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{{infobox language
<!--
| name = Lortho
 
| nativename = Lortho
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| pronunciation = ˈloɾ.tʰo
 
| image = Lortho.JPG
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| image_size = 100px
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| setting = Dhamashi, a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]]
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| region = Lamona continent
 
| speakers = ~ 60,000,000
-->
| date = na
 
| familycolor = conlang
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="40%"
| ancestor1 = Proto-Lamona
|-
| ancestor2 = Old Lortho
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Lortho'''<br />[[File:Lortho.JPG|100px|Lortho]]<br />['loɾ.tʰo]
| clcr = qlt
|-
| creator = [[User:Bbbourq|Brian Bourque]]
| '''Spoken in:''' || Lamona Continent
| created = 2003, 2016
|-
}}
| '''Conworld:''' || Dhamashi, a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 60,000,000
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| Proto-Lamona<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- Old Lortho<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''''- Lortho'''''<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- ?
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Verb-Subject-Object
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Agglutinating
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Brian Bourque || Conceived in 2003<br />Manifested in March 2016
|}


'''Lortho''' <!--([[Guide:IPA|IPA]]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo])-->is an [[A_priori_language|a priori]] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. It is an [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] language with some minor [[w:fusional_language|fusional]] aspects.  
'''Lortho''' <!--([[Guide:IPA|IPA]]:[ˈloɾ·tʰo])-->is an [[A_priori_language|a priori]] constructed language created by [[user:bbbourq|Brian Bourque]] in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the [[wikipedia:writing system|script]] was created for aesthetics. It is an [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] language with some minor [[w:fusional_language|fusional]] aspects.  
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| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed
|}-->
|}-->
The people ('''Kalanune''') who speak Lortho live on [http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334 Dhamashi], a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]] which has two [[w:Natural_satellite|natural satellites]]<!-- in an alternate universe-->. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: '''Mashonu''', '''Kashti''', and '''Lamona'''. The Kalanune live on Lamona.<BR />
The people ('''Kalanune''') who speak Lortho live on Dhamashi,<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, September 6). ''The language of Lortho and the world of Dhamashi''. Retrieved from http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334</ref> a [[w:Circumbinary_planet|circumbinary planet]] which is itself one of the habitable moons orbiting the [[w:Gas_giant|gas giant]] '''Kus'''<!-- in an alternate universe-->. The planet's surface has many similarities to Earth where it has oceans, mountains, deserts, and forests. The planet has three major continents: '''Mashonu''', '''Kashti''', and '''Lamona'''. The Kalanune live on Lamona.<br />


<!--Even though there are two stars, neither one can be seen separate from one another during daylight hours. At dawn and dusk, however, both can bee seen due to light refraction through the world's atmosphere.-->
<!--Even though there are two stars, neither one can be seen separate from one another during daylight hours. At dawn and dusk, however, both can bee seen due to light refraction through the world's atmosphere.-->
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==Inspiration==
==Inspiration==


A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the [http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html CONLANG mailing list] and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Much of the language stems from the languages that Brian knows, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influence by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded [[Lortho#Writing_System|below]].
A friend was creating a board game similar to [[wikipedia:risk_(game)|Risk]]; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an extraterrestrial theme and requested a fictional script.  The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. Brian was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the Conlang Mailing List <ref>''Conlang Mailing List''. (n.d.). Retrieved from Brown University: http://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html</ref> and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then he decided to move forward and bring Lortho into fruition. The language itself was not invented until the spring of 2016.
 
Much of the language stems from the languages that Brian knows, namely Persian, French, and Korean. Although the language is a priori, much of its construction resembles that of an Indo-European flavor; albeit unintentionally. The phonology is largely inspired by Persian (Farsi) in that each letter is strictly pronounced regardless of their position in the the syllable/word. The agglutinating aspect of the language was largely influence by both Hungarian and Finnish. The orthography was inspired by Central/East Asian orthographies which is further expounded [[#Writing_System|below]].


Another source of inspiration is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.
Another source of inspiration is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds leading to coherent speech and communication, she "created" words to communicate her wants and needs. Some of these words found their way into the Lortho lexicon.
NOTE: The map below is not 100% scientifically accurate and needs improvement.




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==Etymology of Lortho==
==Etymology of Lortho==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Lortho is a combination of ''Lor'', the god from which their story of life stems, and ''-tho'', the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. ''konpharin lorthome'' - I speak Lortho-ACC).
Lortho is a combination of ''Lor'', the god from which their story of life stems, and ''-tho'', the inalienable form for the genitive case. It has since become a noun and can take other case endings (e.g. ''konpharin lorthome'' - I speak Lortho-ACC).
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==Goals==
==Goals==


The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
<del>The goal is to create the gradual progression of Lortho which will lead to the development of daughter languages and, eventually, create sister languages which have developed on different parts of the planet</del>. <ins>The aforementioned goal is a little outdated and no longer is appropriate. The long term goal is to see this language develop to a fully usable language. To the point where people from the general public wish to learn it. It is ambitious, but I think Lortho and it's world might take off. In the words of Jim Hopkins (Itláni): "Lortho exists in 'Realms-Somewhere-Real.'"</ins>
 
A secondary goal is to see this language come to life on the screen either in a series or feature film.
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


There are 18 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]] in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.
There are 18 [[wikipedia:consonant|consonants]]<ref>''International Phonetic Alphabet''. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org</ref><ref name="IPA">''Guide:IPA''. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://linguifex.com/wiki/Guide:IPA</ref> in Lortho and all are strictly pronounced the same regardless of placement.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|-
|-
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
! style="background-color:#ffffff;" |
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| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; t &nbsp; tʰ &nbsp;  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; t &nbsp; tʰ &nbsp;  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; d &nbsp; dʰ &nbsp;   
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; d &nbsp; dʱ &nbsp;   
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; k &nbsp; kʰ &nbsp;  
| style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | &nbsp; k &nbsp; kʰ &nbsp;  
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| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | l &nbsp; lʰ
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;" | l &nbsp; ʰl
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |   
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===


'''Monophthongs'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
'''Monophthongs'''<ref name="IPA" />


<br />
<br />
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'''Diphthongs'''
'''Diphthongs'''


There are four [[w:diphthong|diphthongs]] in Lortho: [aɪ], [eɪ], [aʊ], and [ɔɪ].
[[File:LorthoDiphthongs Chart.png]]


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
'''Syllable Structure'''
'''Syllable Structure'''
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The [[wikipedia:syllable|syllable]] structure is (C)V(V)(C).
The [[wikipedia:syllable|syllable]] structure is (C)V(V)(C).
* The syllables can be constructed as:
* The syllables can be constructed as:
** V (at this time only used in 3 person singular)
** V <!--(at this time only used in 3 person singular)-->
** CV
** CV
** CVV
** CVV
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# /nd/
# /nd/
# /nk/ (normally pronounced [ŋk])
# /nk/ (with an allophone of [ŋk])
# /np/ (colloquially it is sometimes pronounced [mp] e.g. the verb '''konpharo''' ''to speak'')
# /np/ (with an allophone of [mp] e.g. the verb '''konpharo''' ''to speak'')
# /ns/
# /ns/
# /pt/
# /pt/
# /rt/
# /rt/
# /sk/
# /sk/
# /pr/


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


'''Stress'''
'''Stress'''
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# Stress is neither given to prefixes nor suffixes.
# Stress is neither given to prefixes nor suffixes.


'''Intonation'''
<!--'''Intonation'''


:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"  
:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);"  
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| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;"| For general information on '''intonation (linguistics)''', please click [[w:Intonation_(linguistics)|here]]
| style="padding:0 0 0 30px;"| For general information on '''intonation (linguistics)''', please click [[w:Intonation_(linguistics)|here]]
|}
|}
<br />
<br />-->
<!--
<!--
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
===Writing System===
===Writing System===


The Lortho [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] contains 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an [[w:abugida|abugida]]; however, there are no conjunct consonants. Ligatures are formed by the combination of consonants and vowels (other than the vowel [i]). Lortho's script was inspired by the [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Uchen_script|Uchen]], and [[w:Tengwar|Tengwar]] writing systems.
The writing system of Lortho is called '''Dhadakha''', so named from the first three letters. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] with some [[w:Featural_writing_system|featural aspects]] in denoting [[w:Aspirated_consonant|aspirated]] vs [[w:Tenuis_consonant|tenuis consonants]]. Dhadakha is comprised of 21 letters, one of which is a vowel. The writing system behaves in a similar manner to an [[w:abugida|abugida]]; however, there are no conjunct consonants and vowels are given equal status as consonants. Ligatures are formed by consonant + vowel with the vowels [i] and [ɛ] being the exceptions. Lortho's script was inspired by the [[w:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Uchen_script|Uchen]], and [[w:Tengwar|Tengwar]] writing systems.
<br />
 
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border: none;"
| '''''UPDATE:'''''
|-
| ''This script has been revised to include a "common" script. More to come.''
|}
 
&nbsp;<br />
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
{| style="border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#a9a9a9;"
| [[File:Lortho_Alphabet_SVG.JPG|700px|Lortho Alphabet]]
| [[File:Revised_Lortho_Alphabet.svg|700px|Lortho Alphabet]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Lortho Alphabet
| Lortho Alphabet
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===Vowels and Vowel Constructs===
===Vowels and Vowel Constructs===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


'''Monophthongs'''
'''Monophthongs'''
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===Word-Initial Vowels and Diphthongs===
===Word-Initial Vowels and Diphthongs===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


For word-initial vowels, the letter [i] will be used as the place holder (unless the [i] is the vowel) and the additional vowel will be added as one would on a consonant-vowel ligature.
For word-initial vowels, the letter [i] will be used as the place holder (unless the [i] is the vowel) and the additional vowel will be added as one would on a consonant-vowel ligature.


===Romanized Text===
===Romanized Text===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Since Lortho has its own script, a romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.
Since Lortho has its own script, a romanized version has been set up to make it easy to read and pronounce as shown in the tables below.
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-->
-->
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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#They are one of three [[Guide:Gender|gender]]s: masculine, feminine, or neuter
#They are one of three [[Guide:Gender|gender]]s: masculine, feminine, or neuter
#All nouns are modified to denote case
#All nouns can be modified to denote case
#All nouns end in a vowel
#All nouns end in a vowel (with few exceptions)


====Gender====
====Gender====
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====Grammatical Case====
====Grammatical Case====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Lortho has ten [[wikipedia:grammatical case|cases]]. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant. The following word will be used for demonstration:
Lortho has ten [[wikipedia:grammatical case|cases]]. The vowels in parentheses are added if the word ends in a consonant. The following word will be used for demonstration:


:<code>'''kansaptha''' ''(n. neut.)'' woods, forest</code>
*'''kansaptha'''<br/>''(n. neut.)''  
:# woods, forest


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=60%
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Case  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Case  
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Affix
! style="background-color:#abcabc;" | Affix
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| [[w:Nominative_case|Nominative]] || - || kansaptha|| woods, forest
| [[w:Nominative_case|Nominative]] || - || kansaptha|| woods, forest
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative_case|Accusative]] || -(i)me || kansaptha<u>'''me'''</u>|| forest ''(direct obj.)''
| [[w:Accusative_case|Accusative]] || -<!--(i)-->me || kansaptha<u>'''me'''</u>|| forest ''(direct obj.)''
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Dative_case|Dative]] || -(i)mela || kansaptha<u>'''mela'''</u>|| forest ''(indirect obj.)''
| [[w:Dative_case|Dative]] || -<!--(i)-->mela || kansaptha<u>'''mela'''</u>|| forest ''(indirect obj.)''
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive_case|Genitive]]<sup>1</sup> || -(i)nalo || kansaptha<u>'''nalo'''</u> || of the forest
| [[w:Genitive_case|Genitive]]<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup> || -<!--(i)-->na<!--lo-->u || kansaptha<u>'''na<!--lo-->u'''</u> || of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Sublative_case|Sublative]] || -ina/ena || kansapta<u>'''ina'''</u> || in/into the forest
| [[w:Lative_case|Lative]] || -ina/ena || kansapta<u>'''ina'''</u> || in/into the forest
|-
|-
| [[w:Ablative_case|Ablative]] || -(e)nat || kansaptha<u>'''nat'''</u> || out of/from the forest
| [[w:Ablative_case|Ablative]] || -<!--(e)-->nat || kansaptha<u>'''nat'''</u> || out of/from the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Allative_case|Allative]] || -(e)dan || kansaptha<u>'''dan'''</u>|| to/towards the forest
| [[w:Allative_case|Allative]] || -<!--(e)-->dan || kansaptha<u>'''dan'''</u>|| to/towards the forest
|-  
|-  
| [[w:Prolative_case|Prolative]] || -(e)danar || kansaptha<u>'''danar'''</u> || through/via/by way of the forest
| [[w:Prolative_case|Prolative]] || -<!--(e)-->da<!--na-->r || kansaptha<u>'''da<!--na-->r'''</u> || through/via/by way of the forest
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
|- style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"
| [[w:Instructive_case|Instructive]] || -(i)len || kansaptha<u>'''len'''</u> || using the forest
| [[w:Instrumental_case|Instrumental]] || -<!--(i)-->len || kansaptha<u>'''len'''</u> || using the forest
|-  
|-  
| [[w:Vocative_case|Vocative]] || fa(l)- || <u>'''fa'''</u>kansaptha || Hey, Forest!
| [[w:Vocative_case|Vocative]] || fa(l)- || <u>'''fa'''</u>kansaptha || Hey, Forest!
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|}
|}


<sup>1</sup> -'''nalo''' is the alienable genitive whereas -'''tho''' is the [[w:Inalienable_possession|inalienable]] genitive as seen in the endonym ''Lor<u>'''tho'''</u>''.
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup> -'''na<!--lo-->u''' is the alienable genitive whereas -'''tho''' is the [[w:Inalienable_possession|inalienable]] genitive as seen in the endonym ''Lor<u>'''tho'''</u>''.</p>


====Possessive====
====Possessive====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The personal [[w:Possession_(linguistics)|possessive]] is formed using a prefix which is gender and [[w:Grammatical_number|number]] specific. We will use the following word:
The personal [[w:Possession_(linguistics)|possessive]] is formed using a prefix which is gender and [[w:Grammatical_number|number]] specific. We will use the following word:


:<code>'''dhammu''' ''(n. fem.)'' chair</code>
*'''dhammu'''<br/>''(n. fem.)''  
:#chair, seat


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
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====Pluralization====
====Pluralization====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Each noun is [[w:Plural|pluralized]] by adding a suffix:
Each noun is [[w:Plural|pluralized]] by adding a suffix:
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#Feminine (-u) and Neuter (-a) nouns add the plural suffix -'''ne''':
#Feminine (-u) and Neuter (-a) nouns add the plural suffix -'''ne''':
#*Examples:
#*Examples:
##Feminine: '''kansaphu''' ''(n. fem)'' tree; '''''pl''''' kansaphu'''ne'''
##Feminine: '''kansaphu''' ''(n. fem)'' tree; '''pl''' kansaphu'''ne'''
##Neuter: '''hadikha''' ''(n. neut)'' land, country; '''''pl''''' hadikha'''ne'''
##Neuter: '''hadikha''' ''(n. neut)'' land, country; '''pl''' hadikha'''ne'''
#Masculine nouns (-i):
#Masculine nouns (-i):
#*Regular masculine nouns will add the infix -'''en'''- before -'''i''':
#*Regular masculine nouns will add the infix -'''en'''- before -'''i''':
#*Masculine nouns that end in -'''ni''' will add the infix -'''em'''-.
#*Masculine nouns that end in -'''ni''' will add the infix -'''em'''-.
#*Examples:
#*Examples:
##'''olakhi''' ''(n. masc)'' boat; '''''pl''''' olakh'''en'''i
##'''olakhi''' ''(n. masc)'' boat; '''pl''' olakh'''en'''i
##'''phorenni''' ''(n. masc)'' peak, summit; '''''pl''''' phoɾenn'''em'''i
##'''phorenni''' ''(n. masc)'' peak, summit; '''pl''' phoɾenn'''em'''i
#*If the noun ends in a consonant, the suffix -'''eni''' will be added:
#*If the noun ends in a consonant, the suffix -'''eni''' will be added:
##Example: '''tapas''' ''(n. masc)'' pasta; '''''pl''''' tapas'''eni'''
##Example: '''tapas''' ''(n. masc)'' pasta; '''pl''' tapas'''eni'''
 
====Reduplication====
 
A recent discovery in Lortho is the use of [[w:Reduplication|reduplication]]. So far, one example has emerged:
 
;kisha [ˈki.ʃa]
:plural kishane [ki.ˈʃa.ne]
#a repeated design; pattern
#('''kisha kisha''') an overly used pattern which loses its effect over time; a pattern of movements no longer requiring thought (e.g. muscle memory)<br/>plural: '''kisha kishane'''


===Personal Pronouns===
===Personal Pronouns===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=50%
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| Feminine || hun || mannu || u || munan || namun || nimu
| Feminine || hun || mannu || u || munan || namun || nimu
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
|- style="background-color:#ffffff;"
| Neuter || || || a || || naman || nima
| Neuter || || || a || || naman<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">2</sup> || nima
|}
|}
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>2</sup> The 2nd person plural neuter, '''naman''', is meant for addressing crowds or general audiences</p>


===Verbs===
===Verbs===


====Introduction====
====Introduction====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Verbs are [[wikipedia:grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.
Verbs are [[wikipedia:grammatical conjugation|conjugated]] in gender and in number which are governed by the subject (written or implied). For the most part the conjugations are simple and are formed through agglutination; however, there are slight fusional changes that occur when denoting aspect.
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'''-t verbs'''
'''-t verbs'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The root is formed by changing the final "'''t'''" to a "'''d'''."
The root is formed by changing the final "'''t'''" to a "'''d'''."
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'''-n verbs'''
'''-n verbs'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The root is the same as the infinitive.
The root is the same as the infinitive.
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'''Irregular Verbs'''
'''Irregular Verbs'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb '''''harlan'''''.
Although labelled irregular, the verbs still have a regular feel in that they still use the same personal endings; however, the root is derived slightly differently. One example is the verb '''''harlan'''''.
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====Moods====
====Moods====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


'''Indicative'''
'''Indicative'''
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'''Subjunctive'''
'''Subjunctive'''
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The subjunctive mood has many different facets. For now, we will talk about wants/wishes.
The subjunctive mood has many different facets. For now, we will talk about wants/wishes.
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====Passive Voice====
====Passive Voice====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


The [[w:Passive_voice|passive voice]] is formed by adding the suffix -'''im''' after the root before any other additional suffixes. The passive voice does not apply to the present tense at this moment.
The [[w:Passive_voice|passive voice]] is formed by adding the suffix -'''im''' after the root before any other additional suffixes. The passive voice does not apply to the present tense at this moment.
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*# <code>'''madhid-<u>im</u> &nbsp;-ikh-u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give &nbsp;-<u>PASS</u>-PST-3FSG book.F &nbsp;&nbsp;PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''The book was given to her''
*# <code>'''madhid-<u>im</u> &nbsp;-ikh-u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;khanishu u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-mela'''</code><br /><code>give &nbsp;-<u>PASS</u>-PST-3FSG book.F &nbsp;&nbsp;PN.3FSG-DAT</code><br />''The book was given to her''
*#* The verb agrees with ''book'' since there is no subject initiating the action; however, ''book'' is still affected by the action, hence the accusative case.
*#* The verb agrees with ''book'' since there is no subject initiating the action; however, ''book'' is still affected by the action, hence the accusative case.
====Negation====
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
Negation is accomplished by adding the prefix '''dha(k)'''-. The phoneme /k/ is added before verbs with either initial vowel or initial /h/, which in turn morphs into /kʰ/.
#'''konpharo''' (konphar-)<br/>''to speak''
#*konphar'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I speak''
#*'''<u>dha</u>'''konpharin<br/>''I do not speak, I am not speaking''
#'''hankhan''' (hankhan-)<br/>''to want, wish''
#*hankhan'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I want''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''hankhanin<br/>''I do not want''
#'''artemit''' (artemid-)<br/>''to continue''
#*artemid'''<u>in</u>'''<br/>''I continue''
#*'''<u>dhak</u>'''artemidin<br/>''I do not continue''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===


[[w:Adjective|Adjectives]] behave a little differently. All adjectives are roots since they must agree in gender with the noun which they modify. For placement, adjectives must be placed in front of the noun which they modify.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
[[w:Adjective|Adjectives]] behave a little differently than most natural languages. All adjectives are roots since they must agree in gender with the noun which they modify. For placement, adjectives must be placed in front of the noun which they modify.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==


<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===
===Morphosyntactic Alignment===


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===Word Order===
===Word Order===


[[w:Verb-subject-object|Verb-Subject-Object]] (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
The basic word order is [[w:Verb-subject-object|Verb-Subject-Object]] (VSO). Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are largely unnecessary except for emphasis or clarification. The nouns are altered to denote case, greatly diminishing the need for prepositions. In addition, below are the basic syntax rules for word order:
 
#The word order changes to Subject-Verb-Object only in the vocative case.
#Adjectives are placed '''''before''''' the noun.
#*Ordinal numbers are treated as adjectives (see below regarding [[Lortho#Word_Agreement|word agreement]])
#Adverbs are placed '''''after''''' the verb.
#Interrogatives (who, what, et al) are placed '''''before''''' the verb.
#The question marker (represented in the Leipzig Glossing Rules as '''Q''') is placed at the '''''beginning''''' of the sentence to denote a question.
 
<!---
<!---
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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--->
--->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
===Word Agreement===
===Word Agreement===
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary except for emphasis. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.-->
In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and the noun or noun phrase. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary except for emphasis. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.-->
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:
There are four basic rules which govern agreement between words:
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#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;kansaphu-ne-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG tree.F &nbsp;-PL-ACC</code><br />''I see trees''
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;kansaphu-ne-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG tree.F &nbsp;-PL-ACC</code><br />''I see trees''
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;bon kansaphu-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG two tree.F &nbsp;-ACC</code><br />''I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)''
#* <code>'''kilikh-in &nbsp;&nbsp;bon kansaphu-me'''</code><br /><code>see &nbsp;&nbsp;-1MSG two tree.F &nbsp;-ACC</code><br />''I see two trees (lit: I see two tree)''
#Adjectives must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number
#[[Lortho#Adjectives|Adjectives]] must agree with the noun which they modify in gender, but not in grammatical case nor number


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsed mw-collapsible"
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsed mw-collapsible"
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===Writing Samples===
===Writing Samples===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
{| style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>




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| The people are known as people of the<br /> lanterns and they lived in that forest.
| The people are known as people of the<br /> lanterns and they lived in that forest.
|}
|}
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| Translation
| Translation
|-
|-
| '''lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin<br />dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana<br />semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro<br /> danadanar." remedikhi toshani,<br /> "dhamalhirianni danadanar."'''
| '''lharidikhin kansapthanat hana tharnidikhin<br />dharakhime. konpharinin toshanimela hana<br />semanikhin, "hankhanin malhiro<br /> danadanar<sup style="font-size:0.7em;">1</sup>." remedikhi toshani,<br /> "dhamalhirianni danadanar."'''
| I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.<br /> I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want<br /> to walk through here." The dragon replied,<br /> "You will not walk through here."<br />  
| I ran out of the forest and climbed the mountain.<br /> I was speaking to the dragon and said, "I want<br /> to walk through here." The dragon replied,<br /> "You will not walk through here."<br />  
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Source:''' [https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq Brian's Instagram post]
| colspan="2" | This was taken from Brian's Instagram account<ref>Bourque, B. (2017, July 15). ''My newest text in my invented language''. [Instagram post]. Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BWmOEyinpTA/?taken-by=bbbourq</ref>
<p style="font-size:0.8em;"><sup>1</sup>This has been recently changed to ''-dar'' to reduce multi-syllabic affixes.</p>
|}
 
{|
|-
| [[File:Handwriting_lortho.jpg|600px|Handwritten Lortho]]
|-
| The latest version of handwritten Lortho.
|}
|}


===Folklore===
===Folklore===
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


{|
{|
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| '''Romanization:'''<br/>shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi.<br/>khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a.<br/>kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume.<br/>harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina.<br/>khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo.<br/>tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo.
| '''Romanization:'''<br/>shadar lharane dasat dharakhinat harlikhi nuphi.<br/>khabalikhi nuphi dalhotamekhon dhaharlikha halhadar a.<br/>kilikhikhi ikhi molha kansapume.<br/>harlikha dirdhalama lidalhota mokansapoina.<br/>khar khesikhi nuphi kansapume denalikhu kansapu lukhothume hana tushadikhu khashume nuphinalo.<br/>tharikhu bonhan monu saurammu thasame nuphinalo.
|-
|-
| '''IPA:'''<br/>ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi<br/>kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ<br/>ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ<br/>ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ<br/>ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo<br/>ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo
| '''IPA:'''<br/>{{IPA|ˈʃɑ.dɑɾ lhɑ.ˈɾɑ.nɛ ˈdɑ.sɑt dʰɑ.ˈɾɑ.kʰi.nɑt ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi<br/>kʰɑ.ˈbɑl.ikʰ.i ˈnu.pʰi dɑl.ˈho.tɑ.mɛ.kʰon dʰɑ.ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ ˈhɑl.hɑ.dɑɾ ɑ<br/>ki.ˈli.kʰi.kʰi ˈi.kʰi ˈmol.hɑ kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ<br/>ˈhɑɾ.li.kʰɑ diɾ.dʰɑ.ˈlɑ.mɑ li.dɑl.ˈho.tɑ mo.kɑn.ˈsɑ.pɔɪ.nɑ. kʰɑɾ ˈkʰɛ.si.kʰi ˈnu.pʰi kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu.mɛ dɛ<br/>ˈnɑ.li.kʰu kɑn.ˈsɑ.pu lu.ˈkʰo.tʰu.mɛ ˈhɑ.nɑ tu.ˈʃɑ.di.kʰu ˈkʰɑ.ʃu.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑlo<br/>ˈtʰɑ.ɾi.kʰu ˈbon.hɑn ˈmo.nu saʊ.ˈɾɑm.mu ˈtʰɑ.sɑ.mɛ ˈnu.pʰi.nɑ.lo}}
|-  
|-  
| '''Leipzig Gloss:'''
| '''Leipzig Gloss:'''
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| I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune.
| I know this story is a little morbid; however, I was compelled to write a backstory as to why in Lorthoan culture calling someone a "fox" is considered derogatory, as in someone who is utterly unlucky or who has amassed misfortune.
|}
|}
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>


==Resources==
==Resources==


===Linguistics===
===Linguistics===
[https://www.youtube.com/user/timbrookesxi Endangered Alphabets] - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction<br />
 
[http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org International Phonetic Alphabet]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuOFZ0wFoHK2deKFldaLGA Glossika Phonics] - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation<br />
 
[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk_WSPy3EE16aK5HLzCJzw NativLang] - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/timbrookesxi Endangered Alphabets] - YouTube channel about 14 of the world's writing systems threatened with extinction
[http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot]<br />
* [http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org International Phonetic Alphabet]
[http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary (English)]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFuOFZ0wFoHK2deKFldaLGA Glossika Phonics] - YouTube channel for IPA pronunciation
[https://www.reddit.com/r/linguistics Reddit: Linguistics]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMk_WSPy3EE16aK5HLzCJzw NativLang] - YouTube channel about the history of written and spoken language
[https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiTongues Wikitongues] - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages<br />
* [http://www.omniglot.com Omniglot]
[http://wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)]<br />
* [http://www.etymonline.com Online Etymology Dictionary (English)]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/linguistics Reddit: Linguistics]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/WikiTongues Wikitongues] - A not for profit YouTube project to help preserve the world's living languages
* [http://wals.info World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)]


===Constructed Languages===
===Constructed Languages===
[http://cals.info Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)]<br />
 
[http://www.aveneca.com/cbb Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[https://www.youtube.com/user/HBMmaster8472 Conlang Critic] - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs<br />
 
[https://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]<br />
* [http://cals.info Conlang Atlas of Language Structures (CALS)]
[http://relaymuseum.cals.info Conlang Relay Museum on CALS]<br />
* [http://www.aveneca.com/cbb Conlang Bulletin Board (CBB)]
[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang Conlanging on Wikibooks]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/HBMmaster8472 Conlang Critic] - A YouTube vlogger who offers insight on conlangs
[http://conworkshop.info ConWorkShop] - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang<br />
* [https://listserv.brown.edu/archives/conlang.html Conlang Mailing List]
[http://fiatlingua.org/about Fiat Lingua] - an online archive of conlang articles<br />
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info Conlang Relay Museum on CALS]
[[Guide:Writing_system|Guide: Writing System]] - A guide on how to develop your own writing system<br />
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Conlang Conlanging on Wikibooks]
[http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)]<br />
* [http://conworkshop.info ConWorkShop] - an online one-stop-shop for cataloging your conlang
[https://www.youtube.com/user/fiatlingua LCS on YouTube]<br />
* [http://fiatlingua.org/about Fiat Lingua] - an online archive of conlang articles
[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs Reddit: Conlangs]<br />
* [[Guide:Writing_system|Guide: Writing System]] - A guide on how to develop your own writing system
[https://www.reddit.com/r/neography Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)]<br />
* [http://conlang.org Language Creation Society (LCS)]
[http://specgram.com Speculative Grammarian] - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/fiatlingua LCS on YouTube]
[http://www.incatena.org Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)]<br />
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs Reddit: Conlangs]
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/neography Reddit: Neography (Constructed Scripts)]
* [http://specgram.com Speculative Grammarian] - A satirical periodical on linguistics and conlangery
* [http://www.incatena.org Zompist Bulletin Board (ZBB)]


===Lortho===
===Lortho===
[http://cals.info/language/lortho Lortho on CALS]<br />
 
[http://relaymuseum.cals.info/relay/24 Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay (8th Position)]<br />
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
[http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=LTH Lortho on ConWorkShop]<br />
 
[https://www.frathwiki.com/Lortho Lortho on FrathWiki]<br />
* [http://cals.info/language/lortho Lortho on CALS]
[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CzVn9nh9F8sVaF74tK8xgeIEKHY4B9RdYC3svJqG_i0/edit?usp=sharing Lortho Lexicon]<br />
* [http://relaymuseum.cals.info/relay/24 Lortho in the 24th Conlang Relay (8th Position)]
[http://aveneca.com/cbb/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334 The World of Dhamashi] (CBB)<br />
* [http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=LTH Lortho on ConWorkShop]
[http://conworlds.fun/cwbb/viewtopic.php?t=1490 The World of Dhamashi] (Conworlds.fun)
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Lortho Lortho on FrathWiki]
* [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CzVn9nh9F8sVaF74tK8xgeIEKHY4B9RdYC3svJqG_i0/edit?usp=sharing Lortho Lexicon]
* [http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=24&t=6334 The World of Dhamashi] (CBB)
* [http://conworlds.fun/cwbb/viewtopic.php?t=1490 The World of Dhamashi] (Conworlds.fun) <- Archived and moved to a different site
* [http://lortho.conlang.org Lortho hosted on LCS]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/dhadakha.htm Lortho on Omniglot]
* [https://lortho.conlang.org/dictionary/lDict.pdf Lortho – English Dictionary]


===Miscellaneous===
===Miscellaneous===
[https://discord.gg/3CWdJ9 Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server]<br />
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div><br/>
 
* [https://discord.gg/3CWdJ9 Sajem Tan (Common Honey) Collaborative Conlang Discord Server]<br/>
* [https://www.instagram.com/explore/tags/bbbourq Brian on Instagram]<br/>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
<div style="font-weight:normal; float:right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div>


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Bbbourq
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edits

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