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|source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs | |source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs | ||
}} | }} | ||
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico | Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''. | ||
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''==== | ||
''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico | ''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657. | ||
====Book 1, ''De grammatica''==== | ====Book 1, ''De grammatica''==== | ||
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====Book 2, ''De orthographia''==== | ====Book 2, ''De orthographia''==== | ||
Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography | Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography (vide [[Luthic#Þiudareico Biagci|§ Þiudareico Biagci]]). | ||
[[ | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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==Geographical distribution== | ==Geographical distribution== | ||
[[File:Italy languages Luthic.jpg|thumb|left|Map of languages and dialect groups of Italy]] | |||
Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic. | Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic. | ||
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Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]]. | Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]]. | ||
Similar to the [[w:Canzone Napoletana|Canzone Napoletana]], '''Lae Canzoni Lûthicae''', sometimes referred to as '''Luthic songs''', became a formal institution in the 1990s as Luthic became more researched by Ravenna University, a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Luthic language, ordinarily for male and female voice singing solo. An important factor in defining what makes a Luthic song is the matter of language. All these songs are written and performed in the Luthic language. Although the music is sung by a few non-Luthic singers, it is difficult to sing correctly without knowledge of the Luthic continua, which is crucial in obtaining the correct inflection. | Similar to the [[w:Canzone Napoletana|Canzone Napoletana]], '''Lae Canzoni Lûthicae''', sometimes referred to as '''Luthic songs''', became a formal institution in the 1990s as Luthic became more researched by Ravenna University, a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Luthic language, ordinarily for male and female voice singing solo. An important factor in defining what makes a Luthic song is the matter of language. All these songs are written and performed in the Luthic language. Although the music is sung by a few non-Luthic singers, it is difficult to sing correctly without knowledge of the Luthic ''continua'', which is crucial in obtaining the correct inflection. | ||
=====Written media===== | =====Written media===== | ||
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* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | * The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress. | ||
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively. | ** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively; /ɛ/ ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with /e/ word terminally. | ||
** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found. | ||
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | * The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/. | ||
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| style="text-align: center;"|je | | style="text-align: center;"|je | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|jɛ | | style="text-align: center;"|jɛ | ||
| | |colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|jɔ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|jɐ | | style="text-align: center;"|jɐ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|ju | | style="text-align: center;"|ju | ||
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==Research== | ==Research== | ||
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | [[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]] | ||
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico | Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennae''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicae Rasdae'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words. | ||
===History=== | ===History=== | ||
The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around | The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giuvanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations. | ||
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic. | * '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic. | ||
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The '''Ravenna University Circle of Phonological Development''' also found out that mnemonics can be used in aiding children with [[w:Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] and other [[w:Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], patients with memory deficits that could be caused by [[w:Head injuries|head injuries]], [[w:Strokes|strokes]], [[w:Epilepsy|epilepsy]], [[w:Multiple sclerosis|multiple sclerosis]] and other neurological conditions, however, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance. | The '''Ravenna University Circle of Phonological Development''' also found out that mnemonics can be used in aiding children with [[w:Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] and other [[w:Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], patients with memory deficits that could be caused by [[w:Head injuries|head injuries]], [[w:Strokes|strokes]], [[w:Epilepsy|epilepsy]], [[w:Multiple sclerosis|multiple sclerosis]] and other neurological conditions, however, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance. | ||
{{ambox|nocat=true|left|text=Luthic noteworthy figures are currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.}} | |||
==Noteworthy figures== | |||
[[File:Þiudareico biagci.png|thumb|A portrait of Þiudareico Biagci by an unknown artist, ''c.'' 1657]] | |||
===Þiudareico Biagci=== | |||
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]] | |||
'''Þiudareico Biagci''' (<small>Luthic:</small> [[IPA for Luthic|[θju.ð̞ɐˈʁi.xu ˈbjaŋ.k̟i]]]; ''c.'' 1611, [[w:Ravenna|Ravenna]] – September 14, 1672, [[w:Rome|Rome]], [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]) and often referred to as '''Theoderic''', a common anglicisation; was a late mediaeval Luthic grammarian, poet, philosopher and writer. Þiudareico was an accomplished poet. Þiudareico wrote theological and grammatical tracts, enciclopaedias, and commentaries on the works of other philosophers and theologians. He displayed a sophisticated knowledge of Greek, Latin and Italian. Modern Luth scholars, such as Giuvanni Laggobardi, describe him as “an accomplished grammarian and poet, and one of the few Luth scholars of his time to have first-hand knowledge of Greek and Latin”. | |||
Very little is known about Þiudareico’s early life. He was a disciple of [[w:Pope Leo XI|Pope Leo XI]] and spent time at Rome, although it is unknown how much time he spent in the Papal States. | |||
Þiudareico’s final days were spent in Rome, where he had been invited to stay in the city in 1665 by the [[w:Orsini family|Orsini family]]. Þiudareico died on Sempteber 14, 1672, aged about 61, by natural causes. He was attended by his two children, and possibly by the Orsini family, and by friends and admirers he had in the city. | |||
Most of Þiudareico’s litery works were composed before his fixed abode in Rome. His most famous work is ''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', first published on 9 September, 1657, written in Latin, however a later edition published on 27 December, 1662, was written in a language he called “Luthic”, an amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the regional dialect of Ravenna, with heavy Germanic influence, but with some elements Latin and of other regional dialects of [[w:Tuscany|Tuscany]]. | |||
[[File:Aþalphonso silva.jpeg|thumb|Aþalphonso in 1962]] | |||
===Aþalphonso Silva=== | |||
'''Aþalphonso Silva''' (13 April 1917 – 30 April 2012) was a ''Professor of Lutho-Germanic and Indo-European Philology'' at the Ravenna University from 1962 until his retirement in 1982. | |||
Silva was born on 13 April 1917 in Ravenna. He was one of the first contemporaneous Luthic philologists, along with a few other colleagues of the Ravenna University. Silva held two degrees from the Ravenna University: | |||
* M.A., 1938, Germanic linguistics | |||
* Ph.D., 1940, Luthic Linguistics and Literature | |||
He obtained his PhD under Volfelano Barbieri with a thesis titled: “Luthic history : traces of a mediaeval language”. Aþalphonso is well known for his works regarding the origin of the Luths and the understanding of the Gothic calendar in the Codex Ambrosianus A, due to his searching for an etymology regarding the Luthic and the Gothic autonyms prior to the Ostrogothic period. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{small|acc.}} | ! {{small|acc.}} | ||
| ''' | | '''mi''' | ||
| ''' | | '''þi''' | ||
| inȯ | | inȯ | ||
| ina | | ina | ||
| ata | | ata | ||
| | | '''si''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
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| iȧ | | iȧ | ||
| iȧ | | iȧ | ||
| | | '''si''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
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| isas | | isas | ||
| ia | | ia | ||
| | | '''si''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|dat.}} | ! {{small|dat.}} | ||
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| eis | | eis | ||
| eis | | eis | ||
| | | '''si''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{small|gen.}} | ! {{small|gen.}} | ||
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* These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised. | * These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised. | ||
Some Luthic speakers may have [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]] (the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or [[w:Social distance|familiarity]]). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!colspan="2"| Unequal authority | |||
!colspan="2"| Equal authority | |||
|- | |||
| Employer || Costumer || Parent || Elder sibling | |||
|- | |||
| T↓V ↑V || T↓V ↑V || T↓↑V || T↓↑V | |||
|- | |||
| Employee || Waiter || Child || Younger sibling | |||
|} | |||
The superior has choice on T–V while the subordinate has not; except if talking to one another, then both subordinates can choice. In Luthic, ''þû'' is only used as an informal pronoun. It is only addressed to persons that one knows well, like family members and friends. It is also most commonly used among peers as a sign of equality, especially among young people. In formal situations with strangers and acquaintances, ''vôi'' is used instead. The pronoun ''gi'' was used in formal situations; this was once the abundant usage, but it has completely fallen out of use. In the plural form, ''gi'' is a T pronoun. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you” | :* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you” | ||
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women” | ::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women” | ||
:* Action against: '' | :* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you” | ||
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively) | ::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively) | ||
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)” | :* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)” | ||
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===Idiomatic phrases=== | ===Idiomatic phrases=== | ||
Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word | Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word “fragcese” [[IPA for Luthic|[fɾɐŋˈke.ze]]] from [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]] + [[wikt:-ensis#Latin|-ensis]], ultimately meaning “French (language)”, “Frenchman, Frenchwoman” and "French (people)”, but also meaning “stupid, savage, useless” from a semantic change similar to Vandal and Gothic. | ||
# Monþȯ al·lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”. | # Monþȯ al·lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”. | ||
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# Veġlare anþerȯ pomȯdorȯ: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”. | # Veġlare anþerȯ pomȯdorȯ: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”. | ||
# La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”. | # La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”. | ||
# La fame laþot pasta, | # La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”. | ||
# L’amore dominat inu regolam: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”. | # L’amore dominat inu regolam: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”. | ||
# Blegguare lȯ quiodȯ capȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation. | # Blegguare lȯ quiodȯ capȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation. | ||
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* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)''' | ||
: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu | : [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu] | ||
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)''' | |||
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze ˈɛ.rɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu ɐˈkɔ.la ˈvar.ma''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞eˈrõ.nu''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ra''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡zɐθ ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na ˈsfɔr.t͡sa''' ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ''' ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo '''eˈme.no''' | e θɐn il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿ɐn.da.ɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvu.ru'''] | |||
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* Ebbinghaus, E. A. (1976). ''THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE GOTHIC CALENDAR. The Journal of Theological Studies, 27(1), 140–145''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | * Ebbinghaus, E. A. (1976). ''THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE GOTHIC CALENDAR. The Journal of Theological Studies, 27(1), 140–145''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | ||
* Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). ''Early Germanic Grammar''. San Diego: Academic Press. | * Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). ''Early Germanic Grammar''. San Diego: Academic Press. | ||
* Fulk, R. D. (2018). ''A Comparative Grammar of Early Germanic Languages''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. | |||
* Stearns Jr, MacDonald (1978). ''Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus''. Stanford: Anma Libri. | * Stearns Jr, MacDonald (1978). ''Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus''. Stanford: Anma Libri. | ||
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | * Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. | ||