Back
Close i (i) y (y) ɨ (i) ʉ (u) u (ü)
Near-close e (e)
Close-mid ɛ (ë) ɵ (ö) o (o)
Mid
Open-mid ɛ (ë) œ (ö) o (ɔ)
Near-open
Open a (a) ɑ (a) ɒ(a)

Pitch-Accent

Primary stress[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.

Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.

Primary

  • Monosyllabic
  • Ultima - Consonant ending
    • Penult - Vowel Ending

Secondary

  • First - Consonant begining
    • Second - Vowel begining
  • Ultima - Vowel Ending
1 Syllable
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1
2 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
2 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2
3 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
3 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3
4 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
4 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3 4
n>4 Syllables
C- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
V- -C
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
C- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n
n>4 Syllables
V- -V
Pitch High
Normal
Low
Syllable 1 2 3->n-2 n-1 n

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.

Syllable Structure
General
C C V C C
Possible
Onset Core Coda
Initial Vowel Final
Consonant Vowel Consonant
Nasal Affricative Vowel Nasal Nasal
Nasal Fricative Vowel Affricative Nasal - n
Nasal Nasal Vowel Plosive Fricative
Nasal Plosive Vowel Plosive Plosive
Affricative Nasal Vowel Fricative Fricative
Plosive Nasal Vowel Fricative Nasal
Plosive Fricative Vowel Fricative Lateral
Plosive Plosive Vowel Lateral Fricative
Fricative Fricative Vowel Latera Affricative
Fricative Plosive Vowel Affricative Lateral
Plosive Lateral Vowel Nasal Lateral
Fricative Lateral Vowel Plosive Lateral
Affricative Lateral Vowel Affricative Fricative
Nasal Lateral Vowel Affricative Plosive
Lateral Nasal Vowel
Affricative Fricative Vowel