Introduction
Todo
nouns are given in def sg and def pl forms (Bhadhagha gib)
big: go qhéith
small: go chun
long: go mheal
short: go laomh
wide: go raoi
narrow: go cuachar
thick: go scúil
thin: go h-ádh
woman: an fháixe, na bhfáixe
man: an beathra, na mbeathra
child: an stíoth, na stíoth
mother: an feadhan-fháixe?
father: an feadhan-beathra?
na bhfeadhan-fháixe, na bhfeadhan-beathra
wife: an sleith-fháixe
husband: an sleith-beathra
na dhsleith-chláixe, na dhsleith-beathra
fish: an déimh, na dhéimh
bird: an chobhar, na cobhar
(all these are from the bhadhagha gib)
dog: an leir, na leir
louse: an h-úmha, na n-úmha
snake: an bhfaois, na fhaois
worm: an seana, na dhseana
tree: an daodh, na dhaodh
forest: an ríne, na ríne
stick: an cuath, na cuath
fruit: an thamha, na dtamha
or thamhach/dtamhach?
seed: an páile, na páile
leaf: an fhuiste, na bhfuiste
root: an dhóife, na dhóife
bark should be an cilear / na cilear
flower: an qeógh, na qheógh
grass: an rúicheas, na rúicheas
rope: an bhuad, na bhuad
skin: an geabhan, na gheabhan
meat: an ceith, na gceith
blood: an dhséaf, na dhséaf
bone: an reiste, na reiste
fat: an xuile, na xuile
egg: an qé, na qhé *hmoob intensifies*
horn: an n-aireadh, na h-aireadh
tail: an h-aoigh, na h-aoigh
feather: an gcoíqe, na choíqe
hair: an núcha, na núcha
head: an gnith, na ghnith
ear: an dtiocha, na tiocha
eye: an fhéir, na bhféir
nose: an maoine, na maoine
mouth: an cnuile, na chnuile
tooth: an iacha, na h-iacha
tongue: an bhlaoighne? 😀
fingernail: an sciofa, na sciofa
foot: an reith, na reith
leg: an ndeocha reith, na dheocha reith
knee: an xionna reith, na dhxionna reith
hand: flúin
an bhflúin, na fhlúin
arm: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin
elbow: an ndeocha bhflúin, na dheocha bhflúin
sorry
elbow: an xionna bhflúin, na dhxionna bhflúin
wing: an ceamha, na gceamha
belly: an táile, na tháile
guts: an nquinneach, na quinneach
neck: an xaoiphe, na xaoiphe
back: an mbíola, na bíola
breast: an dhsrachta, na srachta
heart: an luicheamh, na luicheamh
liver: an steóiseamh, na steóiseamh
sorry
an steóiseamh, na dhsteóiseamh
go neábha 'to drink'
go séic 'to eat'
go xumhadh 'to bite'
go scéimh 'to suck'
go fiarmha 'to spit, to eject'
go fiarmha an néitheasach 'to vomit'
go fíox 'to blow'
go stúimhe 'to breathe'
go sraoth 'to laugh'
go bhfeirthe 'to see'
go dtiodh 'to hear'
go xeólaigh 'to know'
go bhrainne 'to think'
ni fhiorad = now, from an fhiorad / na fiorad 'moment'
einnbhí = envy
An Bhlaoighne is inspired by Irish though the aesthetic is turning out more like Proto-Indo-European.
Phonology
Phonology of An Bhlaoighne: a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞~ɛ i o̞~ɔ u a: ɛ: i: o: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count!
b c d f g h l m n ŋ p q r s t x /b k d̪ f g h l̪ m n̪ ŋ p tɬ ɹ s t̪ ɬ/
The letters bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated.
Aspiration: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh /bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ tɬʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/
Prenasalization: mb gc nd bhf ŋg _ mp nq dhs dt dhx /ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ⁿtɬ dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/
Sindarin analog
ai -> e
ái -> ä́ -> ia
ao -> å -> o
ea -> ia
ei -> e
eo -> ö́ -> io
aoi, eoi -> í
eo -> o
ia -> ie
io -> io
oi -> e
ua -> uo
uai -> í
éa -> é
eá -> á
eó -> ó
eói -> é
éi -> ei
ío -> io
iú -> ǘ -> iu
iúi -> í
ói -> é
oí -> í
úi, uí -> í
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Article
Both the definite and indefinite articles are 'an' in the singular, 'na' in the plural.
Gender and declensions
The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has three genders and three declensions.
First declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. no mutation
First declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. prenasalization
First declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. aspiration
Second declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. prenasalization
Second declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. aspiration
Second declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. no mutation
Third declension masculine: indef. sg. aspiration; indef. pl. no mutation; def. sg. no mutation; def. pl. aspiration
Third declension feminine: indef. sg. prenasalization; indef. pl. prenasalization; def. sg. aspiration; def. pl. no mutation
Third declension neuter: indef. sg. no mutation; indef. pl. aspiration; def. sg. prenasalization; def. pl. prenasalization
Examples:
| bheathra 'man' - 2nd decl. masc. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indefinite | an bheathra | na bheathra |
| Definite | an beathra | na mbeathra |
| chealim 'table' - 1st decl. masc. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indefinite | an chealim | na gcealim |
| Definite | an cealim | na cealim |
| mblaoighne 'language' - 1st decl. fem. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indefinite | an mblaoighne | na bhlaoighne |
| Definite | an bhlaoighne | na mblaoighne |
| fiodenn 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indefinite | an fiodenn | na fhiodenn |
| Definite | an bhfiodenn | na bhfiodenn |
| páirín 'house' - 2nd decl. neut. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indefinite | an páirín | na bpáirín |
| Definite | an bpáirín | na páirín |
(Nouns beginning with 'm' can only be 2nd decl masc, 2nd dec fem, 3rd decl masc or 1st decl fem)
There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form.
Tenses
present: ceis, cean (with the article) past: éadh, éan (with the article) future: liobh, lian (with the article) aorist ("timeless"): fo, fon
- Fon cealim go bhfóina. /fon kealim go bʰfo:jna/ 'The table is white'
- Cean beathra go dhxeathar. /kean beatʰra go dʰɬeatʰar/ 'The man is walking'
- Cean bheathra go mblaoigh. /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰ/ 'A man is speaking'
(go+prenasalization literally means 'in')
Prepositions fusing with 'an'
- 'in': go + an = ni, go + na = in
- 'with': ro + an = ca, ro + na = ac
- 'to': eis + an = sa, eis + na = as
- 'like': qe + an = xa, qe + na = ax
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Numerals
- 0 = dírabh /di:rabʰ/
- 1 = óis /o:js/
- 2 = réix /re:jɬ/
- 3 = daobhe /daobʰe/
- 4 = fuín /fwi:n/
- 5 = seamh /seamʰ/
- 6 = taca /taka/
- 7 = óista n-óis /o:jsta no:js/
- 8 = óista réix /o:jsta re:jɬ/
- 9 = óista ndaobhe /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/
- 10 = óista bhfuín /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/
- 11 = óista dhseamh /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/
- 12 = réixta /re:jɬta/
- 18 = daobheta /daobʰeta/ or daobhta /daobʰta/
- 24 = fuínta /fwi:nta/
- 30 = seamhta /seamʰta/
- 36 = gról /gro:l/
- 37 = gról d'óis /gro:l do:js/
- 38 = gról da réix /gro:l da re:jɬ/
...
- 72 = réix gról
...
- 1295 = seamhta dhseamh gról da seamhta dhseamh
- 1296 = quiche /tɬujkʰe/