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Luthic (view source)

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15 bytes removed ,  26 March
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→‎Grammar
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ai, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ae, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:


Examples:
Examples:
Line 1,012: Line 1,012:
| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
|-
|-
| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomai
| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomae
|-
|-
| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
Line 1,024: Line 1,024:
| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
|-
|-
| Heart || Neuter || Hairtene || Hairteni
| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni
|-
|-
| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari
| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari
Line 1,067: Line 1,067:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevai
| gevae
| hauviþi
| hauviþi
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,075: Line 1,075:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevai
| gevae
| hauviþa
| hauviþa
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,207: Line 1,207:
| þeina
| þeina
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| eis
| eis
| seina
| seina
Line 1,216: Line 1,216:
| gi
| gi
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| ia
| ia
| —
| —
Line 1,359: Line 1,359:
| þeina
| þeina
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| eis
| eis
| seina
| seina
Line 1,368: Line 1,368:
| '''vôi'''
| '''vôi'''
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| ia
| ia
| —
| —
Line 1,454: Line 1,454:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| meini
| meini
| meinai
| meinae
| meini
| meini
| þeini
| þeini
| þeinai
| þeinae
| þeini
| þeini
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seini
| seini
|-
|-
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! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| meini
| meini
| meinai
| meinae
| meina
| meina
| þeini
| þeini
| þeinai
| þeinae
| þeina
| þeina
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seina
| seina
|-
|-
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! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsari
| unsari
| unsarai
| unsarae
| unsari
| unsari
| isvari
| isvari
| isvarai
| isvarae
| isvari
| isvari
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seini
| seini
|-
|-
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! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| unsari
| unsari
| unsarai
| unsarae
| unsara
| unsara
| isvari
| isvari
| isvarai
| isvarae
| isvara
| isvara
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seina
| seina
|-
|-
Line 1,712: Line 1,712:
| esta
| esta
| estȯ
| estȯ
| giaino
| giaeno
| giaina
| giaena
| giainȯ
| giaenȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
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| esta
| esta
| estȯ
| estȯ
| giainȯ
| giaenȯ
| giaina
| giaena
| giainȯ
| giaenȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| þammo
| þammo
| þisai
| þisae
| þammo
| þammo
| esti
| esti
| estȧ
| estȧ
| estȧ
| estȧ
| giainȧ
| giaenȧ
| giainȧ
| giaenȧ
| giainȧ
| giaenȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| þis
| þis
| þisai
| þisae
| þis
| þis
| estis
| estis
| estai
| estae
| esti
| esti
| giaini
| giaeni
| giainai
| giaenae
| giaini
| giaeni
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| þi
| þi
| þai
| þae
| þa
| þa
| esti
| esti
| estai
| estae
| esta
| esta
| giaini
| giaeni
| giainai
| giaenae
| giaina
| giaena
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
Line 1,768: Line 1,768:
| estas
| estas
| esta
| esta
| giainos
| giaenos
| giainas
| giaenas
| giaina
| giaena
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
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| estam
| estam
| estom
| estom
| giainom
| giaenom
| giainam
| giaenam
| giainom
| giaenom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
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| estaro
| estaro
| estoro
| estoro
| giainoro
| giaenoro
| giainaro
| giaenaro
| giainoro
| giaenoro
|}
|}


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!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| aino
| aeno
| aina
| aena
| ainȯ
| aenȯ
| il
| il
| la
| la
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|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| ainȯ
| aenȯ
| aina
| aena
| ainȯ
| aenȯ
| lȯ
| lȯ
| la
| la
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|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ainȧ
| aenȧ
| ainȧ
| aenȧ
| ainȧ
| aenȧ
| lȧ
| lȧ
| lȧ
| lȧ
Line 1,838: Line 1,838:
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| aini
| aeni
| ainai
| aenae
| aini
| aeni
| ġli, i
| ġli, i
| ġli, i
| ġli, i
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!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| aini
| aeni
| ainai
| aenae
| aina
| aena
| ġli, i
| ġli, i
| lai
| lae
| la
| la
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| ainos
| aenos
| ainas
| aenas
| aina
| aena
| los
| los
| las
| las
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|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ainom
| aenom
| ainam
| aenam
| ainom
| aenom
| lom
| lom
| lam
| lam
Line 1,871: Line 1,871:
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| ainoro
| aenoro
| ainaro
| aenaro
| ainoro
| aenoro
| loro
| loro
| loro
| loro
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In Luthic, an adjective can be placed before or after the noun. The [[w:Markedness|unmarked]] placement for most adjectives is after the noun. Placing the adjective after the noun can alter its meaning or indicate [[w:Restrictiveness|restrictiveness]] of reference.
In Luthic, an adjective can be placed before or after the noun. The [[w:Markedness|unmarked]] placement for most adjectives is after the noun. Placing the adjective after the noun can alter its meaning or indicate [[w:Restrictiveness|restrictiveness]] of reference.


* ''Aino buoco rosso'' “a red book” (unmarked)
* ''Aeno buoco rosso'' “a red book” (unmarked)
* ''Aino rosso buoco'' “a book that is red” (marked)
* ''Aeno rosso buoco'' “a book that is red” (marked)


Adjectives are inflected for case, gender and number, the paradigmata are identical to the nominal paradigmata.
Adjectives are inflected for case, gender and number, the paradigmata are identical to the nominal paradigmata.
Line 1,921: Line 1,921:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| rossi
| rossi
| rossai
| rossae
| rossi
| rossi
| felici
| felici
Line 1,929: Line 1,929:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| rossi
| rossi
| rossai
| rossae
| rossa
| rossa
| felici
| felici
Line 1,969: Line 1,969:
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betizo'' “better”
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betizo'' “better”
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betissimo'' “best”
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betissimo'' “best”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vairsizo'' “worse”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vaersizo'' “worse”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vairsissimo'' “worst”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vaersissimo'' “worst”


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 2,000: Line 2,000:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -izi
| -izi
| -izai
| -izae
| -izi
| -izi
|-
|-
Line 2,006: Line 2,006:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -izi
| -izi
| -izai
| -izae
| -iza
| -iza
|-
|-
Line 2,053: Line 2,053:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -issimi
| -issimi
| -issimai
| -issimae
| -issimi
| -issimi
|-
|-
Line 2,059: Line 2,059:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -issimi
| -issimi
| -issimai
| -issimae
| -issima
| -issima
|-
|-
Line 2,098: Line 2,098:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| aino
| aeno
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
| fromo
| fromo
Line 2,158: Line 2,158:
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| aillefe
| aellefe
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aillefto
| aellefto
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,206: Line 2,206:
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| aindivinta
| aendivinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindivintêsimo
| aendivintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,224: Line 2,224:
|-
|-
! 29
! 29
| aindiþreinta
| aendiþreinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindiþreintêsimo
| aendiþreintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,242: Line 2,242:
|-
|-
! 39
! 39
| aindifidvorinta
| aendifidvorinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindifidvorintêsimo
| aendifidvorintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,290: Line 2,290:
|-
|-
! 99
! 99
| aindihondo
| aendihondo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
| aindihondêsimo
| aendihondêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,302: Line 2,302:
|}
|}


* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aina vece'' “once”, ''tvai veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tvae veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþo'': ''aino falþo'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''ainfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþo'': ''aeno falþo'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''aenfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleico'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleico'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somo'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somo'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
Line 2,422: Line 2,422:
|}
|}


:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvaihondai'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvaehondae'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
Line 2,482: Line 2,482:
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.


* 111 ''hondoaillefe''  
* 111 ''hondoaellefe''  
* 164 ''hondosessantafidvor''
* 164 ''hondosessantafidvor''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
Line 2,490: Line 2,490:


* 1 066 ''mille sessantasê''
* 1 066 ''mille sessantasê''
* 9 011 ''niumilli aillefe''
* 9 011 ''niumilli aellefe''
* 61 500 ''sessanta·ainomilli fimfehondi''  
* 61 500 ''sessanta·aenomilli fimfehondi''  
* 123 456 ''hondivintaþreismilli fidvorhondifimfintasê''
* 123 456 ''hondivintaþreismilli fidvorhondifimfintasê''


Line 2,497: Line 2,497:


* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreishondivinta·aino''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreishondivinta·aeno''


When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:
When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:


* ''aino vaire'' (“one man”)
* ''aeno vaere'' (“one man”)
* ''aina qena'' (“one woman”)
* ''aena qena'' (“one woman”)
* ''aino harge hondom vairivo'' (“an army [composed] of hundred men”)
* ''aeno harge hondom vaerivo'' (“an army [composed] of hundred men”)
* ''il meino hareme hâþ tvashondas qenas'' (“my harem has two hundred women”)
* ''il meino hareme hâþ tvashondas qenas'' (“my harem has two hundred women”)


Line 2,509: Line 2,509:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''tvihondi, tvaihondai, tvahonda'''
|+ '''tvihondi, tvaehondae, tvahonda'''
! Number
! Number
! Case
! Case
Line 2,519: Line 2,519:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| tvihondi
| tvihondi
| tvaihondai
| tvaehondae
| tvahonda
| tvahonda
|-
|-
Line 2,590: Line 2,590:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">is</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">is</span>
| ''is''
| ''is''
| ''haïs''
| ''hais''
| ''gâs''
| ''gâs''
| ''staïs''
| ''stais''
| ''taugis''
| ''taugis''
|-
|-
Line 2,612: Line 2,612:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">imos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">imos</span>
| ''ismos''
| ''ismos''
| ''haimos''
| ''haemos''
| ''gamos''
| ''gamos''
| ''stamos''
| ''stamos''
Line 2,623: Line 2,623:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ites</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ites</span>
| ''istes''
| ''istes''
| ''haites''
| ''haetes''
| ''gates''
| ''gates''
| ''states''
| ''states''
Line 2,825: Line 2,825:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ara</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ara</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaira''
| ''abbaera''
| ''vadara''
| ''vadara''
| —
| —
Line 2,836: Line 2,836:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">asa</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">asa</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaisa''
| ''abbaesa''
| ''vadasa''
| ''vadasa''
| —
| —
Line 2,847: Line 2,847:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ada</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ada</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaida''
| ''abbaeda''
| ''vadada''
| ''vadada''
| ''stiada''
| ''stiada''
Line 2,858: Line 2,858:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| —
| —
Line 2,869: Line 2,869:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| —
| —
Line 2,880: Line 2,880:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| ''stianda''
| ''stianda''
Line 3,056: Line 3,056:


====Present perfect====
====Present perfect====
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvairsoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''egġiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvairsovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''egġiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
Line 3,097: Line 3,097:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atai, -utai, -otai, -itai
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
|-
|-
Line 3,103: Line 3,103:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atai, -utai, -otai, -itai
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
|-
|-
Line 3,160: Line 3,160:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivȯ</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivȯ</span>
| ''erȯ''
| ''erȯ''
| ''havaidȯ''
| ''havaedȯ''
| ''egġiavȯ''
| ''egġiavȯ''
| st''avȯ''
| st''avȯ''
Line 3,171: Line 3,171:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivas</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivas</span>
| ''eras''
| ''eras''
| ''havaidas''
| ''havaedas''
| ''egġiavas''
| ''egġiavas''
| st''avas''
| st''avas''
Line 3,182: Line 3,182:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivat</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivat</span>
| ''erat''
| ''erat''
| ''havaidat''
| ''havaedat''
| ''egġiavat''
| ''egġiavat''
| st''avat''
| st''avat''
Line 3,193: Line 3,193:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamos</span>
| ''eravamos''
| ''eravamos''
| ''havaidamos''
| ''havaedamos''
| ''egġiavamos''
| ''egġiavamos''
| st''avamos''
| st''avamos''
Line 3,204: Line 3,204:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivates</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivates</span>
| ''eravates''
| ''eravates''
| ''havaidates''
| ''havaedates''
| ''egġiavates''
| ''egġiavates''
| st''avates''
| st''avates''
Line 3,215: Line 3,215:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanno</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanno</span>
| eranno
| eranno
| ''havaidanno''
| ''havaedanno''
| ''egġiavanno''
| ''egġiavanno''
| st''avanno''
| st''avanno''
Line 3,241: Line 3,241:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivara</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivara</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidara''
| ''havaedara''
| ''egġiavara''
| ''egġiavara''
| —
| —
Line 3,252: Line 3,252:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivasa</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivasa</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidasa''
| ''havaedasa''
| ''egġiavasa''
| ''egġiavasa''
| —
| —
Line 3,263: Line 3,263:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivada</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivada</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidada''
| ''havaedada''
| ''egġiavada''
| ''egġiavada''
| st''avada''
| st''avada''
Line 3,274: Line 3,274:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| —
| —
Line 3,285: Line 3,285:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| —
| —
Line 3,296: Line 3,296:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| st''avanda''
| st''avanda''
Line 3,485: Line 3,485:
|-
|-
! ''ic''
! ''ic''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aï</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ai</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eï</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eï</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oi</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oi</span>
Line 3,491: Line 3,491:
| ''fui''
| ''fui''
| ''ebbi''
| ''ebbi''
| ''gaï''
| ''gai''
| ''stetti''
| ''stetti''
| ''tavi''
| ''tavi''
Line 3,508: Line 3,508:
! ''is''
! ''is''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aut</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aut</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ait</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aet</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">aut</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">aut</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eit</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eit</span>
Line 3,566: Line 3,566:
|-
|-
! ''ic''
! ''ic''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aira</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aera</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eira</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eira</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oira</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oira</span>
Line 3,572: Line 3,572:
| —
| —
| ''ebbira''
| ''ebbira''
| ''gaïra''
| ''gaira''
| —
| —
| ''tavira''
| ''tavira''
Line 3,589: Line 3,589:
! ''is''
! ''is''
| þagc<span style="color:green">auda</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">auda</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aida</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aeda</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">auda</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">auda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eida</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eida</span>
Line 3,641: Line 3,641:


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
:* ''abbaira þagcato'';
:* ''abbaera þagcato'';
:* ''abbaira qemuto'';
:* ''abbaera qemuto'';
:* ''abbaisa affargiato''.
:* ''abbaesa affargiato''.


=====Conditional preterite=====
=====Conditional preterite=====
Line 3,657: Line 3,657:


====Future====
====Future====
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''haimos'' and ''haites'' contracted to ''-êmos'' and ''-êtes'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''haemos'' and ''haetes'' contracted to ''-êmos'' and ''-êtes'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:


* It always loses its final ''-e'';
* It always loses its final ''-e'';
Line 3,691: Line 3,691:
|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">eraïs</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erais</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eraïs</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erais</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oraïs</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orais</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iraïs</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irais</span>
| ''saraïs''
| ''sarais''
| ''havraïs''
| ''havrais''
| ''andraïs''
| ''andrais''
| ''staraïs''
| ''starais''
| taugi''eraïs''
| taugi''erais''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''is''
Line 3,832: Line 3,832:
* '''Active'''
* '''Active'''
:* ''havrô þagcato'';
:* ''havrô þagcato'';
:* ''saraïs holoto''.
:* ''sarais holoto''.


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
Line 3,862: Line 3,862:
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">â</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">â</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ai</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ae</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">au</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">au</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ei</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ei</span>
| vess''â''
| vess''â''
| hav''ai''
| hav''ae''
| gan''â''
| gan''â''
| st''â''
| st''â''
Line 4,248: Line 4,248:


* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qairvaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidô ainȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t waited for one day”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidô aenȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t waited for one day”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
:* Time when: ''Giainȯ vintrȯ''. “In/at/during that winter”
:* Time when: ''Giaenȯ vintrȯ''. “In/at/during that winter”
:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
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* '''Instrumental dative:'''
* '''Instrumental dative:'''
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saiqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managv fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managv fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
Line 4,274: Line 4,274:
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare miþ friundom''. “''id.''”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare miþ friundom''. “''id.''”
:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo ainom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”
:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo aenom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”
:* Quality: ''Aino vaire summȧ honestȧ''. “A man of highest honesty”
:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere summȧ honestȧ''. “A man of highest honesty”




Line 4,287: Line 4,287:
====Example text====
====Example text====
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
: '''La pecora e ġl’aiqqi'''
: '''La pecora e ġl’aeqqi'''


:: Aina pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saicaut somos aiqqos: ainȯ eisôro tiravat ainȯ pesante carrȯ, ainȯ anþerȯ bairavat ainȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed ainȯ anþerȯ transportavat ainȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit al·los aiqqos: “Mic plagget ata hairtene saicando ce il manno trattat l’aiqqos”. Ġl’aiqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saicare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aina veste lȧ vollȧ pecorai, mentre lai pecorai ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aenȯ eisôro tiravat aenȯ pesante carrȯ, aenȯ anþerȯ baeravat aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed aenȯ anþerȯ transportavat aenȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit al·los aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecando ce il manno trattat l’aeqqos”. Ġl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saecare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aena veste lȧ vollȧ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.


:: ''ain-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saic-aut som-os aiqq-os ain-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at ain-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ ain-ȯ anþer-ȯ bair-av-at ain-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed ain-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at ain-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al=l-os aiqq-os mic plagg-et ata hairten-e saic-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aiqq-os ġl=aiqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saic-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it ain-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ai mentre l-ai pecor-ai rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al=l-os aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''


:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
Lëtzelúcia
615

edits

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