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{{construction}}
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{{infobox language
| name = Lortho
| nativename = Lortho
| pronunciation = ˈloɾ.tʰo
| image = Lortho.JPG
| image_size = 100px
| setting = Dhamashi, a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]]
| region = Lamona continent
| speakers = ~ 60,000,000
| date = na
| familycolor = conlang
| ancestor1 = Proto-Lamona
| ancestor2 = Old Lortho
| clcr = qlt
| creator = [[User:Bbbourq|Brian Bourque]]
| created = 2003, 2016
}}


<!--  
'''Lortho''' <!--([[Guide:IPA|IPA]]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo])-->is an [[A_priori_language|a priori]] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. It is an [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] language with some minor [[w:fusional_language|fusional]] aspects.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
<!--:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under development
|-
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|}-->
The people ('''Kalanune''') who speak Lortho live on Dhamashi,<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, September 6). ''The language of Lortho and the world of Dhamashi''. Retrieved from http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334</ref> a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]] which is itself one of the habitable moons orbiting the [[w:Gas_giant|gas giant]] '''Kus'''<!-- in an alternate universe-->. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: '''Mashonu''', '''Kashti''', and '''Lamona'''. The Kalanune live on Lamona.<br />


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
<!--Even though there are two stars, neither one can be seen separate from one another during daylight hours. At dawn and dusk, however, both can bee seen due to light refraction through the world's atmosphere.-->
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
==Introduction==
Lortho ([http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/ IPA]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo]) is an [http://www.frathwiki.com/a_priori_conlang a priori] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. Fast forward about 13 years and it has now evolved into a [[wikipedia:fusional language|fusional]]-[[wikipedia:agglutinative language|agglutinative]] language. The verbs are changed in conjugation; however, suffixes and prefixes are added to nouns to denote [[wikipedia:grammatical case|case]].
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->


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-->
-->
===Inspiration===
==Inspiration==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the Conlang Mailing List <ref>''Conlang Mailing List''. (n.d.). Retrieved from Brown University: http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html</ref> and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.
 
Much of the language stems from the languages that Brian knows, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influence by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded [[#Writing_System|below]].
 
Another source of inspiration is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.
 
NOTE: The map below is not 100% scientifically accurate and needs improvement.
 
 
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="3" | [[file:Dhamashi.jpg|500px|Dhamashi]]
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kashti&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; || Lamona || Mashonu
|-
| colspan="3" | Dhamashi
|}
 
==Etymology of Lortho==


A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an alien theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. The author was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list] and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then it was decided to move forward and make Lortho come into fruition.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Another inspirational source is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds, Brian found certain "words" to use in Lortho which help in its phonology.
Lortho is a combination of ''Lor'', the god from which their story of life stems, and ''-tho'', the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. ''konpharin lorthome'' - I speak Lortho-ACC).


The mountain whence Lor is said to originate is called ''Malhi Dharakhi'', "Great Mountain," and is located in the coastal mountain range on the west coast of Lamona.
==Goals==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
<del>The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet</del>. <ins>The aforementioned goal is a little outdated and no longer is appropriate. The long term goal is to see this language develop to a fully usable language. To the point where people from the general public wish to learn it. It is ambitious, but I think Lortho and it's world might take off. In the words of Jim Hopkins (Itláni): "Lortho exists in 'Realms-Somewhere-Real.'"</ins>
A secondary goal is to see this language come to life on the screen either in a series or feature film.
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


===Orthography===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


====Lortho Alphabet====
===Consonants===


The [http://www.frathwiki.com/images/9/95/IMG_5164.JPG Lortho alphabet] is a pseudo-[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/alphabetic.htm abjad]. All letters are consonants except for one vowel. All other vowels are written as [[wikipedia:diacritic|diacritics]].
There are 18 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]]<ref>''International Phonetic Alphabet''. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org</ref><ref name="IPA">''Guide:IPA''. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://linguifex.com/wiki/Guide:IPA</ref> in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.


===Consonant Inventory===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Bilabial
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Labiodental
<!-- ! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Dental -->
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Alveolar
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Postalveolar
<!-- style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Retroflex
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Palatal -->
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Velar
<!-- style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Uvular -->
<!-- style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Pharyngeal -->
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" colspan="2" | Glottal
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Nasal'''
|
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | m
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | n
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Plosive'''
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; p &nbsp; pʰ &nbsp;
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | b
| colspan="2" |
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; t &nbsp; tʰ &nbsp;
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; d &nbsp; dʱ &nbsp; 
| colspan="2" |
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; k &nbsp; kʰ &nbsp;
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
| colspan="2" |
<!--|-
| '''Trill'''|| ||
|colspan="2" | ||  || -->
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Fricative'''
| colspan="2" | 
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | f ||
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | s ||
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | ʃ ||
| colspan="2" |
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" |  h || &nbsp;&nbsp;
<!--|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| '''Lateral Fricative'''||  || 
| colspan="2" |  ||  || 
|-
| '''Approximant''' ||  || 
| colspan="3" |  ||  ||  -->
|-
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Lateral Approximant'''
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | l &nbsp; ʰl
| colspan="2" | 
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|- "
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | '''Tap or Flap'''
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | ɾ
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" | 
|-
|}


===Vowels===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
'''Monophthongs'''<ref name="IPA" />
<br />
<!--Vowels
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Front
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Central
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Back
|-
|-
! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal
| '''Close''' || i || || u
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| '''Close-mid''' ||  ||  || o
|-
|-
| '''Plosive'''|| p pʰ b ||  
| '''Open-mid''' || ɛ || || 
| colspan="3" | t tʰ d dʰ|| || || k kʰ|| || || ʔ
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| '''Mid''' ||  ||  || ɑ
|}
-->
 
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:right; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
|-
| '''Nasal''' || m ||  
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
|colspan="3" | n ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
|-
| '''Trill'''|| ||  
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
|colspan="3" | || || || || || ||
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">u&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">o&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
 
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 24%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 44%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div>
 
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;"></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2em; top: 86%; background: white;">ɑ&nbsp;</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
|-
| '''Tap or Flap''' || ||
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
| colspan="3" | ɾ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|-
| '''Fricative'''|| f ||  ||  || s || ʃ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || h
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
|-
| '''Lateral Fricative'''||  || 
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
| colspan="3" |  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|-
| '''Approximant''' ||  || 
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
| colspan="3" |  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|-
| '''Lateral Approximant'''||  || 
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
| colspan="3" | l lʰ ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
|}


===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Diphthongs'''
 
[[File:LorthoDiphthongs Chart.png]]


====Vowel Inventory====
===Phonotactics===


There are five vowels in Lortho and are strictly pronounced regardless of placement:
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
'''Syllable Structure'''
 
The [[wikipedia:syllable|syllable]] structure is (C)V(V)(C).
* The syllables can be constructed as:
** V <!--(at this time only used in 3 person singular)-->
** CV
** CVV
** VC
** CVC
** CVVC
 
'''Consonant Clusters'''
 
There are no [[w:Consonant_cluster|consonant clusters]] allowed in onsets or codas; however, clusters formed from adjacent syllables (i.e. coda + onset) are allowed. These clusters are:
 
# /nd/
# /nk/ (with an allophone of [ŋk])
# /np/ (with an allophone of [mp] e.g. the verb '''konpharo''' ''to speak'')
# /ns/
# /pt/
# /rt/
# /sk/
# /pr/
 
===Prosody===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
'''Stress'''
 
[[w:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] in Lortho is handled as follows:
 
# Stress is always on the penultimatae syllable of the root or infinitive '''''except''''':
#* '''-n''' verbs will always receive stress on the final syllable of the infinitive or root.
#* Pluralized nouns will shift the stress to the penultimate syllable.
# If the word is two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
# Stress is neither given to prefixes nor suffixes.
 
<!--'''Intonation'''
 
:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under Development
|-
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|-
|-
| '''Close''' || i || || u
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;"| For general information on '''intonation (linguistics)''', please click [[w:Intonation_(linguistics)|here]]
|}
<br />-->
<!--
===Morphophonology===
 
:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" | &nbsp;&nbsp;
| style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under development
|-
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|}
-->
 
==Orthography==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
===Writing System===
 
The writing system of Lortho is called '''Dhadakha''', so named from the first three letters. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] with some [[w:Featural_writing_system|featural aspects]] in denoting [[w:Aspirated_consonant|aspirated]] vs [[w:Tenuis_consonant|tenuis consonants]]. Dhadakha is comprised of 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an [[w:abugida|abugida]]; however, there are no conjunct consonants and vowels are given equal status as consonants. Ligatures are formed by consonant + vowel with the vowels [i] and [ɛ] being the exceptions. Lortho's script was inspired by the [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Uchen_script|Uchen]], and [[w:Tengwar|Tengwar]] writing systems.
 
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: none;"
| '''''UPDATE:'''''
|-
|-
| '''Close-mid''' || || || o
| ''This script has been revised to include a "common" script. More to come.''
|}
 
&nbsp;<br />
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:Revised_Lortho_Alphabet.svg|700px|Lortho Alphabet]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Alphabet
|-
|-
| '''Open-mid''' || ɛ || ||
|}
<br />
 
===Vowels and Vowel Constructs===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
'''Monophthongs'''
 
Vowels (except [i]) are attached to the preceding consonant forming ligatures.
 
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:LorthoVowels.JPG|250px|Lortho Vowels]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Vowels
|-
|-
| '''Mid''' ||  ||  || ɑ
|}
|}
<br />


====Diphthongs====
'''Diphthongs'''


The following [[wikipedia:diphthong|diphthongs]] exist in Lortho:
The diphthongs are written as seen below.


* [aɪ], [aʊ], [eɪ], [ɔɪ]
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
|-
| [[File:LorthoDiphthongs.JPG|300px|Lortho Diphthongs]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho diphthongs
|}
<br />


===Prosody===
===Word-Initial Vowels and Diphthongs===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


====Stress====
For word-initial vowels, the letter [i] will be used as the place holder (unless the [i] is the vowel) and the additional vowel will be added as one would on a consonant-vowel ligature.


There are a few rules that govern stress (with exceptions):
===Romanized Text===


# Stress is always on the second to the last syllable of the root or infinitive '''''except''''':
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
#* '''-n''' verbs will always receive stress on the last syllable of the infinitive or root.
# If the word is only two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
# Stress is never given to prefixes or suffixes.


Since Lortho has its own script, a romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.


====Intonation====
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc;"
| colspan="21" | Consonants
|- style="text-align:center;"
| IPA || dʰ || d || kʰ || k || lʰ || l || tʰ || t || pʰ || p || ʃ || s || n || nː || m || mː || h || b || f || ɾ
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
| Romanization|| dh || d || kh || k || lh || l || th || t || ph || p || sh || s || n || nn || m || mm || h || b || f || r
|}


''Lortho is still in development and has not enough information to explain the rules of intonation.''
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#abcabc;"
| colspan="6" | Monophthongs
|- style="text-align:center;"
| IPA || i || ɑ || ɛ || u || o
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
| Romanization || i || a || e || u || o
|}
 
{| class="mw-collapsed mw-collapsible wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center; background-color:#abcabc; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="5" | Diphthongs
|- style="text-align:center;"
| IPA || aɪ || aʊ || ɔɪ || eɪ
|- style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;"
| Romanization || ai || au || oi || ei
|}


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Line 151: Line 444:


-->
-->
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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====Introduction====
====Introduction====


Nouns in Lortho are one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter, and all nouns are declined to denote case. All nouns end in a vowel:
[[w:noun|Nouns]] in Lortho have three distinct features:
 
#They are one of three [[Guide:Gender|gender]]s: masculine, feminine, or neuter
#All nouns can be modified to denote case
#All nouns end in a vowel (with few exceptions)
 
====Gender====


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Masculine  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Feminine  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Neuter
|-
|-
| -i || -u || -ɑ
| -i<br />dharakh'''i'''<br />''mountain'' || -u<br />dhamm'''u'''<br />''chair'' || -a<br />hadikh'''a'''<br />''country, land''
|}
 
'''Exceptions:'''
 
There there are a couple nouns that do not follow the above rules for gender (this will increase as Lortho's lexicon grows):
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Masculine
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Feminine
!  style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Neuter
|-
| '''tapas'''<br />''pasta'' ||  || '''dhi'''<br />''water''
|}
|}


====Grammatical Case====
====Grammatical Case====


Lortho has nine cases.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
Lortho has ten [[wikipedia:grammatical case|cases]]. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant. The following word will be used for demonstration:
 
*'''kansaptha'''<br/>''(n. neut.)''
:# woods, forest


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=60%
! Case !! Modifier !! Example !! Translation
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Case  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Affix
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Example
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Translation
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Nominative_case|Nominative]] || - || kansaptha|| woods, forest
|-
| [[w:Accusative_case|Accusative]] || -<!--(i)-->me || kansaptha<u>'''me'''</u>|| forest ''(direct obj.)''
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Dative_case|Dative]] || -<!--(i)-->mela || kansaptha<u>'''mela'''</u>|| forest ''(indirect obj.)''
|-
| [[w:Genitive_case|Genitive]]<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup> || -<!--(i)-->na<!--lo-->u || kansaptha<u>'''na<!--lo-->u'''</u> || of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Lative_case|Lative]] || -ina/ena || kansapta<u>'''ina'''</u> || in/into the forest
|-
| [[w:Ablative_case|Ablative]] || -<!--(e)-->nat || kansaptha<u>'''nat'''</u> || out of/from the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Allative_case|Allative]] || -<!--(e)-->dan || kansaptha<u>'''dan'''</u>|| to/towards the forest
|-
| [[w:Prolative_case|Prolative]] || -<!--(e)-->da<!--na-->r || kansaptha<u>'''da<!--na-->r'''</u> || through/via/by way of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Instrumental_case|Instrumental]] || -<!--(i)-->len || kansaptha<u>'''len'''</u> || using the forest
|-  
|-  
| Nominative || - || kɑnsɑptʰɑ || woods, forest
| [[w:Vocative_case|Vocative]] || fa(l)- || <u>'''fa'''</u>kansaptha || Hey, Forest!
|-
|-
| Accusative || -mɛ || kɑnsɑptʰɑmɛ || forest ''(direct obj.)''
|}
 
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup> -'''na<!--lo-->u''' is the alienable genitive whereas -'''tho''' is the [[w:Inalienable_possession|inalienable]] genitive as seen in the endonym ''Lor<u>'''tho'''</u>''.</p>
 
====Possessive====
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The personal [[w:Possession_(linguistics)|possessive]] is formed using a prefix which is gender and [[w:Grammatical_number|number]] specific. We will use the following word:
 
*'''dhammu'''<br/>''(n. fem.)''  
:#chair, seat
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Person
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Singular
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Plural
|- style="font-style:italic; background-color:rgb(249,244,219);"
|
| masculine || feminine || neuter || masculine || feminine || neuter
|-
|-
| Dative || -mɛlɑ || kɑnsɑptʰɑmɛlɑ || forest ''(indirect obj.)''
| 1st person || '''ni'''dhammu || '''nu'''dhammu || - || '''nima'''dhammu || '''numa'''dhammu || -
|- style="background-color:#eeeeee;"
| 2nd person || '''lin'''dhammu || '''lun'''dhammu || - || '''nani'''dhammu || '''nanu'''dhammu || -
|-
|-
| Genitive
| 3rd person || '''li'''dhammu || '''lu'''dhammu || '''la'''dhammu || '''limi'''dhammu || '''limu'''dhammu || '''lima'''dhammu
| colspan="3" | ''(see below)''
|-
|-
| Sublative || -ɪnɑ/-ɛnɑ || kɑnsɑptʰaɪnɑ || in/into the forest
|}
 
====Pluralization====
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
Each noun is [[w:Plural|pluralized]] by adding a suffix:
 
#Feminine (-u) and Neuter (-a) nouns add the plural suffix -'''ne''':
#*Examples:
##Feminine: '''kansaphu''' ''(n. fem)'' tree; '''pl''' kansaphu'''ne'''
##Neuter: '''hadikha''' ''(n. neut)'' land, country; '''pl''' hadikha'''ne'''
#Masculine nouns (-i):
#*Regular masculine nouns will add the infix -'''en'''- before -'''i''':
#*Masculine nouns that end in -'''ni''' will add the infix -'''em'''-.
#*Examples:
##'''olakhi''' ''(n. masc)'' boat; '''pl''' olakh'''en'''i
##'''phorenni''' ''(n. masc)'' peak, summit; '''pl''' phoɾenn'''em'''i
#*If the noun ends in a consonant, the suffix -'''eni''' will be added:
##Example: '''tapas''' ''(n. masc)'' pasta; '''pl''' tapas'''eni'''
 
====Reduplication====
 
A recent discovery in Lortho is the use of [[w:Reduplication|reduplication]]. So far, one example has emerged:
 
;kisha [ˈki.ʃa]
:plural kishane [ki.ˈʃa.ne]
#a repeated design; pattern
#('''kisha kisha''') an overly used pattern which loses its effect over time; a pattern of movements no longer requiring thought (e.g. muscle memory)<br/>plural: '''kisha kishane'''
 
===Personal Pronouns===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
! || 1SG || 2SG || 3SG || 1PL || 2PL || 3PL
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Masculine || hin || manni || i || minan || namin || nimi
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| Feminine || hun || mannu || u || munan || namun || nimu
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Neuter || || || a || || naman<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">2</sup> || nima
|}
 
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>2</sup> The 2nd person plural neuter, '''naman''', is meant for addressing crowds or general audiences</p>
 
===Verbs===
 
====Introduction====
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
Verbs are [[wikipedia:grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.
 
====Conjugation====
 
'''Regular Verbs'''
 
There are three main verbs in Lortho: '''-o''' verbs, '''-t''' verbs, and '''-n''' verbs. The conjugation tables below show a preview of how the regular verbs conjugate in each category. Conjugation in other tenses includes more fusional aspects.
 
'''-o verbs'''
 
The root is formed by subtracting the final "'''o'''."
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4"|
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| Ablative || -(ɛ)nɑt || kɑnsɑptʰɑnɑt || out of/from the forest
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''konpharo''' [kon.'pʰɑ.ɾo] ''to speak''<br />''root:'' '''''konphar-'''''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | Prolative
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
| -dɑn || kɑnsɑptʰɑdɑn || to/towards the forest
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Plural
|-
|-
| -dɑnɑɾ || kɑnsɑptʰɑdɑnɑɾ || through/via/by way of the forest
| style="background-color:#fEe8d0;" | masc
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | masc
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut
|-
|-
| Instructive || -lɛn || kɑnsɑptʰɑlɛn || using the forest
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''in'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''un'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''inan'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''unan'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -
|-
|-
| Vocative || fɑ-
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''anni'''
| colspan="2" | ''still in development''
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''annu'''
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''amin'''
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konphar'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''i'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''u'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''a'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''imi'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''imu'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | konphar'''ima'''
|}
|}


====Genitive Case====
'''-t verbs'''
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The genitive (possessive) case is formed using a prefix which is gender and number specific.
The root is formed by changing the final "'''t'''" to a "'''d'''."


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
! Person
! rowspan="4"|
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | '''phramit''' ['pʰɾɑ.mit] ''to push''<br />''root:'' '''''phramid-'''''
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | masc
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | fem
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | neut
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | masc
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | fem
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | neut
|-
|-
| 1st person || ni- || nu- || - || nimɑ- || numɑ- || -
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''in'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''un'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''inan'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''unan'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | -  
|-
|-
| 2nd person || lin- || lun- || - || nɑni- || nɑnu- || -
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''anni'''
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''annu'''
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''amin'''
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | phramid'''amun'''
| style="background-color:#dfedfe;" | -  
|-
|-
| 3rd person || li- || lu- || lɑ- || limi- || limu- || limɑ-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''i'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''u'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''a'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''imi'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''imu'''
| style="background-color:#cfddee;" | phramid'''ima'''
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Verbs===
'''-n verbs'''
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The root is the same as the infinitive.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4"|
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | '''shailan''' [ʃaɪ.'lɑn] ''to sit''<br />''root:'' '''''shailan-'''''
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | Plural
|-
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | masc
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | fem
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | neut
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | masc
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | fem
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | neut
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;"| shailan'''in'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''un'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''inan'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''unan'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | -
|-
| style="background-color:#ededed;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''anni'''
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''annu'''
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''amin'''
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | shailan'''amun'''
| style="background-color:#Fad1d1;" | -
|-
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''i'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''u'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''a'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''imi'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''imu'''
| style="background-color:#eac1c1;" | shailan'''ima'''
 
|}


====Introduction====
'''Irregular Verbs'''


Verbs are conjugated in gender and in number which is all governed by the noun.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


====Conjugation====
Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb '''''harlan'''''.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
! colspan="18" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
! rowspan="4" |
! colspan="6" style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Present Tense
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -o verbs [konpʰɑɾo] ''to speak''
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''harlan''' [hɑɾ.'lɑn] ''to be''<br />''root:'' '''''harl-'''''
| colspan="6" | -t verbs [pʰɾɑmit] ''to push''
| colspan="6" | -n verbs [ʃaɪlɑn] ''to sit''
|-
|-
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Singular
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Plural
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#FEe8d0;"  | Plural
| colspan="3" | Singular
| colspan="3" | Plural
| colspan="3" | Singular
| colspan="3" | Plural
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | masc  
| style="background-color:#fEe8d0;" | masc  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut  
Line 241: Line 754:
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | fem  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | neut  
| masc || fem || neut || masc || fem || neut || masc || fem || neut || masc || fem || neut
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konpʰɑɾ'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" |1st pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''in'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | '''un'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''un'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''inɑn'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''inan'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''unɑn'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''unan'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | -  
| pʰɾɑmi'''din''' || -'''dun''' || - || -'''dinɑn''' || -'''dunɑn''' || - || ʃaɪlan'''in''' || -'''un''' || - || -'''inɑn''' || -'''unɑn''' || -
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konpʰɑɾ'''ɑnːi'''  
| style="background-color:#ececec;" | 2nd pers || style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''anni'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''ɑnːu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''annu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''ɑmin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''amin'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''ɑmun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | harl'''amun'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -  
| pʰɾɑmi'''dɑnːi''' || -'''dɑnːu''' || - || -'''dɑmin''' || -'''dɑmun''' || - || ʃaɪlan'''ɑnːi''' || -'''ɑnːu''' || - || -'''ɑmin''' || -'''ɑmun''' || -
|-
|-
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konpʰɑɾ'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" | 3rd pers || style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''i'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''u'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''ɑ'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''a'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | konpʰɑɾ'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''imi'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''imu'''  
| style="background-color:#FEe8d0;" | -'''imɑ'''
| style="background-color:#eEd8c0;" | harl'''ima'''  
| pʰɾɑmi'''di''' || -'''du''' || -'''dɑ''' || pʰɾɑmi'''dimi''' || -'''imu''' || -'''imɑ''' || ʃaɪlan'''i''' || -'''u''' || -'''ɑ''' || ʃaɪlan'''imi''' || -'''imu''' || -'''imɑ'''
|}
|}
====Moods====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
'''Indicative'''
The indicative mood is the simplest of the moods and requires no extra suffixes.
'''Imperative'''
The imperative form of the verb is simply the root with the vocative case (which can be either implied or explicit). Currently, this is still in development. I must discover the explanations of the imperative mood in first person plural and second person plural.
Examples:
# famannu, konphar!
#* Hey you, speak!
# fanamin, nathar namineme!
#* Hey you, be quiet! ''(lit. quiet yourselves)''
# fabrian, shailan!
#* Brian, sit!
Vocabulary:
# '''konpharo''' (konphar-) ''v.'' to speak
# '''natharo''' (nathar-) ''v.'' to quell, pacify
# '''mannu''' ''pronoun'' you (fem. sing.)
# '''namin''' ''pronoun'' you (masc. pl.)
# '''shailan''' (shailan-) ''v.'' to sit<br />
'''Subjunctive'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
The subjunctive mood has many different facets. For now, we will talk about wants/wishes.
In the present tense, the expression of want is done by using the verb '''hankhan''' ''to want'' + infinitive.
Examples:
* <code>'''hankhan-in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kilikho kansaptha-me'''</code><br /><code>want &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG &nbsp;see.INF forest.N -ACC</code><br /> ''I want to see (the) forest''
====Passive Voice====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
The [[w:Passive_voice|passive voice]] is formed by adding the suffix -'''im''' after the root before any other additional suffixes. The passive voice does not apply to the present tense at this moment.
Example:
* '''madhit''' (madhid-) ''v.'' to give
*# <code>'''madhid-ikh-i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu-me &nbsp;u&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give- &nbsp;PST-3MSG PN.3MSG book.F &nbsp;-ACC PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''He gave the book to her''
*#* The verb agrees with the subject ''he'' (i).
*# <code>'''madhid-<u>im</u> &nbsp;-ikh-u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give &nbsp;-<u>PASS</u>-PST-3FSG book.F &nbsp;&nbsp;PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''The book was given to her''
*#* The verb agrees with ''book'' since there is no subject initiating the action; however, ''book'' is still affected by the action, hence the accusative case.
====Negation====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
Negation is accomplished by adding the prefix '''dha(k)'''-. The phoneme /k/ is added before verbs with either initial vowel or initial /h/, which in turn morphs into /kʰ/.
#'''konpharo''' (konphar-)<br/>''to speak''
#*konphar'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I speak''
#*'''<u>dha</u>'''konpharin<br/>''I do not speak, I am not speaking''
#'''hankhan''' (hankhan-)<br/>''to want, wish''
#*hankhan'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I want''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''hankhanin<br/>''I do not want''
#'''artemit''' (artemid-)<br/>''to continue''
#*artemid'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I continue''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''artemidin<br/>''I do not continue''
===Adjectives===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[[w:Adjective|Adjectives]] behave a little differently than most natural languages. All adjectives are roots since they must agree in gender with the noun which they modify. For placement, adjectives must be placed in front of the noun which they modify.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===
The [[w:Morphosyntactic_alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]] of Lortho is [[w:Nominative-accusative_language|Nominative - Accusative]].
===Word Order===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
The basic word order is [[w:Verb-subject-object|Verb-Subject-Object]] (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, greatly diminishing the need for prepositions. In addition, below are the basic syntax rules for word order:
#The word order changes to Subject-Verb-Object only in the vocative case.
#Adjectives are placed '''''before''''' the noun.
#*Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives (see below regarding [[Lortho#Word_Agreement|word agreement]])
#Adverbs are placed '''''after''''' the verb.
#Interrogatives (who, what, et al) are placed '''''before''''' the verb.
#The question marker (represented in the Leipzig Glossing Rules as '''Q''') is placed at the '''''beginning''''' of the sentence to denote a question.
<!---
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Line 274: Line 882:
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
--->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
===Word Agreement===
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


<!-- Template area -->
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===Word Order===
<!--===Word Order===
 
In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary except for emphasis. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.-->
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:
 
#Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject (explicit or implied)
# Cardinal numbers do not take case nor gender
#Nouns are not pluralized when counted
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;kansaphu-ne-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG tree.F &nbsp;-PL-ACC</code><br />''I see trees''
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;bon kansaphu-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG two tree.F &nbsp;-ACC</code><br />''I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)''
#[[Lortho#Adjectives|Adjectives]] must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number
 
==Example texts==
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsed mw-collapsible"
! Grammar Samples
|-
|
Examples of grammatical case, verb conjugation, and word order.
 
<u>Nominative Case</u>
 
* '''thomid-a kansaptha'''<br />live-3NSG forest.N<br />''The forest lives''
 
<u>Accusative Case</u>
 
* '''kilikh-in hin kansaptha-me'''<br />see-1MSG PN.1MSG forest.N-ACC<br />''I see the forest''
 
<u>Dative Case</u>
 
* '''madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhammu-me i-mela'''<br />give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG chair-ACC PN.3MSG-DAT<br />''I gave a chair to him''
 
<u>Genitive Case</u>
 
* '''madhid-ikh-in hin ikhi dhalannu-me ni-dhammu-nalo u-mela'''<br />give-PST-1MSG PN.1MSG one leg.F-ACC POSS.1MSG-chair-GEN PN.3FSG-DAT<br />''I gave a leg of my chair to her.''
 
<u>Sublative Case</u>
 
* '''kaura lharid-ikh-annu kansaptha-dan?'''<br />Q run-PST-2FPL forest.F-SUBL<br />''Did you run into the forest?''
 
<u>Ablative Case</u>
 
* '''lharid-ikh-<u>un</u>-i-<u>an</u> kansaptha-nat'''<br />run-PST-<u>1MPL</u>-PROG forest.F-ABL<br />''We were running out of the forest''
 
<u>Allative Case</u>
 
* '''kaura malar lharid-in-unan numa-dharati-dan?'''<br />Q why run-PFV-1FPL POSS.1FPL-house.M-ALL<br />''Why have we run towards our house?''
 
<u>Prolative Case</u>
 
* '''lharid-in-i toshani kansaptha-danar'''<br />run-PFV-3MSG dragon.M forest-PROL<br />''The dragon has run through the forest''
 
<u>Instructive</u>
 
* '''bilar-ikh-amin nani-dharati-me noima-len'''<br />build-PST-2MPL POSS.2MPL-house-ACC wood.N-INST<br />''You built your house with (using) wood''
 
<u>Vocative</u>
 
* '''fa-toshani, dha-tumed-anni nukhimo hin-eme!'''<br />VOC-dragon, NEG-able-2MSG destroy.INF PN.1MSG-ACC<br />''O dragon, you cannot destroy me!''
|}
 
===Writing Samples===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" | [[File:LorthoSample.JPG|400px|Sample Text]]
|-
| Text
| Translation
|-
| '''konpharin lorthome'''
| I speak Lortho
|-
|}
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2" | [[File:LorthoSample.jpg|600px|Lortho Sample]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Text
| Translation
|-
| '''kalanune denimanimu kalanune khonaminalo<br />hana tomidikhimu ma kansapthaina'''
| The people are known as people of the<br /> lanterns and they lived in that forest.
|}
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2" | [[File:Lortho_Text_Signed.jpg|600px|Longer Sample]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Text
| Translation
|-
| '''lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin<br />dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana<br />semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro<br /> danadanar<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup>." remedikhi toshani,<br /> "dhamalhirianni danadanar."'''
| I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.<br /> I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want<br /> to walk through here." The dragon replied,<br /> "You will not walk through here."<br />
|-
| colspan="2" | This was taken from Brian's Instagram account<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, July 15). ''My newest text in my invented language''. [Instagram post]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq</ref>
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup>This has been recently changed to ''-dar'' to reduce multi-syllabic affixes.</p>
|}
 
{|
|-
| [[File:Handwriting_lortho.jpg|600px|Handwritten Lortho]]
|-
| The latest version of handwritten Lortho.
|}
 
===Folklore===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
{|
| style="font-size:2em;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''''The Unlucky Fox'''''
|-
| [[File:TheUnuckyFox.png]]
|-
| '''Romanization:'''<br/>shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi.<br/>khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a.<br/>kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume.<br/>harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina.<br/>khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo.<br/>tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo.
|-
| '''IPA:'''<br/>{{IPA|ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi<br/>kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ<br/>ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ<br/>ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ<br/>ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo<br/>ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo}}
|-
| '''Leipzig Gloss:'''
shadar  lhara-ne dasat      dharakhi  -nat harl-ikh-i    nuphi
'''ago.ADV year -PL beyond.ADV mountain.M-ABL be  -PST-3MSG fox.M'''
''Once upon a time, there was the fox''
 
khabal-ikh-i    nuphi dalhota-me -khon dha-harl-ikh-a    halhadar a
'''search-PST-3MSG fox.M food.N -ACC-but  NEG-be  -PST-3NSG much.ADJ PN.3NSG'''
''The fox searched for food, but there was not much of it''
 
kilikh-ikh-i    ikhi molha  kansapu-me
'''see  -PST-3MSG one  huge-N tree.N -ACC'''
''It saw a huge tree''
 
harl-ikh-a    dir    -dhalam-a li          -dalhota mo  -kansapo-ina
'''be  -PST-3NSG SUPERL  -good  -N PN.POSS.3MSG-food.N  that -tree.F -SUBL'''
''Its favorite food was in that tree''
 
khar khes  -ikh-i    nuphi kansapu-me  denal-ikh-u    kansapu lu          -khothu-me  hana tushad-ikh-u    khashu-me  nuphi-nalo
'''when scratch-PST-3MSG fox.M tree.F -ACC close-PST-3FSG tree.F  PN.POSS.3FSG-wall.F-ACC and  bury  -PST-3FSG head.F-ACC fox.M-GEN'''
''When the fox scratched the tree, the tree closed its wall (here it means bark) and buried (trapped) the fox's head''
 
thar-ikh-u    bonhan mon  -u saurammu thasa -me  nuphi-nalo
'''eat -PST-3FSG twenty other-F animal.F head.N-ACC fox.M-GEN'''
''Twenty other animals ate the fox's body
''
|-
| I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune.
|}
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
==Resources==
 
===Linguistics===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/timbrookesxi Endangered Alphabets] - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction
* [http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org International Phonetic Alphabet]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuOFZ0wFoHK2deKFldaLGA Glossika Phonics] - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk_WSPy3EE16aK5HLzCJzw NativLang] - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language
* [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot]
* [http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary (English)]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/linguistics Reddit: Linguistics]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiTongues Wikitongues] - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages
* [http://wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)]
 
===Constructed Languages===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [http://cals.info Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)]
* [http://www.aveneca.com/cbb Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/HBMmaster8472 Conlang Critic] - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs
* [https://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info Conlang Relay Museum on CALS]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang Conlanging on Wikibooks]
* [http://conworkshop.info ConWorkShop] - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang
* [http://fiatlingua.org/about Fiat Lingua] - an online archive of conlang articles
* [[Guide:Writing_system|Guide: Writing System]] - A guide on how to develop your own writing system
* [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fiatlingua LCS on YouTube]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs Reddit: Conlangs]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/neography Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)]
* [http://specgram.com Speculative Grammarian] - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery
* [http://www.incatena.org Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)]
 
===Lortho===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [http://cals.info/language/lortho Lortho on CALS]
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info/relay/24 Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay (8th Position)]
* [http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=LTH Lortho on ConWorkShop]
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Lortho Lortho on FrathWiki]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CzVn9nh9F8sVaF74tK8xgeIEKHY4B9RdYC3svJqG_i0/edit?usp=sharing Lortho Lexicon]
* [http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334 The World of Dhamashi] (CBB)
* [http://conworlds.fun/cwbb/viewtopic.php?t=1490 The World of Dhamashi] (Conworlds.fun) <- Archived and moved to a different site
* [http://lortho.conlang.org Lortho hosted on LCS]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/dhadakha.htm Lortho on Omniglot]
* [https://lortho.conlang.org/dictionary/lDict.pdf Lortho – English Dictionary]
 
===Miscellaneous===
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [https://discord.gg/3CWdJ9 Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server]<br/>
* [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bbbourq Brian on Instagram]<br/>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}


In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the noun and object. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div>


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Synthetic languages]]
[[Category:Conscripts]]
[[Category:Nominative-accusative languages]]
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