Luthic: Difference between revisions

'''Luthic''' ([[IPA for Luthic|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide.

Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] for mutual communication.

Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Bianchi’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''.

''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Bianchi that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657.

Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography.

[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]]

===Status===

Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamainescape Lûthica Ravennai'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].

Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicai Italianegiatai''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.

The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tacċi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':

** The digraphs ⟨ai, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively.

| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || bairca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛɾ.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|/ʋ/]] || —

| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aiqqo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê

| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || faiho [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.hu]]] || [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|/p͡f/]] || —

| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || pairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || —

| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || —

| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || raida [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁɛ.ð̞ɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]], [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] || —

====Consonants====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Luthic

! {{small|plain}}

! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}

| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]

| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]

** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/.

The most sonorous elements of the [[w:Syllable|syllable] are [[w:Vowel|vowels]], which occupy the [[w:Nucleus (syllable)|nuclear]] position. They are prototypical [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-bearing elements, with simple vowels monomoraic, and long vowels bimoraic. Latin vowels occurred with one of five qualities and one of two weights, that is short and long /i e a o u/. At first, weight was realised by means of longer or shorter duration, and any articulatory differences were negligible, with the short:long opposition stable. Subtle articulatory differences eventually grow and lead to the abandonment of length, and reanalysis of vocal contrast is shifted solely to quality rather than both quality and quantity; specifically, the manifestation of weight as length came to include differences in tongue [[w:Vowel height|height]] and tenseness, and quite early on, /ī, ū/ began to differ from /ĭ, ŭ/ articulatorily, as did /ē, ō/ from /ĕ, ŏ/. The long vowels were stable, but the short vowels came to be realised lower and laxer, with the result that /ĭ, ŭ/ opened to [ɪ, ʊ], and /ĕ, ŏ/ opened to [ε, ɔ]. The result is the merger of Latin /ĭ, ŭ/ and /ē, ō/, since their contrast is now realised sufficiently be their distinct vowel quality, which would be easier to articulate and perceive than vowel duration.

* Gothic ''hlaifs'' [ˈhlɛːɸs] > Luthic ''claifo'' [ˈklɛ.fu].

* ''Ed þû, ce taugis?'' [e‿θˈθu | t͡ʃe ˈtɔ.d͡ʒis?].

* 2nd person indicative present: Latin ''habēs'', Gothic ''habais'', Luthic ''haïs'', Italian ''hai''.

! C₁ !! C₂ !! C₃

! V₁ !! V₂ !! V₃

! C₁ !! C₂

Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennai''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicai Rasdai'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.

The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giovanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations.

* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Theology|Theology]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Theologiai giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 2000 in association with the [[w:Ravenna Cathedral|Ravenna Cathedral or Metropolitan Cathedral of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] (Luthic: ''Cathedrale metropolitana deï Osstassi Unsari Siġnori Gesosi Christi''; Italian: ''Cattedrale metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo; Duomo di Ravenna'').

===WALS===

The [https://wals.info/|World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS)] is a large database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages gathered from descriptive materials (such as reference grammars) by a team of [https://wals.info/author| 55 authors].

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"

|+Morphophonological WALS Features

!

! <small>WALS</small>

!Luthic

!Italian¹

!Romanian¹

!English

!German

!Icelandic¹

===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===

{{Quote box |align=right|quoted=true |

|quote=''Aina lettura essenziale summȧ importanzȧ, inu andarogiugga.'' <br /> “An essential lecture, of the highest importance, without equivalents.”

|source= Lucia Giamane

In 2012, a collaboration of the Circle of Linguistics, the Circle of Phonological Development and the Circle of Theology resulted in '''The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion''' (Luthic: ''Il Handobuoco Rasdavitascapeticai, Colturai e Religioni Luthicai'') initiated in 2005 by Lucia Giamane, designed to illuminate an area of knowledge that encompasses both general linguistics and specialised, philologically oriented linguistics as well as those fields of science that have developed in recent decades from the increasingly extensive research into the diverse phenomena of communicative action.

Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ai, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:

Examples:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative

| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli

| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomai

| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana

| Love || Masculine || Amore || Amori

| Art || Feminine || Crafte || Crafti

| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni

| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi

| Heart || Neuter || Hairtene || Hairteni

| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari

| Mother || Feminine || Modar || Modari

Declension paradigm in [[w:Formal language|formal]] Standard Luthic:

| gevai

| gevai

Luthic, like Latin and Gothic, inherited the full set of Indo-European pronouns: personal pronouns (including [[w:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronouns]] for each of the three [[w:Grammatical person|grammatical persons]]), possessive pronouns, both simple and compound demonstratives, relative pronouns, interrogatives and indefinite pronouns. Each follows a particular pattern of inflection (partially mirroring the noun declension), much like other Indo-European languages. Although Luthic inherited a paradigm extremely close to Gothic (and Common Germanic), the Italic influence is visible in the genitive and plural formations.

| [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wéy|*u̯ei̯]] ^nom, [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/n̥smé|*n̥s]] ^acc || [[wikt:nos#Latin|nōs]] ^nom/acc || [[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃|𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃]] ^nom, [[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐍃|𐌿𐌽𐍃]] ^acc || [[wikt:wir#German|wir]] ^nom, [[wikt:uns#German|uns]] ^acc || vi ^nom, unse ^acc

|}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

|+Personal pronouns of Standard Luthic

! rowspan=2| Number

! rowspan=2| Case

! rowspan=2| 1^st person

! rowspan=2| 2^st person

!colspan=3| 3^rd person

! rowspan=2| reflexive

|-

! {{small|masculine}}

! {{small|feminine}}

! {{small|neuter}}

| isai

| isai

|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic

!colspan=3| 1^st person singular

!colspan=3| 2^st person singular

!colspan=3| 3^rd person singular

!rowspan=4| Singular

| meinȯ

| meina

| meinȯ

| þeinȯ

| þeina

| þeinȯ

| meinȧ

| meinȧ

| meinȧ

| þeinȧ

| þeinȧ

| þeinȧ

|-

! {{small|gen.}}

| meini

| þeinai

| þeina

| seini

| seinai

| seina

| meinos

| meinas

| meina

| þeinos

| þeinas

| þeina

| meinom

| meinam

| meinom

| þeinom

| þeinam

| þeinom

| meinoro

| meinaro

| meinoro

| þeinoro

| þeinaro

| þeinoro

|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic

!colspan=3| 1^st person singular

!colspan=3| 2^st person singular

!colspan=3| 3^rd person singular

| unsar

| unsara

| unsarȯ

| isvar

| isvara

| isvarȯ

| unsare

| unsara

| unsarȯ

| isvare

| isvara

| isvarȯ

| unsari

| unsarȧ

| unsarȧ

| isvari

| isvarȧ

| isvarȧ

! {{small|gen.}}

| unsari

| unsarai

| unsari

| isvari

| isvarai

| isvari

!rowspan=4| Plural

| unsari

| unsarai

| unsara

| isvari

| isvarai

| isvara

| unsares

| unsaras

| unsara

| isvares

| isvaras

| isvara

| unsarivo

| unsaram

| unsarom

| isvarivo

| isvaram

| isvarom

| unsarem

| unsararo

| unsaroro

| isvarem

| isvararo

| isvaroro

|}

The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective

Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number:

 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Interrogative pronouns of Standard Luthic

| ce

| ce

| ce

| qo

| qa

| qȯ

|-

| ci

| ci

| ci

|+Indefinite pronouns of Standard Luthic

 

 

 

|+Demonstrative pronouns of Standard Luthic

! rowspan=2| Number

! rowspan=2| Case

!colspan=3| Proximal

!colspan=3| Medial

!colspan=3| Distal

| so

| sa

| þata

| este

| esta

| estȯ

| giaino

| giaina

| giainȯ

| þȯ

| þa

| þata

| este

| esta

| estȯ

| giainȯ

| giaina

| giainȯ

| þammo

| þisai

| þammo

| esti

| estȧ

| estȧ

| giainȧ

| giainȧ

| giainȧ

| þis

| þisai

| þis

| estis

| estai

| esti

| giaini

| giainai

| giaini

| þi

| þai

| þa

| esti

| estai

| esta

| giaini

| giainai

| giaina

| þos

| þas

| þa

| estes

| estas

| esta

| giainos

| giainas

| giaina

| þom

| þam

| þom

| estivo

| estam

| estom

| giainom

| giainam

| giainom

| þisaro

| þisara

| þisaro

| estem

| estaro

| estoro

| giainoro

| giainaro

| giainoro

!colspan=3| Indefinite

!colspan=3| Definite

| aino

| aina

| ainȯ

| il

| la

| lata, ata

| ainȯ

| aina

| ainȯ

| lȯ

| la

| lata, ata

| ainȧ

| ainȧ

| ainȧ

| lȧ

| lȧ

| lȧ

| aini

| ainai

| aini