Lortho

Introduction

Lortho (IPA:[ˈloɾ·tʰo]) is an a priori constructed language created by Brian Bourque in the beginning of 2003. It originally started as a prop for a strategy board game where only the script was created for aesthetics. Fast forward about 13 years and it has now evolved into a fusional-agglutinative language. The verbs are conjugated with suffixes and nouns are declined to denote case.

Inspiration

A friend was creating a board game similar to Risk; however, instead of taking place on Earth, this new game was to take place on an inter-planetary scale. The game creator wanted to develop an alien theme and requested a fictional script. The name of the race on this game is "Lortho" and thus the seed was planted. The author was unable to work on this piece for quite sometime until he joined the CONLANG mailing list and observed both seasoned and novice conlangers discussing all aspects of linguistics. Since then it was decided to move forward and make Lortho come into fruition.

Another inspirational source is Brian's daughter. Through her development of learning how to make speech sounds, Brian found certain "words" to use in Lortho which help in its phonology.

Setting

THIS SECTION IS STILL UNDER DEVELOPMENT

The people who speak Lortho live on a planetary system which orbits a binary star.

Phonology

Orthography

Lortho Alphabet

The Lortho alphabet is a pseudo-abjad. All letters are consonants except for one vowel. All other vowels are written as diacritics.

Lortho Alphabet

Consonant Inventory

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p pʰ b		t tʰ d dʰ					k kʰ			ʔ
Nasal	m		n
Trill
Tap or Flap			ɾ
Fricative	f			s	ʃ						h
Lateral Fricative
Approximant
Lateral Approximant			l lʰ

Vowels and Diphthongs

Vowel Inventory

There are five vowels in Lortho and are strictly pronounced regardless of placement:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid			o
Open-mid	ɛ
Mid			ɑ

Diphthongs

The following diphthongs exist in Lortho:

• [aɪ], [aʊ], [eɪ], [ɔɪ]

Prosody

Stress

There are a few rules that govern stress (with exceptions):

1. Stress is always on the second to the last syllable of the root or infinitive except:
   • -n verbs will always receive stress on the last syllable of the infinitive or root.
2. If the word is only two syllables long, then the stress is on the first syllable.
3. Stress is never given to prefixes or suffixes.

Intonation

Lortho is still in development and has not enough information to explain the rules of intonation.

Morphology

Nouns

Introduction

Nouns in Lortho have three distinct features:

1. They are one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter
2. All nouns are declined to denote case
3. All nouns end in a vowel

Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
-i	-u	-ɑ

Grammatical Case

Lortho has nine cases.

Case	Modifier	Example	Translation
Nominative	-	kɑnsɑptʰɑ	woods, forest
Accusative	-mɛ	kɑnsɑptʰɑmɛ	forest (direct obj.)
Dative	-mɛlɑ	kɑnsɑptʰɑmɛlɑ	forest (indirect obj.)
Genitive	(see below)
Sublative	-ɪnɑ/-ɛnɑ	kɑnsɑptʰaɪnɑ	in/into the forest
Ablative	-(ɛ)nɑt	kɑnsɑptʰɑnɑt	out of/from the forest
Prolative	-dɑn	kɑnsɑptʰɑdɑn	to/towards the forest
	-dɑnɑɾ	kɑnsɑptʰɑdɑnɑɾ	through/via/by way of the forest
Instructive	-lɛn	kɑnsɑptʰɑlɛn	using the forest
Vocative	fɑ-	still in development

Genitive Case

The genitive (possessive) case is formed using a prefix which is gender and number specific.

Person	Singular			Plural
1st person	ni-	nu-	-	nimɑ-	numɑ-	-
2nd person	lin-	lun-	-	nɑni-	nɑnu-	-
3rd person	li-	lu-	lɑ-	limi-	limu-	limɑ-

Pluralization

Each noun is pluralized by gender and in some cases, the plural ending is changed for ease of pronunciation.

1. Feminine nouns (-u): simply add the plural ending -nɛ.
   • Example: [kɑnsɑpʰu] (n. fem) tree; pl [kɑnsɑpʰunɛ]
2. Masculine nouns (-i): subtract the -i and add the plural ending -ɛni except :
   • Masculine nouns that end in -ni, the plural ending will be changed to -ɛmi.
   • Examples:
   1. [olɑkʰi] (n. masc) boat; pl [olɑkʰɛni]
   2. [pʰoɾɛnːi] (n. masc) peak, summit; pl [pʰoɾɛnːɛmi]
3. Neuter nouns (-ɑ): simply add the plural ending -nɛ (many neuter nouns are collective nouns such as [hɑmːunɑ] weather)
   • Example: [hɑdikʰɑ] (n. neut) land, country; pl [hɑdikʰɑnɛ]

Verbs

Introduction

Verbs are conjugated in gender and in number which is all governed by the noun.

Conjugation

	Present Tense
	-o verbs [konpʰɑɾo] to speak subtract -o and add personal endings						-t verbs [pʰɾɑmit] to push change -t to -d and add personal endings						-n verbs [ʃaɪlɑn] to sit add the personal endings to the infinitive
	Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
	masc	fem	neut	masc	fem	neut	masc	fem	neut	masc	fem	neut	masc	fem	neut	masc	fem	neut
1st pers	konpʰɑɾin	un	-	-inɑn	-unɑn	-	pʰɾɑmidin	-dun	-	-dinɑn	-dunɑn	-	ʃaɪlanin	-un	-	-inɑn	-unɑn	-
2nd pers	konpʰɑɾɑnːi	-ɑnːu	-	-ɑmin	-ɑmun	-	pʰɾɑmidɑnːi	-dɑnːu	-	-dɑmin	-dɑmun	-	ʃaɪlanɑnːi	-ɑnːu	-	-ɑmin	-ɑmun	-
3rd pers	konpʰɑɾi	-u	-ɑ	-imi	-imu	-imɑ	pʰɾɑmidi	-du	-dɑ	-dimi	-dimu	-dimɑ	ʃaɪlani	-u	-ɑ	-imi	-imu	-imɑ

Syntax

Coming soon.

Other resources

Word Order

In Lortho, the word order is verb, (subject), object. Lortho contains a lot of information in the verb and objectival noun. The verb is conjugated by person and gender and thus pronouns are unnecessary. The nouns are altered to denote case, removing almost entirely the need for prepositions.

Word Agreement

The three following rules govern agreement between words:

1. Verbs must agree in gender and number with the subject
2. Nouns are not pluralized when counted
3. Adjectives must agree with the noun in gender, but not in grammatical case or number