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|creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|dia1              = Upper Luthic (''Altalûthica''), Ferraresi Luthic (''Lûthica Estense'')
|dia1              = Upper Luthic (''Altalûthica''), Ferraresi Luthic (''Lûthica Estense'')
|dia2              = Standard Bolognese Luthic (''Lûthica boloġnesa'')
|script1          = Latn
|script1          = Latn
|script2          = Brai
|script2          = Brai
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| brōþar /ˈbroː.θar/ || bruder /'bru.der/ || broþar [ˈbɾo.θɐr] || brother
| brōþar /ˈbroː.θar/ || bruder /'bru.der/ || broþar [ˈbɾo.θɐr] || brother
|-
|-
| wair /wɛr/ || fers /fers/ || vaire [ˈvɛ.re] || wer-
| wair /wɛr/ || fers /fers/ || vaere [ˈvɛ.re] || wer-
|-
|-
| handus /ˈhan.dus/ || handa /ˈan.da/ || hando [ˈhan.du] (archaic or obsolete) || hand
| handus /ˈhan.dus/ || handa /ˈan.da/ || hando [ˈhan.du] (archaic or obsolete) || hand
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|source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs
|source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs
}}
}}
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Bianchi’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''.
Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''.


====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Bianchi that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657.
''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657.


====Book 1, ''De grammatica''====
====Book 1, ''De grammatica''====
Line 126: Line 127:


====Book 2, ''De orthographia''====
====Book 2, ''De orthographia''====
Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography.
Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography (vide [[Luthic#Þiudareico Biagci|§ Þiudareico Biagci]]).
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]]


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==Geographical distribution==
==Geographical distribution==
[[File:Italy languages Luthic.jpg|thumb|left|Map of languages and dialect groups of Italy]]
Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic.
Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic.


According to a census by [[w:Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] (The Italian National Institute of Statistics), Luthic is spoken by an estimated 250,000 people, however only 149,500 are considered ''de facto'' natives, and approximately 50,000 are monolinguals.
According to a census by [[w:Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] (The Italian National Institute of Statistics), Luthic is spoken by an estimated 250,000 people, however only 149,500 are considered ''de facto'' natives, and approximately 50,000 are monolinguals.


===Status===
===Status and usage===
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.


Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamainescape Lûthica Ravennai'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
====Diglossia and code-switching====
Luthic is recognised as a minor language in Ravenna. Italy’s official language is Italian, as stated by the framework law no. 482/1999 and Trentino Alto-Adige’s special Statute, which is adopted with a constitutional law. Around the world there are an estimated 64 million native Italian speakers and another 21 million who use it as a second language. Italian is often natively spoken in a [[w:Regional Italian|regional variety]], not to be confused with Italy’s regional and minority languages; however, the establishment of a national education system led to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken across the country during the 20th century. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s due to economic growth and the rise of [[w:Mass media in Italy|mass media]] and television (the state broadcaster [[w:RAI|RAI]] helped set a standard Italian).
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] between Luthic, Emilian dialects and Italian is frequent among Luthic speakers, in both informal and formal settings (such as on television).
=====Education=====
Education in Italy is free and mandatory from ages six to sixteen, and consists of five stages: kindergarten (''scuola dell’infanzia''), primary school (''scuola primaria''), lower secondary school (''scuola secondaria di primo grado''), upper secondary school (''scuola secondaria di secondo grado''), and university (''università''). Although mostly in Italian, education is Luthic has been implemented in 2018 by Ravenna University. In 2018, the Italian secondary education was evaluated as below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average. Italy scored below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average in reading and science, and near OECD average in mathematics. Mean performance in Italy declined in reading and science, and remained stable in mathematics. [[w:Trento|Trento]] and [[w:Bolzano|Bolzano]] scored at an above the national average in reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms. A wide gap exists between [[w:northern Italy|northern]] schools, which perform near average, and schools in the [[w:Southern Italy|South]], that had much poorer results. The 2018 [[w:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study|Progress in International Reading Literacy Study]] ranks children in Italy 16th for reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms.
[[File:Mussoliniposter.jpg|thumb|Propaganda poster of Mussolini]]
Most of the Luths also speak Italian, this is commoner for Luth elders, and most of the Luth elders may speak only Italian because of the influence from the Fascist period, as the Fascist government endorsed a stringent education policy in Italy aiming at eliminating illiteracy, which was a serious problem in Italy at the time, as well as improving the allegiance of Italians to the state. The Fascist government’s first minister of education from 1922 to 1924 [[w:Giovanni Gentile|Giovanni Gentile]] recommended that education policy should focus on indoctrination of students into Fascism and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority. In 1929, education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.> In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God. In 1933, all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party. From the 1930s to 1940s, Italy’s education focused on the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the [[w:Ancient Rome|Roman]] era, displaying the rebirth of [[w:Italian nationalism|Italian nationalism]] and the struggle for Italian independence and unity during the ''[[w:Risorgimento|Risorgimento]]''. In the late 1930s, the Fascist government copied [[w:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]’s education system on the issue of physical fitness and began an agenda that demanded that Italians become physically healthy. Intellectual talent in Italy was rewarded and promoted by the Fascist government through the [[w:Royal Academy of Italy|Royal Academy of Italy]] which was created in 1926 to promote and coordinate Italy’s intellectual activity.
=====Films and music=====
Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]].
Similar to the [[w:Canzone Napoletana|Canzone Napoletana]], '''Lae Canzoni Lûthicae''', sometimes referred to as '''Luthic songs''', became a formal institution in the 1990s as Luthic became more researched by Ravenna University, a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Luthic language, ordinarily for male and female voice singing solo. An important factor in defining what makes a Luthic song is the matter of language. All these songs are written and performed in the Luthic language. Although the music is sung by a few non-Luthic singers, it is difficult to sing correctly without knowledge of the Luthic ''continua'', which is crucial in obtaining the correct inflection.
=====Written media=====
Luthic is mostly found as written media, However newspapers usually use Italian and reserve Luthic for sarcastic commentaries and caricatures. [[w:Headline|Headlines]] in Luthic are common. The [[w:Letter to the editor|letter to the editor]] section often includes entire paragraphs in Luthic. Many newspapers also regularly publish personal columns in Luthic. Most comedies are written in Luthic. [[w:Comic book|Comic books]] are often written in Luthic instead of Italian. In novels and short stories, most of the Luth authors, write the dialogues in their Luthic dialects.


===Luthic regarded as an Italian dialect===
===Luthic regarded as an Italian dialect===
Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicai Italianegiatai''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.
[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]
Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicae Italianegiatae''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.


Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from Standard Italian, these languages are often referred to as [[w:Italian dialects|''dialetti'']] “dialects”, both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like “''minority languages''” or “''vernaculars''” for some of them. Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the [[w:Fascist Italy|Fascist period]], more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of ''Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume''. According to [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.
Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from Standard Italian, these languages are often referred to as [[w:Italian dialects|''dialetti'']] “dialects”, both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like “''minority languages''” or “''vernaculars''” for some of them. Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the [[w:Fascist Italy|Fascist period]], more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of ''Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume''. According to [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.
[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]


==Standard Luthic==
==Standard Luthic==
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* The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i.
* The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i.
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic.
* The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.
* The spellings ci and gi before another vowel represent only /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/ with no [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] ~ [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] sound.
** Unless ''c'' or ''g'' precede stressed /i/ (''pharmacia'' /pʰɐɾ.mɐˈtʃi.ɐ/ ‘pharmacy’, ''biologia'' /bjo.loˈdʒi.ɐ/ ‘biology’), these may be optionally spelt as ''cï'' and ''gï' (''pharmacïa'', ''biologïa'').
* The spelling qu and gu always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/.
* The spelling qu and gu always represent the sounds /k/ and /ɡ/.
* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.


The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tacċi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':


* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
** The digraphs ⟨ai, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively.
** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively; /ɛ/ ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with /e/ word terminally.
** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.
** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.
* The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.
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| [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â, ȧ
| [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â, ȧ
|-
|-
| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || bairca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛɾ.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|/ʋ/]] || —
| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || baerca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛɾ.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|/ʋ/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || caunȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || ċ
| [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || caunȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || ċ
Line 188: Line 210:
| [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] ||dago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] or [[w:Voiced dental approximant|/ð̞/]] || —
| [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] ||dago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] or [[w:Voiced dental approximant|/ð̞/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aiqqo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê
| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aeqqo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê
|-
|-
| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || faiho [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.hu]]] || [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|/p͡f/]] || —
| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || faeho [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.hu]]] || [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|/p͡f/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar approximant|/ɣ˕/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || ġ
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar approximant|/ɣ˕/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || ġ
Line 206: Line 228:
| [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô, ȯ
| [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô, ȯ
|-
|-
| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || pairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || —
| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || paerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || —
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qaerþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkᶣɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || raida [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁɛ.ð̞ɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]], [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] || —
| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || raeda [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁɛ.ð̞ɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]], [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] || —
|-
|-
| [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]], [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || —
| [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]], [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || —
Line 290: Line 312:
* /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]].
* /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]].
* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]].
* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]].
====Diphthongs and triphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Rising diphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Rising
| style="text-align: center;"|je
| style="text-align: center;"|jɛ
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|jɔ
| style="text-align: center;"|jɐ
| style="text-align: center;"|ju
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|we
| style="text-align: center;"|wɛ
| style="text-align: center;"|wo
| style="text-align: center;"|wɔ
| style="text-align: center;"|wɐ
| style="text-align: center;"|wi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Falling diphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Falling
| style="text-align: center;"|ej
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|oj
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|ɐj
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ew
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛw
| style="text-align: center;"|ow
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔw
| style="text-align: center;"|ɐw
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Rising triphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Rising
| style="text-align: center;"|jwo
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Falling triphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Falling
| style="text-align: center;"|jɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|jɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|jɐj
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|wɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|wɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|wɐj
|}


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
Line 343: Line 422:
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]
| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|(ç)]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
|  
|  
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|(h)]]
|-
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
Line 453: Line 532:
** /x/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /x/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /ʁ/ is uvular, but in anlaut is in free variation with [h].
** /ʁ/ is uvular, but in anlaut is in free variation with [h].
** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/.
** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/. Word initial /h/ is often dropped off.


* '''Approximants, flap, trill and laterals:'''
* '''Approximants, flap, trill and laterals:'''
Line 469: Line 548:


=====Vowel system=====
=====Vowel system=====
The most sonorous elements of the [[w:Syllable|syllable] are [[w:Vowel|vowels]], which occupy the [[w:Nucleus (syllable)|nuclear]] position. They are prototypical [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-bearing elements, with simple vowels monomoraic, and long vowels bimoraic. Latin vowels occurred with one of five qualities and one of two weights, that is short and long /i e a o u/. At first, weight was realised by means of longer or shorter duration, and any articulatory differences were negligible, with the short:long opposition stable. Subtle articulatory differences eventually grow and lead to the abandonment of length, and reanalysis of vocal contrast is shifted solely to quality rather than both quality and quantity; specifically, the manifestation of weight as length came to include differences in tongue [[w:Vowel height|height]] and tenseness, and quite early on, /ī, ū/ began to differ from /ĭ, ŭ/ articulatorily, as did /ē, ō/ from /ĕ, ŏ/. The long vowels were stable, but the short vowels came to be realised lower and laxer, with the result that /ĭ, ŭ/ opened to [ɪ, ʊ], and /ĕ, ŏ/ opened to [ε, ɔ]. The result is the merger of Latin /ĭ, ŭ/ and /ē, ō/, since their contrast is now realised sufficiently be their distinct vowel quality, which would be easier to articulate and perceive than vowel duration.
The most sonorous elements of the [[w:Syllable|syllable]] are [[w:Vowel|vowels]], which occupy the [[w:Nucleus (syllable)|nuclear]] position. They are prototypical [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-bearing elements, with simple vowels monomoraic, and long vowels bimoraic. Latin vowels occurred with one of five qualities and one of two weights, that is short and long /i e a o u/. At first, weight was realised by means of longer or shorter duration, and any articulatory differences were negligible, with the short:long opposition stable. Subtle articulatory differences eventually grow and lead to the abandonment of length, and reanalysis of vocal contrast is shifted solely to quality rather than both quality and quantity; specifically, the manifestation of weight as length came to include differences in tongue [[w:Vowel height|height]] and tenseness, and quite early on, /ī, ū/ began to differ from /ĭ, ŭ/ articulatorily, as did /ē, ō/ from /ĕ, ŏ/. The long vowels were stable, but the short vowels came to be realised lower and laxer, with the result that /ĭ, ŭ/ opened to [ɪ, ʊ], and /ĕ, ŏ/ opened to [ε, ɔ]. The result is the merger of Latin /ĭ, ŭ/ and /ē, ō/, since their contrast is now realised sufficiently be their distinct vowel quality, which would be easier to articulate and perceive than vowel duration.
[[File:Vowel changes in Luthic.png|thumb|Gotho-Romance vowel changes from Latin.]]
[[File:Vowel changes in Luthic.png|thumb|Gotho-Romance vowel changes from Latin.]]


Line 582: Line 661:
In every case, /j/ and /w/ are fortified to /d͡ʒ/ and /v/, except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic /ð/ and /xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/ are also fortified to /d/ and /kʷ/ in every position; which can be further lenited to /d͡z/ and /k ~ t͡ʃ/ in the environments given above. The Germanic /h ~ x/ is fortified to /k/ before a rhotic or a lateral, as in:
In every case, /j/ and /w/ are fortified to /d͡ʒ/ and /v/, except when triggered by hiatus collapse. The Germanic /ð/ and /xʷ ~ hʷ ~ ʍ/ are also fortified to /d/ and /kʷ/ in every position; which can be further lenited to /d͡z/ and /k ~ t͡ʃ/ in the environments given above. The Germanic /h ~ x/ is fortified to /k/ before a rhotic or a lateral, as in:


* Gothic ''hlaifs'' [ˈhlɛːɸs] > Luthic ''claifo'' [ˈklɛ.fu].
* Gothic ''hlaifs'' [ˈhlɛːɸs] > Luthic ''claefo'' [ˈklɛ.fu].
* Gothic ''hriggs'' [ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks] > Luthic ''creggo'' [ˈkɾeŋ.ɡu].
* Gothic ''hriggs'' [ˈhriŋɡs ~ ˈhriŋks] > Luthic ''creggo'' [ˈkɾeŋ.ɡu].


Line 601: Line 680:


* 1st person indicative present: Latin ''habeō'', Gothic ''haba'', Luthic ''hô'', Italian ''ho''.
* 1st person indicative present: Latin ''habeō'', Gothic ''haba'', Luthic ''hô'', Italian ''ho''.
* 2nd person indicative present: Latin ''habēs'', Gothic ''habais'', Luthic ''haïs'', Italian ''hai''.
* 2nd person indicative present: Latin ''habēs'', Gothic ''habais'', Luthic ''hais'', Italian ''hai''.
* 3rd person indicative present: Latin ''habet'', Gothic ''habaiþ'', Luthic ''hâþ'', Italian ''ha''.
* 3rd person indicative present: Latin ''habet'', Gothic ''habaiþ'', Luthic ''hâþ'', Italian ''ha''.


Line 719: Line 798:
==Research==
==Research==
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
[[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennai''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicai Rasdai'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.
Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennae''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicae Rasdae'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.


===History===
===History===
The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giovanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations.
The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giuvanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations.


* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Theology|Theology]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Theologiai giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 2000 in association with the [[w:Ravenna Cathedral|Ravenna Cathedral or Metropolitan Cathedral of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] (Luthic: ''Cathedrale metropolitana deï Osstassi Unsari Siġnori Gesosi Christi''; Italian: ''Cattedrale metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo; Duomo di Ravenna'').
* '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Theology|Theology]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Theologiae giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 2000 in association with the [[w:Ravenna Cathedral|Ravenna Cathedral or Metropolitan Cathedral of the Resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ]] (Luthic: ''Cathedrale metropolitana deï Osstassi Unsari Siġnori Gesosi Christi''; Italian: ''Cattedrale metropolitana della Risurrezione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo; Duomo di Ravenna'').


===Phonological development===
===Phonological development===
Line 906: Line 985:
: ¹ Some features and values are stipulated due to lack of resources.
: ¹ Some features and values are stipulated due to lack of resources.


===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
====Information rate====
{{Quote box |align=right|quoted=true |
The concept of “[[w:Entropy (information theory)|information density]]” relates to how languages convey [[w:Semantics|semantic information]] within the speech signal. Essentially, a language is considered dense if it uses fewer [[w:Part of speech|speech elements]] to convey a given amount of semantic meaning compared to a sparser language. Units such as [[w:Communication#Human|features]] or [[w:Articulatory gestures|articulatory gestures]] involve complex multidimensional patterns (such as gestural scores or feature matrices) that are unsuitable for computing average information density during speech communication. In contrast, each speech sample can be described in terms of discrete sequences of [[w:Phone (phonetics)|segments]] or [[w:Syllable|syllables]], which are potential candidates, although their exact significance and role in communication remain uncertain. Therefore, this study opts to utilise syllables for both methodological and theoretical reasons.
|salign=right
|quote=''Aina lettura essenziale summȧ importanzȧ, inu andarogiugga.'' <br /> “An essential lecture, of the highest importance, without equivalents.”
|source= Lucia Giamane
}}
In 2012, a collaboration of the Circle of Linguistics, the Circle of Phonological Development and the Circle of Theology resulted in '''The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion''' (Luthic: ''Il Handobuoco Rasdavitascapeticai, Colturai e Religioni Luthicai'') initiated in 2005 by Lucia Giamane, designed to illuminate an area of knowledge that encompasses both general linguistics and specialised, philologically oriented linguistics as well as those fields of science that have developed in recent decades from the increasingly extensive research into the diverse phenomena of communicative action.


===Mnemonics===
Assuming that for each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'', composed of ''σ<sub>k</sub>(L)'' syllables in language ''L'', the over-all semantic content ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is equivalent from one language to another, the average quantity of information per syllable for ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and for language ''L'' is calculated as in 1.
A '''mnemonic device''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/nɪˈmɒnɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|nih-MON-ik]]) or '''memory device''' is any [[w:Learning|learning]] technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human [[w:Memory|memory]], often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.


A '''Luthic mnemonic verse''' or '''mnemonic rhyme''' is a [[w:Mnemonic|mnemonic]] device for teaching and remembering Luthic grammar. Such mnemonics have been considered by teachers to be an effective technique for schoolchildren to learn the complex rules of Luthic accidence and syntax. Mnemonics may be helpful in learning foreign languages, for example by transposing difficult foreign words with words in a language the learner knows already, also called [[w:Cognate|“cognates”]] which are very common in [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]] and other [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. A useful such technique is to find [[w:Linkword|linkwords]], words that have the same pronunciation in a known language as the target word, and associate them visually or auditorially with the target word; such tecniques have been applied into Luthic learning for children, Italian and other ''dialleti'' speakers.
[[File:Equation 1.png|frameless]]


Since ''S<sub>k</sub>'' is language-independent, it was eliminated by computing a normalised information density (''ID'') using [[w:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (''VI'') as the benchmark. For each text ''T<sub>k</sub>'' and language ''L'', ''ID<sup>k</sup><sub>L</sub>'' resulted from a pairwise comparison of the text lengths (in terms of syllables) in ''L'' and ''VI'' respectively.


A Luthic rhyme for remembering the masculine nominative singular, masculine accusative singular and neuter nominato-accusative singular is given by many teachers during school first years:
[[File:Luthic Equation 2.png|frameless]]


<poem>
Next, the average information density ''ID<sub>L</sub>'' (in terms of linguistic information per syllable) with reference to ''VI'' is defined as the mean of ''ID<sup>k</sup><sub>L</sub>'' evaluated for the ''K'' texts.
: buono: veġlȯ vessare
: buonȯ: veġlȯ stare
: ac e buonȯ? veġlȯ mangiare!
</poem>


Translated it into English as follows:
[[File:Equation 3.png|frameless]]


<poem>
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
: good: I want to be
! width="25%"|Language
: in a good place: I want to be in
! width="25%"|ID<sub>L</sub>
: but what about a good food? I want to eat!
! width="25%"|Syllabic rate
</poem>
! width="25%"|Information rate
 
|-
The '''Ravenna University Circle of Phonological Development''' also found out that mnemonics can be used in aiding children with [[w:Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] and other [[w:Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], patients with memory deficits that could be caused by [[w:Head injuries|head injuries]], [[w:Strokes|strokes]], [[w:Epilepsy|epilepsy]], [[w:Multiple sclerosis|multiple sclerosis]] and other neurological conditions, however, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance.
| English || 0.91 || 6.19 || 1.08
 
|-
===Information rate===
| French || 0.74 || 7.18 || 0.99
 
==Grammar==
Luthic Grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the Luthic language. Luthic words can be divided into the following [[w:Part of speech|lexical categories]]: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
 
===Nouns===
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ai, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative
|-
|-
| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
| Italian || 0.72 || 6.99 || 0.96
|-
|-
| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomai
| Spanish || 0.63 || 7.82 || 0.98
|-
| German || 0.79 || 5.67 || 0.90
|-
|-
| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
| Luthic || 0.81 || 6.45 || 0.97
|-
|-
| Love || Masculine || Amore || Amori
| Vietnamese || 1 (reference) || 5.22 || 1 (reference)
|}
 
Another factor is the syllabic complexity index, being measured in two ways: '''type''' and '''token'''.
 
# Type complexity: considers each unique syllable only once when calculating the average complexity.
# Token complexity: takes into account the frequency of occurrence of each unique syllable in the corpus by weighting the complexity accordingly.
 
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center;"
! width="25%"|Language
! width="25%"|Syllable inventory size
! width="25%"|Type complexity
! width="25%"|Token complexity
|-
|-
| Art || Feminine || Crafte || Crafti
| English || 7,931 || 3.70 || 2.48
|-
|-
| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni
| French || 5,646 || 3.50 || 2.21
|-
|-
| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
| Italian || 2,719 || 3.50  || 2.30
|-
|-
| Heart || Neuter || Hairtene || Hairteni
| Spanish || 1,593 || 3.30 || 2.40
|-
| German || 4,207 || 3.70 || 2.68
|-
|-
| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari
| Luthic || 4,129 || 3.60 || 2.40
|-
| Mother || Feminine || Modar || Modari
|}
|}


Declension paradigm in [[w:Formal language|formal]] Standard Luthic:
===The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion===
{{Quote box |align=right|quoted=true |
|salign=right
|quote=''Aena lettura essenziale summȧ importanzȧ, inu andarogiugga.'' <br /> “An essential lecture, of the highest importance, without equivalents.”
|source= Lucia Giamane
}}
In 2012, a collaboration of the Circle of Linguistics, the Circle of Phonological Development and the Circle of Theology resulted in '''The Handbook of Luthic Linguistics, Culture and Religion''' (Luthic: ''Il Handobuoco Rasdavitascapeticae, Colturae e Religioni Lûthicae'') initiated in 2005 by Lucia Giamane, designed to illuminate an area of knowledge that encompasses both general linguistics and specialised, philologically oriented linguistics as well as those fields of science that have developed in recent decades from the increasingly extensive research into the diverse phenomena of communicative action.
 
===Mnemonics===
A '''mnemonic device''' ([[w:Help:IPA|/nɪˈmɒnɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|nih-MON-ik]]) or '''memory device''' is any [[w:Learning|learning]] technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human [[w:Memory|memory]], often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
A '''Luthic mnemonic verse''' or '''mnemonic rhyme''' is a [[w:Mnemonic|mnemonic]] device for teaching and remembering Luthic grammar. Such mnemonics have been considered by teachers to be an effective technique for schoolchildren to learn the complex rules of Luthic accidence and syntax. Mnemonics may be helpful in learning foreign languages, for example by transposing difficult foreign words with words in a language the learner knows already, also called [[w:Cognate|“cognates”]] which are very common in [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]] and other [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. A useful such technique is to find [[w:Linkword|linkwords]], words that have the same pronunciation in a known language as the target word, and associate them visually or auditorially with the target word; such tecniques have been applied into Luthic learning for children, Italian and other ''dialleti'' speakers.
|-
 
! Number
 
! Case
A Luthic rhyme for remembering the masculine nominative singular, masculine accusative singular and neuter nominato-accusative singular is given by many teachers during school first years:
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
 
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
<poem>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
: buono: veġlȯ vessare
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
: buonȯ: veġlȯ stare
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
: ac e buonȯ? veġlȯ mangiare!
</poem>
 
Translated it into English as follows:
 
<poem>
: good: I want to be
: in a good place: I want to be in
: but what about a good food? I want to eat!
</poem>
 
The '''Ravenna University Circle of Phonological Development''' also found out that mnemonics can be used in aiding children with [[w:Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] and other [[w:Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], patients with memory deficits that could be caused by [[w:Head injuries|head injuries]], [[w:Strokes|strokes]], [[w:Epilepsy|epilepsy]], [[w:Multiple sclerosis|multiple sclerosis]] and other neurological conditions, however, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance.
 
 
{{ambox|nocat=true|left|text=Luthic noteworthy figures are currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.}}
 
==Noteworthy figures==
[[File:Þiudareico biagci.png|thumb|A portrait of Þiudareico Biagci by an unknown artist, ''c.'' 1657]]
===Þiudareico Biagci===
[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]]
'''Þiudareico Biagci''' (<small>Luthic:</small> [[IPA for Luthic|[θju.ð̞ɐˈʁi.xu ˈbjaŋ.k̟i]]]; ''c.'' 1611, [[w:Ravenna|Ravenna]] – September 14, 1672, [[w:Rome|Rome]], [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]) and often referred to as '''Theoderic''', a common anglicisation; was a late mediaeval Luthic grammarian, poet, philosopher and writer. Þiudareico was an accomplished poet. Þiudareico wrote theological and grammatical tracts, enciclopaedias, and commentaries on the works of other philosophers and theologians. He displayed a sophisticated knowledge of Greek, Latin and Italian. Modern Luth scholars, such as Giuvanni Laggobardi, describe him as “an accomplished grammarian and poet, and one of the few Luth scholars of his time to have first-hand knowledge of Greek and Latin”.
 
Very little is known about Þiudareico’s early life. He was a disciple of [[w:Pope Leo XI|Pope Leo XI]] and spent time at Rome, although it is unknown how much time he spent in the Papal States.
 
Þiudareico’s final days were spent in Rome, where he had been invited to stay in the city in 1665 by the [[w:Orsini family|Orsini family]]. Þiudareico died on Sempteber 14, 1672, aged about 61, by natural causes. He was attended by his two children, and possibly by the Orsini family, and by friends and admirers he had in the city.
 
Most of Þiudareico’s litery works were composed before his fixed abode in Rome. His most famous work is ''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', first published on 9 September, 1657, written in Latin, however a later edition published on 27 December, 1662, was written in a language he called “Luthic”, an amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the regional dialect of Ravenna, with heavy Germanic influence, but with some elements Latin and of other regional dialects of [[w:Tuscany|Tuscany]].
 
[[File:Aþalphonso silva.jpeg|thumb|Aþalphonso in 1962]]
===Aþalphonso Silva===
'''Aþalphonso Silva''' (13 April 1917 – 30 April 2012) was a ''Professor of Lutho-Germanic and Indo-European Philology'' at the Ravenna University from 1962 until his retirement in 1982.
 
Silva was born on 13 April 1917 in Ravenna. He was one of the first contemporaneous Luthic philologists, along with a few other colleagues of the Ravenna University. Silva held two degrees from the Ravenna University:
 
* M.A., 1938, Germanic linguistics
* Ph.D., 1940, Luthic Linguistics and Literature
 
He obtained his PhD under Volfelano Barbieri with a thesis titled: “Luthic history : traces of a mediaeval language”. Aþalphonso is well known for his works regarding the origin of the Luths and the understanding of the Gothic calendar in the Codex Ambrosianus A, due to his searching for an etymology regarding the Luthic and the Gothic autonyms prior to the Ostrogothic period.
 
==Grammar==
Luthic Grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the Luthic language. Luthic words can be divided into the following [[w:Part of speech|lexical categories]]: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
 
===Nouns===
Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ae, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative
|-
| Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
|-
| Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomnae
|-
| Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
|-
| Love || Masculine || Amore || Amori
|-
| Art || Feminine || Crafte || Crafti
|-
| Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni
|-
| King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
|-
| Heart || Neuter || Haertene || Haerteni
|-
| Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari
|-
| Mother || Feminine || Modar || Modari
|}
 
Declension paradigm in [[w:Formal language|formal]] Standard Luthic:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Number
! Case
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
Line 1,008: Line 1,171:
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevai
| gevae
| hauviþi
| hauviþi
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,016: Line 1,179:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| dagi
| dagi
| gevai
| gevae
| hauviþa
| hauviþa
| crafti
| crafti
Line 1,148: Line 1,311:
| þeina
| þeina
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| eis
| eis
| seina
| seina
Line 1,157: Line 1,320:
| gi
| gi
| eis
| eis
| isai
| isae
| ia
| ia
| —
| —
Line 1,185: Line 1,348:
| seina
| seina
|}
|}
Pronouns often a [[w:Clitic|clitic]] with imperative or after non-finite forms of verbs, being applied as [[w:Clitic#Enclitic|enclitics]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Poetic variants
|+Clitic pronouns
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| Case
Line 1,200: Line 1,365:
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=3| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| '''io'''
| þû
| is
| ia
| ata
| —
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''me'''
| mi
| '''þe'''
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| inȯ
| lȯ
| ina
| la
| ata
| lȯ
| sic
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''mi'''
| mi
| '''þi'''
| þi <br >ti¹ <br >di²
| iȧ
| ġli
| iȧ
| ġle
| iȧ
| ġli
| sis
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| meina
| —
| þeina
| eis
| isai
| eis
| seina
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| '''nôi'''
| '''vôi'''
| eis
| isai
| ia
| —
| —
| ne
| ne
| ne
| ne
|-
|-
!rowspan=3| Plural
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| '''nôi'''
| ci
| '''vôi'''
| vi
| eis
| los
| isas
| las
| ia
| la
| sic
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| '''ci'''
| ci
| '''vi'''
| vi
| eis
| li
| eis
| li
| eis
| li
| sis
| si
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| '''nosâra'''
| —
| '''vosâra'''
| —
| eisôro
| ne
| eisâro
| ne
| eisôro
| ne
| seina
| ne
|}
|}
: ¹ before voiceless fricatives or sonorants
: ² before voiced fricatives or sonorants


* These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised.
* These forms are often ignored or regarded as [[w:Hypercorrection|hypercorrection]], commoner in Italian influenced [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]].


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic
|+Poetic variants
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| Case
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
! rowspan=2| 1<sup>st</sup> person
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person singular
! rowspan=2| 2<sup>st</sup> person
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person
! rowspan=2| reflexive
|-
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
Line 1,290: Line 1,436:
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| meino
| '''io'''
| meina
| þû
| meinȯ
| is
| þeino
| ia
| þeina
| ata
| þeinȯ
| —
| seino
| seina
| seinȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| meinȯ
| '''mi'''
| meina
| '''þi'''
| meinȯ
| inȯ
| þeinȯ
| ina
| þeina
| ata
| þeinȯ
| '''si'''
| seinȯ
| seina
| seinȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| meinȧ
| '''mi'''
| meinȧ
| '''þi'''
| meinȧ
| iȧ
| þeinȧ
| iȧ
| þeinȧ
| iȧ
| þeinȧ
| '''si'''
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| meini
| meinai
| meini
| þeini
| þeinai
| þeini
| seini
| seinai
| seini
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
| meini
| meinai
| meina
| meina
| þeini
| þeinai
| þeina
| þeina
| seini
| eis
| seinai
| isae
| eis
| seina
| seina
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
| '''nôi'''
| '''vôi'''
| eis
| isae
| ia
| —
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| meinos
| '''nôi'''
| meinas
| '''vôi'''
| meina
| eis
| þeinos
| isas
| þeinas
| ia
| þeina
| '''si'''
| seinos
| seinas
| seina
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| meinom
| '''ci'''
| meinam
| '''vi'''
| meinom
| eis
| þeinom
| eis
| þeinam
| eis
| þeinom
| '''si'''
| seinom
| seinam
| seinom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| meinoro
| '''nosâra'''
| meinaro
| '''vosâra'''
| meinoro
| eisôro
| þeinoro
| eisâro
| þeinaro
| eisôro
| þeinoro
| seina
| seinoro
| seinaro
| seinoro
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
* These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised.
 
Some Luthic speakers may have [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]] (the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or [[w:Social distance|familiarity]]).
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"| Unequal authority
!colspan="2"| Equal authority
|-
| Employer        || Costumer        || Parent          || Elder sibling
|-
| T↓V ↑V || T↓V ↑V || T↓↑V              || T↓↑V
|-
| Employee        || Waiter          || Child            || Younger sibling
|}
 
The superior has choice on T–V while the subordinate has not; except if talking to one another, then both subordinates can choice. In Luthic, ''þû'' is only used as an informal pronoun. It is only addressed to persons that one knows well, like family members and friends. It is also most commonly used among peers as a sign of equality, especially among young people. In formal situations with strangers and acquaintances, ''vôi'' is used instead. The pronoun ''gi'' was used in formal situations; this was once the abundant usage, but it has completely fallen out of use. In the plural form, ''gi'' is a T pronoun.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic
|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic
Line 1,400: Line 1,538:
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| unsar
| meino
| unsara
| meina
| unsarȯ
| meinȯ
| isvar
| þeino
| isvara
| þeina
| isvarȯ
| þeinȯ
| seino
| seino
| seina
| seina
Line 1,411: Line 1,549:
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| unsare
| meinȯ
| unsara
| meina
| unsarȯ
| meinȯ
| isvare
| þeinȯ
| isvara
| þeina
| isvarȯ
| þeinȯ
| seinȯ
| seinȯ
| seina
| seina
Line 1,422: Line 1,560:
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| unsari
| meinȧ
| unsarȧ
| meinȧ
| unsarȧ
| meinȧ
| isvari
| þeinȧ
| isvarȧ
| þeinȧ
| isvarȧ
| þeinȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
Line 1,433: Line 1,571:
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsari
| meini
| unsarai
| meinae
| unsari
| meini
| isvari
| þeini
| isvarai
| þeinae
| isvari
| þeini
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seini
| seini
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| unsari
| meini
| unsarai
| meinae
| unsara
| meina
| isvari
| þeini
| isvarai
| þeinae
| isvara
| þeina
| seini
| seini
| seinai
| seinae
| seina
| seina
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| unsares
| meinos
| unsaras
| meinas
| unsara
| meina
| isvares
| þeinos
| isvaras
| þeinas
| isvara
| þeina
| seinos
| seinos
| seinas
| seinas
Line 1,467: Line 1,605:
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| unsarivo
| meinom
| unsaram
| meinam
| unsarom
| meinom
| isvarivo
| þeinom
| isvaram
| þeinam
| isvarom
| þeinom
| seinom
| seinom
| seinam
| seinam
Line 1,478: Line 1,616:
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsarem
| meinoro
| unsararo
| meinaro
| unsaroro
| meinoro
| isvarem
| þeinoro
| isvararo
| þeinaro
| isvaroro
| þeinoro
| seinoro
| seinoro
| seinaro
| seinaro
| seinoro
| seinoro
|}
|}
The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective
Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Interrogative pronouns of Standard Luthic
|+Possessive pronouns of Standard Luthic
! Interrogative pronouns
! rowspan=2| Number
! Masculine
! rowspan=2| Case
! Feminine
!colspan=3| 1<sup>st</sup> person singular
! Neuter
!colspan=3| 2<sup>st</sup> person singular
!colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person singular
|-
|-
! What
! {{small|masculine}}
| ce
! {{small|feminine}}
| ce
! {{small|neuter}}
| ce
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
|-
! Who
!rowspan=4| Singular
| qo
! {{small|nom.}}
| qa
| unsar
| qȯ
| unsara
|-
| unsarȯ
! Whom
| isvar
| ci
| isvara
| ci
| isvarȯ
| ci
| seino
| seina
| seinȯ
|-
|-
! Which
! {{small|acc.}}
| carge
| unsare
| carge
| unsara
| carge
| unsarȯ
| isvare
| isvara
| isvarȯ
| seinȯ
| seina
| seinȯ
|-
|-
! Whose
! {{small|dat.}}
| cogio
| unsari
| cogia
| unsarȧ
| cogiȯ
| unsarȧ
|}
| isvari
 
| isvarȧ
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| isvarȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
| seinȧ
|-
|-
|+Indefinite pronouns of Standard Luthic
! {{small|gen.}}
! Indefinite pronouns
| unsari
! Masculine
| unsarae
! Feminine
| unsari
! Neuter
| isvari
| isvarae
| isvari
| seini
| seinae
| seini
|-
|-
! Each
!rowspan=4| Plural
| caso
! {{small|nom.}}
| casa
| unsari
| casȯ
| unsarae
| unsara
| isvari
| isvarae
| isvara
| seini
| seinae
| seina
|-
|-
! Every
! {{small|acc.}}
| cargiso
| unsares
| cargisa
| unsaras
| cargisȯ
| unsara
| isvares
| isvaras
| isvara
| seinos
| seinas
| seina
|-
|-
! Whoever/Whatever
! {{small|dat.}}
| þecargiso
| unsarivo
| þecargisa
| unsaram
| þecargisȯ
| unsarom
|}
| isvarivo
| isvaram
| isvarom
| seinom
| seinam
| seinom
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
| unsarem
| unsararo
| unsaroro
| isvarem
| isvararo
| isvaroro
| seinoro
| seinaro
| seinoro
|}


The relative pronoun ''ei'' is fully indeclinable, it is sometimes called “common relative particle”.
The pronouns unsar, isvar have an irregular declension, being declined like an unmarked adjective in the masculine gender and marked in the other genders. Every possessive pronoun is declined like an o-stem adjective for masculine and neuter gender, while its feminine counterpart is declined as an a-stem adjective


Luthic has a Proximal-Medial-Distal demonstrative system:
Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are indeclinable by case and number:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Demonstrative pronouns of Standard Luthic
|+Interrogative pronouns of Standard Luthic
! rowspan=2| Number
! Interrogative pronouns
! rowspan=2| Case
! Masculine
!colspan=3| Proximal
! Feminine
!colspan=3| Medial
! Neuter
!colspan=3| Distal
|-
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! What
! {{small|feminine}}
| ce
! {{small|neuter}}
| ce
! {{small|masculine}}
| ce
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
! Who
! {{small|nom.}}
| qo
| so
| qa
| sa
| qȯ
| þata
| este
| esta
| estȯ
| giaino
| giaina
| giainȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! Whom
| þȯ
| ci
| þa
| ci
| þata
| ci
| este
| esta
| estȯ
| giainȯ
| giaina
| giainȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! Which
| þammo
| carge
| þisai
| carge
| þammo
| carge
| esti
| estȧ
| estȧ
| giainȧ
| giainȧ
| giainȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! Whose
| þis
| cogio
| þisai
| cogia
| þis
| cogiȯ
| estis
|}
| estai
 
| esti
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| giaini
| giainai
| giaini
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
|+Indefinite pronouns of Standard Luthic
! {{small|nom.}}
! Indefinite pronouns
| þi
! Masculine
| þai
! Feminine
| þa
! Neuter
| esti
| estai
| esta
| giaini
| giainai
| giaina
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! Each
| þos
| caso
| þas
| casa
| þa
| casȯ
| estes
| estas
| esta
| giainos
| giainas
| giaina
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! Every
| þom
| cargiso
| þam
| cargisa
| þom
| cargisȯ
| estivo
| estam
| estom
| giainom
| giainam
| giainom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! Whoever/Whatever
| þisaro
| þecargiso
| þisara
| þecargisa
| þisaro
| þecargisȯ
| estem
| estaro
| estoro
| giainoro
| giainaro
| giainoro
|}
|}


===Articles===
The relative pronoun ''ei'' is fully indeclinable, it is sometimes called “common relative particle”.
Luthic articles are used similarly to the [[w:English articles|English articles]], a and the. However, they are declined differently according to the number, gender and case of their nouns.
 
Luthic has a Proximal-Medial-Distal demonstrative system:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+Demonstrative pronouns of Standard Luthic
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! rowspan=2| Case
! rowspan=2| Case
!colspan=3| Indefinite
!colspan=3| Proximal
!colspan=3| Definite
!colspan=3| Medial
!colspan=3| Distal
|-
|-
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
Line 1,684: Line 1,824:
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| aino
| so
| aina
| sa
| ainȯ
| þata
| il
| este
| la
| esta
| lata, ata
| estȯ
| giaeno
| giaena
| giaenȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| ainȯ
| þȯ
| aina
| þa
| ainȯ
| þata
| lȯ
| este
| la
| esta
| lata, ata
| estȯ
| giaenȯ
| giaena
| giaenȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ainȧ
| þammo
| ainȧ
| þisae
| ainȧ
| þammo
| lȧ
| esti
| lȧ
| estȧ
| lȧ
| estȧ
| giaenȧ
| giaenȧ
| giaenȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| aini
| þis
| ainai
| þisae
| aini
| þis
| ġli, i
| estis
| ġli, i
| estae
| ġli, i
| esti
| giaeni
| giaenae
| giaeni
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| aini
| þi
| ainai
| þae
| aina
| þa
| ġli, i
| esti
| lai
| estae
| la
| esta
| giaeni
| giaenae
| giaena
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| ainos
| þos
| ainas
| þas
| aina
| þa
| los
| estes
| las
| estas
| la
| esta
| giaenos
| giaenas
| giaena
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| ainom
| þom
| ainam
| þam
| ainom
| þom
| lom
| estivo
| lam
| estam
| lom
| estom
| giaenom
| giaenam
| giaenom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| ainoro
| þisaro
| ainaro
| þisara
| ainoro
| þisaro
| loro
| estem
| loro
| estaro
| loro
| estoro
| giaenoro
| giaenaro
| giaenoro
|}
|}


===Adjectives===
===Articles===
In Luthic, an adjective can be placed before or after the noun. The [[w:Markedness|unmarked]] placement for most adjectives is after the noun. Placing the adjective after the noun can alter its meaning or indicate [[w:Restrictiveness|restrictiveness]] of reference.
Luthic articles are used similarly to the [[w:English articles|English articles]], a and the. However, they are declined differently according to the number, gender and case of their nouns.
 
* ''Aino buoco rosso'' “a red book” (unmarked)
* ''Aino rosso buoco'' “a book that is red” (marked)
 
Adjectives are inflected for case, gender and number, the paradigmata are identical to the nominal paradigmata.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Number
! rowspan=2| Number
! Case
! rowspan=2| Case
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
!colspan=3| Indefinite
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
!colspan=3| Definite
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
|-
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! {{small|masculine}}
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
! {{small|masculine}}
! {{small|feminine}}
! {{small|neuter}}
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| rosso
| aeno
| rossa
| aena
| rossȯ
| aenȯ
| felice
| il
| polchar
| la
| lata, ata
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| rossȯ
| aenȯ
| rossa
| aena
| rossȯ
| aenȯ
| felice
| lȯ
| polchare
| la
| lata, ata
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| rossȧ
| aenȧ
| rossȧ
| aenȧ
| rossȧ
| aenȧ
| felici
| lȧ
| polchari
| lȧ
| lȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| rossi
| aeni
| rossai
| aenae
| rossi
| aeni
| felici
| ġli, i
| polchari
| ġli, i
| ġli, i
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| rossi
| aeni
| rossai
| aenae
| rossa
| aena
| felici
| ġli, i
| polchari
| lae
| la
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| rossos
| aenos
| rossas
| aenas
| rossa
| aena
| felices
| los
| polchares
| las
| la
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| rossom
| aenom
| rossam
| aenam
| rossom
| aenom
| felicivo
| lom
| polcharivo
| lam
| lom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| rossoro
| aenoro
| rossaro
| aenaro
| rossoro
| aenoro
| felicem
| loro
| polcharem
| loro
| loro
|}
|}


Luthic has two grammatical constructions for expressing comparison: comparative and superlative. The suffixes ''-izo'' (the “comparative”) and ''-issimo'' (the “superlative”) are of Indo-European origin and are cognate with the Latin suffixes [[wikt:-ior|''-ior'']] and [[wikt:-issimus|''-issimus'']] and Ancient Greek [[wikt:-ίων|''-ῑ́ων'']] (''-īōn'') and [[wikt:-ιστος|''-ῐστος'']] (''-istos''). This system also contains a number of irregular forms, mainly because of [[wikt:Suppletion|suppletion]].
===Adjectives===
In Luthic, an adjective can be placed before or after the noun. The [[w:Markedness|unmarked]] placement for most adjectives is after the noun. Placing the adjective after the noun can alter its meaning or indicate [[w:Restrictiveness|restrictiveness]] of reference.


Regular examples are:
* ''Aeno buoco rosso'' “a red book” (unmarked)
* ''Aeno rosso buoco'' “a book that is red” (marked)


* ''rosso'' “red” > ''rossizo'' “redder”
Adjectives are inflected for case, gender and number, the paradigmata are identical to the nominal paradigmata.
* ''rosso'' “red” > ''rossissimo'' “reddest”
* ''polchar'' “beautiful” > ''polcharizo'' “more beautiful”
* ''polchar'' “beautiful” > ''polcharissimo'' “most beautiful”
 
Irregular examples are:
 
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betizo'' “better”
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betissimo'' “best”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vairsizo'' “worse”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vairsissimo'' “worst”


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Comparative'''
|-
|-
! Number
! Number
Line 1,851: Line 2,012:
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -izo
| rosso
| -iza
| rossa
| -izȯ
| rossȯ
| felice
| polchar
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -izȯ
| rossȯ
| -iza
| rossa
| -izȯ
| rossȯ
| felice
| polchare
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| -izȧ
| rossȧ
| -izȧ
| rossȧ
| -izȧ
| rossȧ
| felici
| polchari
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -izi
| rossi
| -izai
| rossae
| -izi
| rossi
| felici
| polchari
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -izi
| rossi
| -izai
| rossae
| -iza
| rossa
| felici
| polchari
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -izos
| rossos
| -izas
| rossas
| -iza
| rossa
| felices
| polchares
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| -izom
| rossom
| -izam
| rossam
| -izom
| rossom
| felicivo
| polcharivo
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -izoro
| rossoro
| -izaro
| rossaro
| -izoro
| rossoro
| felicem
| polcharem
|}
|}
Luthic has two grammatical constructions for expressing comparison: comparative and superlative. The suffixes ''-izo'' (the “comparative”) and ''-issimo'' (the “superlative”) are of Indo-European origin and are cognate with the Latin suffixes [[wikt:-ior|''-ior'']] and [[wikt:-issimus|''-issimus'']] and Ancient Greek [[wikt:-ίων|''-ῑ́ων'']] (''-īōn'') and [[wikt:-ιστος|''-ῐστος'']] (''-istos''). This system also contains a number of irregular forms, mainly because of [[wikt:Suppletion|suppletion]].
Regular examples are:
* ''rosso'' “red” > ''rossizo'' “redder”
* ''rosso'' “red” > ''rossissimo'' “reddest”
* ''polchar'' “beautiful” > ''polcharizo'' “more beautiful”
* ''polchar'' “beautiful” > ''polcharissimo'' “most beautiful”
Irregular examples are:
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betizo'' “better”
* ''buono'' “good” > ''betissimo'' “best”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vaersizo'' “worse”
* ''malo'' “bad” > ''vaersissimo'' “worst”


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Superlative'''
|+ '''Comparative'''
|-
|-
! Number
! Number
Line 1,907: Line 2,102:
!rowspan=4| Singular
!rowspan=4| Singular
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -issimo
| -izo
| -issima
| -iza
| -issimȯ
| -izȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -issimȯ
| -izȯ
| -issima
| -iza
| -issimȯ
| -izȯ
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| -issimȧ
| -izȧ
| -issimȧ
| -izȧ
| -issimȧ
| -izȧ
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -issimi
| -izi
| -issimai
| -izae
| -issimi
| -izi
|-
|-
!rowspan=4| Plural
!rowspan=4| Plural
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -issimi
| -izi
| -issimai
| -izae
| -issima
| -iza
|-
|-
! {{small|acc.}}
! {{small|acc.}}
| -issimos
| -izos
| -issimas
| -izas
| -issima
| -iza
|-
|-
! {{small|dat.}}
! {{small|dat.}}
| -issimom
| -izom
| -issimam
| -izam
| -issimom
| -izom
|-
|-
! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -issimoro
| -izoro
| -issimaro
| -izaro
| -issimoro
| -izoro
|}
|}


===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+Standard Luthic numbers
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Cardinal
! colspan="2" | Ordinal
|-
|-
! Word
|+ '''Superlative'''
! Declension
! Word
! Declension
|-
|-
! 0
! Number
| zephero
! Case
| o-stem adjective, [[w:Singulare tantum|''singulare tantum'']]
! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
| zepherêsimo
! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
| o-stem adjective
! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
|-
|-
! 1
!rowspan=4| Singular
| aino
! {{small|nom.}}
| o-stem adjective
| -issimo
| fromo
| -issima
| o-stem adjetive
| -issimȯ
|-
|-
! 2
! {{small|acc.}}
| tvi
| -issimȯ
| o-stem adjective, [[w:Plurale tantum|''plurale tantum'']]
| -issima
| anþar
| -issimȯ
| r-stem adjetive
|-
|-
! 3
! {{small|dat.}}
| þreis
| -issimȧ
| indeclinable
| -issimȧ
| þrigiane
| -issimȧ
| i-stem adjetive
|-
|-
! 4
! {{small|gen.}}
| fidvor
| -issimi
| indeclinable
| -issimae
| fidvorêsimo
| -issimi
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
! 5
!rowspan=4| Plural
| fimfe
! {{small|nom.}}
| indeclinable
| -issimi
| fimfêsimo
| -issimae
| o-stem adjective
| -issima
|-
|-
! 6
! {{small|acc.}}
| sê
| -issimos
| indeclinable
| -issimas
| sesto
| -issima
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
! 7
! {{small|dat.}}
| siu
| -issimom
| indeclinable
| -issimam
| siudo
| -issimom
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
! 8
! {{small|gen.}}
| attau
| -issimoro
| indeclinable
| -issimaro
| attudo
| -issimoro
| o-stem adjective
|}
 
===Numerals===
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|+Standard Luthic numbers
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Cardinal
! colspan="2" | Ordinal
|-
|-
! 9
! Word
| niu
! Declension
| indeclinable
! Word
| niudo
! Declension
|-
! 0
| zephero
| o-stem adjective, [[w:Singulare tantum|''singulare tantum'']]
| zepherêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
! 10
! 1
| ziu
| aeno
| indeclinable
| ziudo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
| fromo
| o-stem adjetive
|-
|-
! 11
! 2
| aillefe
| tvi
| o-stem adjective, [[w:Plurale tantum|''plurale tantum'']]
| anþar
| r-stem adjetive
|-
! 3
| þreis
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aillefto
| þrigiane
| o-stem adjective
| i-stem adjetive
|-
|-
! 12
! 4
| tvelefe
| fidvor
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| tvelefto
| fidvorêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
! 13
! 5
| þreiziu
| fimfe
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| þreiziudo
| fimfêsimo
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 6
| sê
| indeclinable
| sesto
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 7
| siu
| indeclinable
| siudo
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 8
| attau
| indeclinable
| attudo
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 9
| niu
| indeclinable
| niudo
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 10
| ziu
| indeclinable
| ziudo
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 11
| aellefe
| indeclinable
| aellefto
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 12
| tvelefe
| indeclinable
| tvelefto
| o-stem adjective
|-
! 13
| þreiziu
| indeclinable
| þreiziudo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,076: Line 2,324:
|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| aindivinta
| aendivinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindivintêsimo
| aendivintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,094: Line 2,342:
|-
|-
! 29
! 29
| aindiþreinta
| aendiþreinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindiþreintêsimo
| aendiþreintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,112: Line 2,360:
|-
|-
! 39
! 39
| aindifidvorinta
| aendifidvorinta
| indeclinable
| indeclinable
| aindifidvorintêsimo
| aendifidvorintêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,160: Line 2,408:
|-
|-
! 99
! 99
| aindihondo
| aendihondo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
| aindihondêsimo
| aendihondêsimo
| o-stem adjective
| o-stem adjective
|-
|-
Line 2,172: Line 2,420:
|}
|}


* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aina vece'' “once”, ''tvai veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:adverbial number|Adverbial numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''vece'': ''aena vece'' “once”, ''tvae veci'' “twice”.
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþo'': ''aino falþo'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''ainfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:multiplier number|Multiplier numbers]] are formed together with the noun ''falþo'': ''aeno falþo'' “single, onefold”, ''hondi falþi'' “centuple, hundredfold”. This noun was originally a suffix, compare Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃|𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃]] (''aenfalþs''), English [[wikt:onefold|''onefold'']], Icelandic [[wikt:einfaldur|''einfaldur'']].
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleico'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:distributive number|Distributive numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''falþoleico'': ''þreis falþoleici'' “triply”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somo'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
* [[wikt:collective number|Collective numbers]] are formed together with the adjective ''somo'': ''tvelefe somi'' “dozen”.
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|}
|}


:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvaihondai'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>α</sup> Both elements are declinable, e.g. ''tvaehondae'', ''tvahonda'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>β</sup> Only the last element is declinable, e.g. ''tvihondêsima'', ''tvihondêsimoro'';
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
:: <sup>γ</sup> The first element is indeclinable;
Line 2,352: Line 2,600:
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.
Combinations of a hundred and a lower number are expressed by just placing them together, with the hundred coming first.


* 111 ''hondoaillefe''  
* 111 ''hondoaellefe''  
* 164 ''hondosessantafidvor''
* 164 ''hondosessantafidvor''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
* 225 ''tvihondivintafimfe''
Line 2,360: Line 2,608:


* 1 066 ''mille sessantasê''
* 1 066 ''mille sessantasê''
* 9 011 ''niumilli aillefe''
* 9 011 ''niumilli aellefe''
* 61 500 ''sessanta·ainomilli fimfehondi''  
* 61 500 ''sessanta·aenomilli fimfehondi''  
* 123 456 ''hondivintaþreismilli fidvorhondifimfintasê''
* 123 456 ''hondivintaþreismilli fidvorhondifimfintasê''


Line 2,367: Line 2,615:


* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 123 456 789 ''hondivintaþreis millioni fidvorhondifimfintasêhondi siuhondiniunta·attau''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreishondivinta·aino''
* 10 987 654 321 ''ziu milliardi niuhondi·attantasiumillioni sehondifimfintafidvorhondi þreishondivinta·aeno''


When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:
When alone, numbers are always in the masculine gender, however numbers always agree in gender and in case (if declinable) with the head noun. For example:


* ''aino vaire'' (“one man”)
* ''aeno vaere'' (“one man”)
* ''aina qena'' (“one woman”)
* ''aena qena'' (“one woman”)
* ''aino harge hondom vairivo'' (“an army [composed] of hundred men”)
* ''aeno harge hondom vaerivo'' (“an army [composed] of hundred men”)
* ''il meino hareme hâþ tvashondas qenas'' (“my harem has two hundred women”)
* ''il meino hareme hâþ tvashondas qenas'' (“my harem has two hundred women”)


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''tvihondi, tvaihondai, tvahonda'''
|+ '''tvihondi, tvaehondae, tvahonda'''
! Number
! Number
! Case
! Case
Line 2,389: Line 2,637:
! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| tvihondi
| tvihondi
| tvaihondai
| tvaehondae
| tvahonda
| tvahonda
|-
|-
Line 2,460: Line 2,708:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">is</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">is</span>
| ''is''
| ''is''
| ''haïs''
| ''hais''
| ''gâs''
| ''gâs''
| ''staïs''
| ''stais''
| ''taugis''
| ''taugis''
|-
|-
Line 2,482: Line 2,730:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">imos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">imos</span>
| ''ismos''
| ''ismos''
| ''haimos''
| ''haemos''
| ''gamos''
| ''gamos''
| ''stamos''
| ''stamos''
Line 2,493: Line 2,741:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ites</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ites</span>
| ''istes''
| ''istes''
| ''haites''
| ''haetes''
| ''gates''
| ''gates''
| ''states''
| ''states''
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|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aa</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">asa</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">esa</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">esa</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">osa</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">osa</span>
Line 2,695: Line 2,943:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ara</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ara</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaira''
| ''abbaera''
| ''vadara''
| ''vadara''
| —
| —
Line 2,706: Line 2,954:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">asa</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">asa</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaisa''
| ''abbaesa''
| ''vadasa''
| ''vadasa''
| —
| —
Line 2,717: Line 2,965:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ada</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ada</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbaida''
| ''abbaeda''
| ''vadada''
| ''vadada''
| ''stiada''
| ''stiada''
Line 2,728: Line 2,976:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| —
| —
Line 2,739: Line 2,987:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| —
| —
Line 2,750: Line 2,998:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">anda</span>
| —
| —
| ''abbainda''
| ''abbaenda''
| ''andianda''
| ''andianda''
| ''stianda''
| ''stianda''
Line 2,926: Line 3,174:


====Present perfect====
====Present perfect====
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvairsoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''egġiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvairsovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).
The present perfect is used for single actions or events (''sa maurgina im ganato a scuola'' “I went to school this morning”), or change in state (''sic ist þvaersoto can ata iȧ hô rogiato'' “he got angry when I told him that”), contrasting with the imperfect which is used for habits (''egġiavȯ biciclettȧ a scuola alla maurgina'' “I used to go to school by bike every morning”), or repeated actions, not happening at a specific time (''sic þvaersovat alla vece ei, giuvedar can ata iȧ rogiavat'' “he got angry every time someone told him that”).


=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
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! {{small|gen.}}
! {{small|gen.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atai, -utai, -otai, -itai
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
|-
|-
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! {{small|nom.}}
! {{small|nom.}}
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -ati, -uti, -oti, -iti
| -atai, -utai, -otai, -itai
| -atae, -utae, -otae, -itae
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
| -ata, -uta, -ota, -ita
|-
|-
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivȯ</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivȯ</span>
| ''erȯ''
| ''erȯ''
| ''havaidȯ''
| ''havaedȯ''
| ''egġiavȯ''
| ''egġiavȯ''
| st''avȯ''
| st''avȯ''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivas</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivas</span>
| ''eras''
| ''eras''
| ''havaidas''
| ''havaedas''
| ''egġiavas''
| ''egġiavas''
| st''avas''
| st''avas''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivat</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivat</span>
| ''erat''
| ''erat''
| ''havaidat''
| ''havaedat''
| ''egġiavat''
| ''egġiavat''
| st''avat''
| st''avat''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamos</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivamos</span>
| ''eravamos''
| ''eravamos''
| ''havaidamos''
| ''havaedamos''
| ''egġiavamos''
| ''egġiavamos''
| st''avamos''
| st''avamos''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivates</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivates</span>
| ''eravates''
| ''eravates''
| ''havaidates''
| ''havaedates''
| ''egġiavates''
| ''egġiavates''
| st''avates''
| st''avates''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanno</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanno</span>
| eranno
| eranno
| ''havaidanno''
| ''havaedanno''
| ''egġiavanno''
| ''egġiavanno''
| st''avanno''
| st''avanno''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivara</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivara</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidara''
| ''havaedara''
| ''egġiavara''
| ''egġiavara''
| —
| —
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivasa</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivasa</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidasa''
| ''havaedasa''
| ''egġiavasa''
| ''egġiavasa''
| —
| —
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivada</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivada</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidada''
| ''havaedada''
| ''egġiavada''
| ''egġiavada''
| st''avada''
| st''avada''
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| —
| —
Line 3,155: Line 3,403:
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| —
| —
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| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ivanda</span>
| —
| —
| ''havaidanda''
| ''havaedanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| ''egġiavanda''
| st''avanda''
| st''avanda''
Line 3,355: Line 3,603:
|-
|-
! ''ic''
! ''ic''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aï</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">ai</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eï</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eï</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oi</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oi</span>
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| ''fui''
| ''fui''
| ''ebbi''
| ''ebbi''
| ''gaï''
| ''gai''
| ''stetti''
| ''stetti''
| ''tavi''
| ''tavi''
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! ''is''
! ''is''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aut</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aut</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ait</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aet</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">aut</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">aut</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eit</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eit</span>
Line 3,436: Line 3,684:
|-
|-
! ''ic''
! ''ic''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aira</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">aera</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eira</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eira</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oira</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oira</span>
Line 3,442: Line 3,690:
| —
| —
| ''ebbira''
| ''ebbira''
| ''gaïra''
| ''gaira''
| —
| —
| ''tavira''
| ''tavira''
Line 3,459: Line 3,707:
! ''is''
! ''is''
| þagc<span style="color:green">auda</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">auda</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aida</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">aeda</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">auda</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">auda</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eida</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">eida</span>
Line 3,511: Line 3,759:


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
:* ''abbaira þagcato'';
:* ''abbaera þagcato'';
:* ''abbaira qemuto'';
:* ''abbaera qemuto'';
:* ''abbaisa affargiato''.
:* ''abbaesa affargiato''.


=====Conditional preterite=====
=====Conditional preterite=====
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====Future====
====Future====
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''haimos'' and ''haites'' contracted to ''-êmos'' and ''-êtes'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:
The future tense is used for events that will happen in the [[w:Future tense|future]]. It is formed by adding the forms of havere to the infinitive (with ''haemos'' and ''haetes'' contracted to ''-êmos'' and ''-êtes'' respectively). Sometimes the infinitive undergoes some changes:


* It always loses its final ''-e'';
* It always loses its final ''-e'';
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|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">eraïs</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">erais</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">eraïs</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">erais</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">oraïs</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">orais</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">iraïs</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">irais</span>
| ''saraïs''
| ''sarais''
| ''havraïs''
| ''havrais''
| ''andraïs''
| ''andrais''
| ''staraïs''
| ''starais''
| taugi''eraïs''
| taugi''erais''
|-
|-
! ''is''
! ''is''
Line 3,702: Line 3,950:
* '''Active'''
* '''Active'''
:* ''havrô þagcato'';
:* ''havrô þagcato'';
:* ''saraïs holoto''.
:* ''sarais holoto''.


* '''Passive'''
* '''Passive'''
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! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">â</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">â</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ai</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">ae</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">au</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">au</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ei</span>
| dorm<span style="color:purple">ei</span>
| vess''â''
| vess''â''
| hav''ai''
| hav''ae''
| gan''â''
| gan''â''
| st''â''
| st''â''
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| giȧ
| giȧ
| giȧ
| giȧ
| gial’
| gi’
| giom
| giom
| giam
| giam
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| fral·lom
| fral·lom
|}
|}
====Conjunctions====
Most of the Luthic monosyllabic conjunctions and prepositions have preconsonantal and prevocalic variations.
* ''e'' and ''ed''
* ''au'' and ''aud''
* ''a'' and ''ab''
* ''a'' and ''ad''
Intervocalic conjunctions are often reduced, these reductions are however not mandatory:
* ''e'', ''ed'' but ''·d'' if intervocalic
* ''ac'' but ''·c'' if intervocalic
Examples:
* Ic e þû (I and you)
* Ic ed is (I and he)
* Þû·d ic (You and I)
* Is ed ic (He and I)
* Ic au þû? (I or you?)
* Ic aud is? (I or he?)
* Þû·d ic? (You or I?)
* Is aud ic? (He or I?)


===Romance copula===
===Romance copula===
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* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
* '''Ablato-locatival accusative:'''
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qairvaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Extent of space: ''(Is) qaervaut þreis quilometros''. “He walked three kilometres”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidô ainȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t waited for one day”
:* Duration of time: ''(Is) non beidô aenȯ dagȯ''. “He didn’t waited for one day”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
:* Place when: ''Þȯ staþȯ''. “In/on this place”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''Naþ·þȯ staþȯ''. “''id.''”
:* Time when: ''Giainȯ vintrȯ''. “In/at/during that winter”
:* Time when: ''Giaenȯ vintrȯ''. “In/at/during that winter”
:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
:* Within which: ''Leizelas horas (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
::* Sometimes prepositional (dative is used instead): ''Dentro di leizelam horam (is) scolat sveltare''. “Within a few hours he shall die”
Line 4,107: Line 4,379:
:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
:* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
:* Action against: ''La þeina frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
:* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
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* '''Instrumental dative:'''
* '''Instrumental dative:'''
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Instrument: ''(Ic) reizȯ pennȧ''. “I write with a pen”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saiqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Means: ''(Ic) saeqȯ augonivo''. “I see with the eyes”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Impersonal agent: ''Is gadauþada coltellȧ velvi''. “He was killed by the knife of the robber”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managv fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
:* Manner: ''(Ic) fregiȯ þuc managv fregiaþþȧ''. “I love you with many affection”
Line 4,120: Line 4,392:
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
:* Accompaniment: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare friundom''. “I shall come with friends”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare miþ friundom''. “''id.''”
::* Sometimes prepositional: ''(Ic) scolȯ qemare miþ friundom''. “''id.''”
:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo ainom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”
:* Degree of difference: ''(Is) alþezo aenom giarivo''. “He is older by a few years”
:* Quality: ''Aino vaire summȧ honestȧ''. “A man of highest honesty”
:* Quality: ''Aeno vaere summȧ honestȧ''. “A man of highest honesty”




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====Example text====
====Example text====
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
[[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher’s fable]] in Standard Luthic:
: '''La pecora e ġl’aiqqi'''
: '''La pecora e ġl’aeqqi'''


:: Aina pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saicaut somos aiqqos: ainȯ eisôro tiravat ainȯ pesante carrȯ, ainȯ anþerȯ bairavat ainȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed ainȯ anþerȯ transportavat ainȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit al·los aiqqos: “Mic plagget ata hairtene saicando ce il manno trattat l’aiqqos”. Ġl’aiqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saicare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aina veste lȧ vollȧ pecorai, mentre lai pecorai ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.
:: Aena pecora ei, stavat inu vollȧ, saecaut somos aeqqos: aenȯ eisôro tiravat aenȯ pesante carrȯ, aenȯ anþerȯ baeravat aenȯ mêquelȯ caricȯ ed aenȯ anþerȯ transportavat aenȯ mannȯ snele. La pecora rodit al·los aeqqos: “Mic plagget ata haertene saecando ce il manno trattat l’aeqqos”. Ġl’aeqqi rodironno: “Ascoltâ, pecora: faur unse ist penoso saecare ei, il manno, l’unsar siġnore, sic taugit aena veste lȧ vollȧ pecorae, mentre lae pecorae ristonno inu vollȧ”. Dopo ascoltauda þata, la pecora agrȯ fliugat.


:: ''ain-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saic-aut som-os aiqq-os ain-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at ain-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ ain-ȯ anþer-ȯ bair-av-at ain-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed ain-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at ain-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al=l-os aiqq-os mic plagg-et ata hairten-e saic-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aiqq-os ġl=aiqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saic-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it ain-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ai mentre l-ai pecor-ai rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''
:: ''aen-a pecor-a ei st-avat inu voll-ȧ saec-aut som-os aeqq-os aen-ȯ eis-ôro tir-av-at aen-ȯ pesant-e carr-ȯ aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ baer-av-at aen-ȯ mêquel-ȯ caric-ȯ ed aen-ȯ anþer-ȯ transport-av-at aen-ȯ mann-ȯ snel-e l-a pecor-a rod-it al=l-os aeqq-os mic plagg-et ata haerten-e saec-ando ce il mann-o tratt-at l=aeqq-os ġl=aeqq-i rod-ironno ascolt-â pecor-a faur uns-e ist penos-o saec-are ei il mann-o l=unsar siġnor-e sic taug-it aen-a vest-e l-ȧ voll-ȧ pecor-ae mentre l-ae pecor-ae rist-onno inu voll-ȧ dopo ascolt-au-da þata l-a pecor-a agr-ȯ fliug-at''


:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>
:: a<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> that be<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> see<small>-PRF.3SG</small> some<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> they<small>-GEN.M.PL</small> pull<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> wagon<small>-ACC.SG</small> one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> bring<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> big<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> load<small>-ACC.SG</small> and one<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> other<small>-ACC.SG</small> carry<small>-IMPF.3SG</small> a<small>-ACC.M.SG</small> man<small>-ACC.SG</small> fast<small>-ADVR</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> say<small>-PRF.3SG</small> to<small>=</small>the<small>-ACC.M.PL</small> horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> I<small>.ACC.SG</small> pain<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.N.SG</small> heart<small>-ACC.SG</small> see<small>-GRD</small> how the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> manage<small>-PRS.3SG</small> the<small>-ACC.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-ACC.PL</small> the<small>-NOM.M.PL=</small>horse<small>-NOM.PL</small> say<small>-PRF.3PL</small> hear<small>-IMP.2SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> for us<small>.ACC.PL</small> be<small>-PRS.3SG</small> pitiful see<small>-INF</small> that the<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> man<small>-NOM.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.M.SG=</small>our<small>-NOM.M.SG</small> lord<small>-NOM.SG</small> do<small>-PRS.3R.SG</small> a<small>-ACC.F.SG</small> garnment<small>-ACC.SG</small> the<small>-DAT.F.SG</small> wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> sheep<small>-GEN.SG</small> whereas the<small>-NOM.F.PL</small> sheep<small>-NOM.PL</small> remain<small>-PRS.3PL</small> without wool<small>-DAT.SG</small> after hear<small>-IMPF.PASS.3SG</small> that<small>.ACC.N.SG</small> the<small>-NOM.F.SG</small> sheep<small>-NOM.SG</small> field<small>-ACC.SG</small> flee<small>-PRS.3SG</small>


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]]
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area, however, a major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area, however, a major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').


Line 4,151: Line 4,424:
:* ''hemenȯ'', ''hemena'' [çeˈme.no çeˈme.nɐ] > ''emen'', ''emena'' [e.men e.me.nɐ];
:* ''hemenȯ'', ''hemena'' [çeˈme.no çeˈme.nɐ] > ''emen'', ''emena'' [e.men e.me.nɐ];


* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ai /ɛ/ > ai /ɐj/, au /ɔ/ > au /aw/, ei /i/ > ei /ɐj/:
* '''Vowel fracture:''' Luthic strong vowels become diphthongs, ae /ɛ/ > ai /ɐj/, au /ɔ/ > au /aw/, ei /i/ > ei /ɐj/:
:* ''aino'' [ˈɛ.nu] > ''ain'' [ɐjn];
:* ''aeno'' [ˈɛ.nu] > ''ain'' [ɐjn];
:* ''hauviþȯ'', ''hauviþa'' [ˈhɔ.vi.θo ˈhɔ.vi.θɐ] > ''auvit'', ''auvita'' [ɐw.vit ɐw.vi.tɐ];
:* ''hauviþȯ'', ''hauviþa'' [ˈhɔ.vi.θo ˈhɔ.vi.θɐ] > ''auvit'', ''auvita'' [ɐw.vit ɐw.vi.tɐ];
:* ''þeino'' [ˈθi.nu] > ''tein'' [tɐjn].
:* ''þeino'' [ˈθi.nu] > ''tein'' [tɐjn].
Line 4,161: Line 4,434:


* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
* '''Loss of untressed final vowels and terminal devoicing:''' Every unstressed vowel is dropped, except in plurals and monosyllabic words; terminal consonants are devoiced (except if sonorants):
:* ''geva'', ''gevai'' [ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ ˈd͡ʒe.vɛ] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [ʒef ʒe.ve];
:* ''geva'', ''gevae'' [ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ ˈd͡ʒe.vɛ] > ''gef'', ''geve'' [ʒef ʒe.ve];
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [mɐˈna.ɣ˕u mɐˈna.d͡ʒi] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi].
:* ''manago'', ''managi'' [mɐˈna.ɣ˕u mɐˈna.d͡ʒi] > ''manac'', ''managi'' [mɐ.nɐk mɐ.nɐ.ʒi].


Line 4,189: Line 4,462:
La þiudanagarda þeina qemit;
La þiudanagarda þeina qemit;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana airþa.
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Il claifo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Line 4,197: Line 4,470:
Faur þuc ist þiudanagardȧ,
Faur þuc ist þiudanagardȧ,
E lȧ forzȧ, lȧ gloriȧ,
E lȧ forzȧ, lȧ gloriȧ,
Faur saicla saicloro. Amen.
Faur saecla saecloro. Amen.
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
Line 4,406: Line 4,679:
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].


==Vocabulary==
===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
It is generally stated that Luthic has around 370,000 words, or 410,000 if [[w:Archaism|obsolete words]] are counted, however 98% of the Luthic used today consists of only 5,800 words.
<div style="float:right; width:35%; padding:15px; background: #f5f8ff; border: 1px solid blue; margin-left:8px; margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:15px; text-align:center; font-size: small">
:''"… I say, then, that perhaps those are not wrong who claim that the Bolognese speak a more beautiful language than most, especially since they take many features of their own speech from that of the people who live around them, in Imola, Ferrara and Modena I believe that everybody does this with respect to his own neighbours.... So the above-mentioned citizens of Bologna take a soft, yielding quality from those of Imola, and from the people of Ferrara and Modena, on the other hand, a certain abruptness which is more typical of the Lombards.... If, then, the Bolognese take from all sides, as I have said, it seems reasonable to suggest that their language, tempered by the combination of opposites mentioned above, should achieve a praiseworthy degree of elegance; and this, in my opinion, is beyond doubt true."''<br/> ([[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], [[w:De vulgari eloquentia|''De vulgari eloquentia'']] - ''Liber I'', xv, 2-5)
</div>
Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family:


[[File:Luthic lexis.png|thumb|Luthic’s core lexicon (3,172 wors), Lucia Giamane (2016)]]
* /h ç/ are fully lost, however spelling remains the same;
A 2016 statistic by Lucia Giamane is based on 3,172 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Luthic language. This statistic gives the percentages below:
* /ʁ ɾ/ merge as /r/ and /ʀ/ is reanalised as /rː/;
* /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are fully merged with /t͡s d͡z/.


* 1,200 words inherited from Gothic;
Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
* 953 words inherited from Latin;
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"
* 510 words, academic loanwords from Latin;
|+Raising-type metaphony
* 133 words borrowed from Italian;
! Unaffected !! Mutated
* 125 words borrowed from West Germanic, such as Frankish, Langobardic and Standard High German;
|-
* 101 words formed in Luthic;
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmit.tis/]] “you put”
* 98 words borrowed from French;
|-
* 52 words borrowed from Greek.
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.reθ/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ris/]] “you die”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)”
|}


Luthic has approximately 2,000 uncompounded words inherited from Proto-Indo-European. These were inherited via:
====Phonology====
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, however it has fewer consonant phonemes, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects.


* 45% Germanic;
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
* 43% Italic, Romance;
|-
* 8% Celtic;
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic'''
* 2% Hellenic;
|-
* 2% Uncertain.
!rowspan="2"|
 
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective:
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
 
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
* finger: ''dito'' / ''digitale'' from Latin [[wikt:digitus#Latin|''digitus'']] / [[wikt:digitalis#Latin|''digitālis'']];
|-
* faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']];
!{{small|oral}}
* foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']].
!{{small|nasal}}
 
!{{small|oral}}
There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs with slightly different meanings:
!{{small|nasal}}
 
!{{small|oral}}
* thing / cause: ''cosa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']];
!{{small|nasal}}
* bull / calf: ''toro'' / ''taüro'' from Latin [[wikt:taurus#Latin|''taurus'']];
|-
* chilled / frozen: ''freddo'' / ''frigido'' from Latin [[wikt:frigidus#Latin|''frīgidus'']].
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
 
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
===Insertional code-switching===
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or [[w:Variety (linguistics)|language varieties]], in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from [[w:Plurilingualism|plurilingualism]] in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages, while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together.
|
 
|
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
 
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il natto stâþ scauno. Lai stairna sceinanno e la luna stâþ folla.
|-
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il natto '''ai bello'''. '''Le stelle''' ~ '''lai stellai''' sceinanno e la luna '''ai piena'''.
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ai'' stand for /ɛ/.
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
 
|colspan="2"|
The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure.
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
 
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
===Swadesh list===
|-
The [[w:Swadesh list|'''Swadesh list''']] ([[w:IPA:Help|/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/]]) is a compilation of tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of [[w:lexicostatistics|lexicostatistics]]. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after linguist [[w:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]]. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and [[w:glottochronology|glottochronology]] (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
 
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.
|
 
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|+ Standard Luthic Swadesh list
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
!colspan="4"|Swadesh list
|
|-
|-
| '''1.''' ic [iç] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [ˈstɛk.kɐ] “stick” || '''105.''' flairare [flɛˈʁa.ɾe] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [ˈsab.bjɐ] “sand”
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|-
|colspan="2"|
| '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' acranȯ [aˈkɾa.no] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [oˈɡa.ɾe] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [ˈmɔl.dɐ] “dust”
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|-
|
| '''3.''' is [is] “he” ia [jɐ] “she” ata [a.θɐ] “it” || '''55.''' seme [ˈse.me] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [sleˈfa.ɾe] “sleep” || '''159.''' airþa [ˈɛɾ.t͡θɐ] “earth”
|colspan="2"|
|-
|}
| '''4.''' vi [vi] “we” || '''56.''' laufo [ˈlɔ.fu] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [viˈve.ɾe] “to live” || '''160.''' molmano [mɔlˈma.nu] “sand”
 
|-
 
| '''5.''' gi [d͡ʒi] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [ˈvɔɾ.te] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [zvɛlˈta.ɾe] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [ˈne.ʋo.lɐ] “fog”
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
| '''6.''' eis [ˈis] isai [iˈsɛ] eis [ˈis] “they” || '''58.''' renda [ˈʁɛn.dɐ] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [dɔˈθa.ɾe] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [heˈme.nu] “sky”
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
| '''7.''' so [su] sa [sɐ] þata [θɐ.θɐ] “this” || '''59.''' bloma [ˈblo.mɐ] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [lotˈta.ɾe] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendo [ˈven.du] “wind”
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
|-
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| '''8.''' este [ˈes.te] esta [ˈes.tɐ] estȯ [ˈes.to] “that” || '''60.''' herba [ˈhɛɾ.bɐ] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [kɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to hunt”  || '''164.''' neve [ˈnɛ.ve] “snow”
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
|-
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| '''9.''' her [heɾ] “here” || '''61.''' corda [ˈkɔɾ.dɐ] “rope” || '''113.''' blegguare [bleɡˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to hit” || '''165.''' glacciȯ [ˈɡlat.t͡ʃo] “ice”
! colspan=2| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
|-
| '''10.''' þar [θɐɾ] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [ˈpɛl.le] “skin” || '''114.''' taġliare [tɐʎˈʎa.re] “to cut” || '''166.''' fumo [ˈfu.mu] “smoke”
! {{small|plain}}
|-
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}
| '''11.''' qo [kʷu] qa [kʷɐ] qȯ [kʷo]  “who” || '''63.''' carne [ˈkaɾ.ne] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [ʃinˈde.ɾe] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [ˈfo.nɐ] “fire”
|-
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| '''12.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [ˈsaŋʷ.ɡʷe] “blood” || '''116.''' poġnalare [poɲ.ɲɐˈla.ɾe] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [ˈaz.ɡɐ] “ash”
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
|-
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
| '''13.''' car [kɐɾ] “where” || '''65.''' beine [ˈbi.ne] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [kɾɐtˈt͡so.ɾe] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [bruˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to burn”
|
|-
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| '''14.''' can [kɐn] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [ˈɡɾas.sɐ] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [ɡɾɐˈva.ɾe] “to dig” || '''170.''' strada [ˈstɾa.ð̞ɐ] “road”
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|-
| [[w:Labialization|(ŋʷ)]]
| '''15.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “how” || '''67.''' uovȯ [ˈwo.vo] “egg” || '''119.''' svemmare [zvẽˈma.ɾe] “to swim” || '''171.''' bairgana [ˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.nɐ] “mountain”
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|pʰ]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|tʰ]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]
| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| [[w:Labialization|ɡʷ]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|(p͡f)]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] [[w:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate|(t͡θ)]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|colspan=2|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|(ʋ)]]
| [[w:Voiced dental approximant|(ð̞)]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar approximant|(ɣ˕)]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|}
 
==Vocabulary==
It is generally stated that Luthic has around 370,000 words, or 410,000 if [[w:Archaism|obsolete words]] are counted, however 98% of the Luthic used today consists of only 5,800 words.
 
[[File:Luthic lexis.png|thumb|Luthic’s core lexicon (3,172 wors), Lucia Giamane (2016)]]
A 2016 statistic by Lucia Giamane is based on 3,172 words chosen on the criteria of frequency, semantic richness and productivity, which also contain words formed on the territory of the Luthic language. This statistic gives the percentages below:
 
* 1,200 words inherited from Gothic;
* 953 words inherited from Latin;
* 510 words, academic loanwords from Latin;
* 133 words borrowed from Italian;
* 125 words borrowed from West Germanic, such as Frankish, Langobardic and Standard High German;
* 101 words formed in Luthic;
* 98 words borrowed from French;
* 52 words borrowed from Greek.
 
Luthic has approximately 2,000 uncompounded words inherited from Proto-Indo-European. These were inherited via:
 
* 45% Germanic;
* 43% Italic, Romance;
* 8% Celtic;
* 2% Hellenic;
* 2% Uncertain.
 
A single etymological root appears in Luthic in a native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from Classical Latin. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective:
 
* finger: ''dito'' / ''digitale'' from Latin [[wikt:digitus#Latin|''digitus'']] / [[wikt:digitalis#Latin|''digitālis'']];
* faith: ''fê'' (stem ''fed-'') / ''fidele'' from Latin [[wikt:fides#Latin|''fidēs'']] / [[wikt:fidelis#Latin|''fidēlis'']];
* foot: ''piê'' (stem ''pied-'') / ''pedale'' from [[wikt:pes#Latin|''pēs'']] / [[wikt:pedalis#Latin|''pedālis'']].
 
There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs with slightly different meanings:
 
* thing / cause: ''cosa'' / ''caüsa'' from Latin [[wikt:causa#Latin|''causa'']];
* bull / calf: ''toro'' / ''taüro'' from Latin [[wikt:taurus#Latin|''taurus'']];
* chilled / frozen: ''freddo'' / ''frigido'' from Latin [[wikt:frigidus#Latin|''frīgidus'']].
 
===Insertional code-switching===
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or [[w:Variety (linguistics)|language varieties]], in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from [[w:Plurilingualism|plurilingualism]] in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages, while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together.
 
'''Insertional code-switching''' is often referred to as “borrowing” or “tag-switching”, when lexical items from a secondary language are introduced into the primary language. These loan words are partially or fully assimilated into the secondary language, conforming to its phonological and morphological structure. Insertional code-switching serves a “pragmatic purpose, acting as sentence enhancers or indicating the speaker's attitude towards the context of an utterance.”
 
* '''Standard Luthic:''' Il natto stâþ scauno. Lae staerna sceinanno e la luna stâþ folla.
* '''Standard Italian:''' La notte è bella. Le stelle brillano e la luna è piena.
* '''Insertional code-swicthing''': Il natto '''ae bello'''. '''Le stelle''' ~ '''lae stellae''' sceinanno e la luna '''ae piena'''.
*: Note that both ''è'' and ''ae'' stand for /ɛ/.
 
The borrowed words can be integrated into the host language either partially or entirely, taking into account their phonological and morphological structure.
 
===Swadesh list===
The [[w:Swadesh list|'''Swadesh list''']] ([[w:IPA:Help|/ˈswɑːdɛʃ/]]) is a compilation of tentatively universal concepts for the purposes of [[w:lexicostatistics|lexicostatistics]]. Translations of the Swadesh list into a set of languages allow researchers to quantify the interrelatedness of those languages. The Swadesh list is named after linguist [[w:Morris Swadesh|Morris Swadesh]]. It is used in lexicostatistics (the quantitative assessment of the genealogical relatedness of languages) and [[w:glottochronology|glottochronology]] (the dating of language divergence). Because there are several different lists, some authors also refer to "Swadesh lists".
 
The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952.
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Standard Luthic Swadesh list
!colspan="4"|Swadesh list
|-
| '''1.''' ic [iç] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [ˈstɛk.kɐ] “stick” || '''105.''' flaerare [flɛˈʁa.ɾe] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [ˈsab.bjɐ] “sand”
|-
| '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' acranȯ [ɐˈkɾa.no] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [oˈɡa.ɾe] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [ˈmɔl.dɐ] “dust”
|-
| '''3.''' is [is] “he” ia [jɐ] “she” ata [a.θɐ] “it” || '''55.''' seme [ˈse.me] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [sleˈfa.ɾe] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [ˈɛɾ.t͡θɐ] “earth”
|-
| '''4.''' vi [vi] “we” || '''56.''' laufo [ˈlɔ.fu] “leaf” || '''108.''' vivere [viˈve.ɾe] “to live” || '''160.''' molmano [mɔlˈma.nu] “sand”
|-
| '''5.''' gi [d͡ʒi] “you” ||''' 57.''' vaurte [ˈvɔɾ.te] “root” || '''109.''' sveltare [zvɛlˈta.ɾe] “to die” || '''161.''' nêbola [ˈne.ʋo.lɐ] “fog”
|-
| '''6.''' eis [ˈis] isae [iˈsɛ] eis [ˈis] “they” || '''58.''' renda [ˈʁɛn.dɐ] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [dɔˈθa.ɾe] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [heˈme.nu] “sky”
|-
| '''7.''' so [su] sa [sɐ] þata [θɐ.θɐ] “this” || '''59.''' blomna [ˈblom.nɐ] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [lotˈta.ɾe] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendo [ˈven.du] “wind”
|-
| '''8.''' este [ˈes.te] esta [ˈes.tɐ] estȯ [ˈes.to] “that” || '''60.''' herba [ˈhɛɾ.bɐ] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [kɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to hunt”  || '''164.''' neve [ˈnɛ.ve] “snow”
|-
| '''9.''' her [heɾ] “here” || '''61.''' corda [ˈkɔɾ.dɐ] “rope” || '''113.''' blegguare [bleɡˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to hit” || '''165.''' glacciȯ [ˈɡlat.t͡ʃo] “ice”
|-
| '''10.''' þar [θɐɾ] “there” || '''62.''' pelle [ˈpɛl.le] “skin” || '''114.''' taġliare [tɐʎˈʎa.re] “to cut” || '''166.''' fumo [ˈfu.mu] “smoke”
|-
| '''11.''' qo [kʷu] qa [kʷɐ] qȯ [kʷo]  “who” || '''63.''' carne [ˈkaɾ.ne] “meat” || '''115.''' scindere [ʃinˈde.ɾe] “to split” || '''167.''' fona [ˈfo.nɐ] “fire”
|-
| '''12.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “what” || '''64.''' saggue [ˈsaŋʷ.ɡʷe] “blood” || '''116.''' poġnalare [poɲ.ɲɐˈla.ɾe] “to stab” || '''168.''' asga [ˈaz.ɡɐ] “ash”
|-
| '''13.''' car [kɐɾ] “where” || '''65.''' beine [ˈbi.ne] “bone” || '''117.''' crazzore [kɾɐtˈt͡so.ɾe] “to scratch” || '''169.''' bruciare [bruˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to burn”
|-
| '''14.''' can [kɐn] “when” || '''66.''' grassa [ˈɡɾas.sɐ] “fat” || '''118.''' gravare [ɡɾɐˈva.ɾe] “to dig” || '''170.''' strada [ˈstɾa.ð̞ɐ] “road”
|-
| '''15.''' ce [t͡ʃe] “how” || '''67.''' uovȯ [ˈwo.vo] “egg” || '''119.''' svemmare [zvẽˈma.ɾe] “to swim” || '''171.''' baergana [ˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.nɐ] “mountain”
|-
|-
| '''16.''' non [non] “not” || '''68.''' haurnȯ [ˈhɔɾ.no] “horn” || '''120.''' fliugare [fljuˈɡa.ɾe] “to fly” || '''172.''' rosso [ˈʁɔs.su] “red”
| '''16.''' non [non] “not” || '''68.''' haurnȯ [ˈhɔɾ.no] “horn” || '''120.''' fliugare [fljuˈɡa.ɾe] “to fly” || '''172.''' rosso [ˈʁɔs.su] “red”
Line 4,504: Line 4,957:
| '''21.''' anþero [ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾu] “other” || '''73.''' oreccla [oˈʁek.klɐ] “ear” || '''125.''' stare [ˈsta.ɾe]. “stand” || '''177.''' natto [ˈnat.tu] “night”
| '''21.''' anþero [ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾu] “other” || '''73.''' oreccla [oˈʁek.klɐ] “ear” || '''125.''' stare [ˈsta.ɾe]. “stand” || '''177.''' natto [ˈnat.tu] “night”
|-
|-
| '''22.''' aino [ˈɛ.nu] “one” || '''74.''' augonȯ [ˈɔ.ɣ˕o.no] “eye” || '''126.''' girare [d͡ʒiˈʁa.ɾe] “to turn” || '''178.''' dago [ˈda.ɣ˕u] “day”
| '''22.''' aeno [ˈɛ.nu] “one” || '''74.''' augonȯ [ˈɔ.ɣ˕o.no] “eye” || '''126.''' girare [d͡ʒiˈʁa.ɾe] “to turn” || '''178.''' dago [ˈda.ɣ˕u] “day”
|-
|-
| '''23.''' tvi [ˈtvi] “two” || '''75.''' naso [ˈna.zu] “nose” || '''127.''' driusare [dɾjuˈza.ɾe] “to fall” || '''179.''' giar [d͡ʒɐɾ] “year”
| '''23.''' tvi [ˈtvi] “two” || '''75.''' naso [ˈna.zu] “nose” || '''127.''' driusare [dɾjuˈza.ɾe] “to fall” || '''179.''' giar [d͡ʒɐɾ] “year”
Line 4,524: Line 4,977:
| '''31.''' pesante [peˈzan.te] “heavy” || '''83.''' mano [ˈma.nu] “hand” || '''135.''' spiggere [spiŋˈɡe.ɾe] “to push” || '''187.''' macio [ˈma.t͡ʃu] “rotten”
| '''31.''' pesante [peˈzan.te] “heavy” || '''83.''' mano [ˈma.nu] “hand” || '''135.''' spiggere [spiŋˈɡe.ɾe] “to push” || '''187.''' macio [ˈma.t͡ʃu] “rotten”
|-
|-
| '''32.''' leizelo [ˈlid.d͡ze.lu] “little” || '''84.''' ala [ˈa.lɐ] “wing” || '''136.''' vairfare [vɛɾˈp͡fa.ɾe] “to throw” || '''188.''' sporco [ˈspoɾ.ku] “dirty”
| '''32.''' leizelo [ˈlid.d͡ze.lu] “little” || '''84.''' ala [ˈa.lɐ] “wing” || '''136.''' vaerfare [vɛɾˈp͡fa.ɾe] “to throw” || '''188.''' sporco [ˈspoɾ.ku] “dirty”
|-
|-
| '''33.''' scaurto [ˈskɔɾ.tu] “short” || '''85.''' qeþo [ˈkᶣe.θu] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [benˈda.ɾe] “to tie” || '''189.''' dritto [ˈdɾit.tu] “straight”
| '''33.''' scaurto [ˈskɔɾ.tu] “short” || '''85.''' qeþo [ˈkᶣe.θu] “belly” || '''137.''' bendare [benˈda.ɾe] “to tie” || '''189.''' dritto [ˈdɾit.tu] “straight”
|-
|-
| '''34.''' agguo [ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerai [ˈviʃ.ʃe.ɾɛ] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [sjuˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondo [ʁiˈton.du] “round”
| '''34.''' agguo [ˈaŋʷ.ɡʷu] “narrow” || '''86.''' viscerae [ˈviʃ.ʃe.ɾɛ] “guts” || '''138.''' siugiare [sjuˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to sew” || '''190.''' ritondo [ʁiˈton.du] “round”
|-
|-
| '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfo [ˈskaɾ.p͡fu] “sharp”
| '''35.''' sottile [sotˈti.le] “thin” || '''87.''' collo [ˈkɔl.lo] “neck” || '''139.''' contare [konˈta.ɾe] “to count” || '''191.''' scarfo [ˈskaɾ.p͡fu] “sharp”
Line 4,534: Line 4,987:
| '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull”
| '''36.''' qena [ˈkᶣe.nɐ] “woman” || '''88.''' dorsȯ [ˈdɔɾ.t͡so] “back” || '''140.''' rogiare [ʁoˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to say” || '''192.''' smussato [zmusˈsa.θu] “dull”
|-
|-
| '''37.''' manno [ˈmɐ̃.nu] “man” || '''89.''' brosto [ˈbɾos.tu] “breast” || '''141.''' segguare [seŋʷˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to sing” || '''193.''' slaitto [ˈzlɛt.tu] “smooth”
| '''37.''' manno [ˈmɐ̃.nu] “man” || '''89.''' brosto [ˈbɾos.tu] “breast” || '''141.''' segguare [seŋʷˈɡʷa.ɾe] “to sing” || '''193.''' slaetto [ˈzlɛt.tu] “smooth”
|-
|-
| '''38.''' mannesco [mɐ̃ˈnes.ku] “human being” || '''90.''' hairtene [ˈhɛɾ.te.ne] “heart” || '''142.''' giucare [d͡ʒuˈka.ɾe] “to play” || '''194.''' ûmido [ˈu.mi.ð̞u] “wet”
| '''38.''' mannesco [mɐ̃ˈnes.ku] “human being” || '''90.''' haertene [ˈhɛɾ.te.ne] “heart” || '''142.''' giucare [d͡ʒuˈka.ɾe] “to play” || '''194.''' ûmido [ˈu.mi.ð̞u] “wet”
|-
|-
| '''39.''' bambino [bamˈbi.nu] “child” || '''91.''' figatȯ [fiˈɡa.θo] “liver” || '''143.''' flotore [floˈto.ɾe] “to float” || '''195.''' þaurso [ˈθɔɾ.t͡su] “dry”
| '''39.''' bambino [bamˈbi.nu] “child” || '''91.''' figatȯ [fiˈɡa.θo] “liver” || '''143.''' flotore [floˈto.ɾe] “to float” || '''195.''' þaurso [ˈθɔɾ.t͡su] “dry”
|-
|-
| '''40.''' sposa [ˈspo.zɐ] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [dɾeŋˈka.ɾe] “to drink” || '''144.''' fluire [fluˈi.ɾe] “to flow” || '''196.''' raitto [ˈʁɛt.tu] “correct”
| '''40.''' sposa [ˈspo.zɐ] “wife” || '''92.''' dregcare [dɾeŋˈka.ɾe] “to drink” || '''144.''' fluire [fluˈi.ɾe] “to flow” || '''196.''' raetto [ˈʁɛt.tu] “correct”
|-
|-
| '''41.''' abno [ˈab.nu] “husband” || '''93.''' mangiare [mɐnˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to eat” || '''145.''' glacciare [ɡlɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to freeze” || '''197.''' vicino [viˈt͡ʃi.nu] “near”
| '''41.''' abno [ˈab.nu] “husband” || '''93.''' mangiare [mɐnˈd͡ʒa.ɾe] “to eat” || '''145.''' glacciare [ɡlɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to freeze” || '''197.''' vicino [viˈt͡ʃi.nu] “near”
Line 4,550: Line 5,003:
| '''44.''' animale [ɐ.niˈma.le] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [spiˈva.ɾe] “to spit” || '''148.''' luna [ˈlu.nɐ] “moon” || '''200.''' sinistra [siˈnis.tɾɐ] “left”
| '''44.''' animale [ɐ.niˈma.le] “animal” || '''96.''' speivare [spiˈva.ɾe] “to spit” || '''148.''' luna [ˈlu.nɐ] “moon” || '''200.''' sinistra [siˈnis.tɾɐ] “left”
|-
|-
| '''45.''' fesco [ˈfes.ku] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [vo.miˈta.ɾe] “to vomit” || '''149.''' stairna [ˈstɛɾ.nɐ] “star” || '''201.''' a [a] ad [a‿ð̞]  “at”
| '''45.''' fesco [ˈfes.ku] “fish” || '''97.''' vomitare [vo.miˈta.ɾe] “to vomit” || '''149.''' staerna [ˈstɛɾ.nɐ] “star” || '''201.''' a [a] ad [a‿ð̞]  “at”
|-
|-
| '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in”
| '''46.''' foglo [ˈfo.ɡlu] “bird” || '''98.''' soffiare [sofˈfja.ɾe] “to blow” || '''150.''' vadne [ˈvad.ne] “water” || '''202''' in [in] “in”
Line 4,558: Line 5,011:
| '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈð̞ɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and”
| '''48.''' pidocclo [piˈð̞ɔk.klu] “louse” || '''100.''' clahare [klɐˈha.ɾe] “to laugh” || '''152.''' aca [ˈa.xɐ] “river” || '''204.''' e [e] ed [e‿ð̞] “and”
|-
|-
| '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saicare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' lago [ˈla.ɣ˕u] “lake” || '''205.''' si [si] “if”
| '''49.''' serpe [ˈsɛɾ.pe] “snake” || '''101.''' saecare [sɛˈka.ɾe] “to see” || '''153.''' lago [ˈla.ɣ˕u] “lake” || '''205.''' si [si] “if”
|-
|-
| '''50.''' vaurmo [ˈvɔɾ.mu] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [hɔˈza.ɾe] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [mɐˈʁi.na] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [fɔɾˈt͡ʃe] “because”
| '''50.''' vaurmo [ˈvɔɾ.mu] “worm” || '''102.''' hausare [hɔˈza.ɾe] “to hear” || '''154.''' mareina [mɐˈʁi.na] “sea” || '''206.''' faurcê [fɔɾˈt͡ʃe] “because”
Line 4,564: Line 5,017:
| '''51.''' trivȯ [ˈtɾi.vo] “tree” || '''103.''' ġnoscere [ɲoʃˈʃe.ɾe] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [ˈsa.le] “salt” || '''207.''' namnȯ [ˈnam.no] “name”
| '''51.''' trivȯ [ˈtɾi.vo] “tree” || '''103.''' ġnoscere [ɲoʃˈʃe.ɾe] “to know” || '''155.''' sale [ˈsa.le] “salt” || '''207.''' namnȯ [ˈnam.no] “name”
|-
|-
| '''52.''' valþo [ˈval.t͡θu] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [θɐŋˈka.ɾe] “to think” || '''156.''' staino [ˈstɛ.nu] “stone” || '''''208.''''' ''Râsdifice'' [ˈʁaz.di.fi.t͡ʃe] “''Linguifex''”
| '''52.''' valþo [ˈval.t͡θu] “forest” || '''104.''' þagcare [θɐŋˈka.ɾe] “to think” || '''156.''' staeno [ˈstɛ.nu] “stone” || '''''208.''''' ''Râsdifice'' [ˈʁaz.di.fi.t͡ʃe] “''Linguifex''”
|}
|}


Line 4,581: Line 5,034:
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered)  <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct)
| [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || ''Hún æ fyrir metur glugganum lókar.'' (obsolete or altered)  <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum áður en hún borðar.'' (standard [[w:Icelandic language|Modern Icelandic]]) <br />''Hún lokar alltaf glugganum fyrir mat.'' (also correct)
|-
|-
| [[Luthic]] || ''(Ia) galucet aive la finestra faur di cenare / mazzare.''
| [[Luthic]] || ''(Ia) galucet aeve la finestra faur di cenare / mazzare.''
|-
|-
| '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) galucet aif la finestar faur id cenar / mazzar.''
| '''Upper Luthic''' || ''(Lei) galucet aif la finestar faur id cenar / mazzar.''
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! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Hailȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haila <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈhɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈhɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
| Haelȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haela <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈçɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈçɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
|-
|-
| Buona maurgina || Good morning || [ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔɾ.d͡ʒi.nɐ]
| Buona maurgina || Good morning || [ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔɾ.d͡ʒi.nɐ]
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| Cantas rasdas rogias? || How many languages do you speak? || [ˈkan.tɐs ˈʁaz.dɐs ˈʁo.d͡ʒɐs]
| Cantas rasdas rogias? || How many languages do you speak? || [ˈkan.tɐs ˈʁaz.dɐs ˈʁo.d͡ʒɐs]
|-
|-
| Begiȯ, rogiâ maize lentamente || Please, speak more slowly || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ʁoˈd͡ʒɐ‿mˈmɛd.d͡ze len.tɐˈmen.te]
| Begiȯ, rogiâ maeze lentamente || Please, speak more slowly || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ʁoˈd͡ʒɐ‿mˈmɛd.d͡ze len.tɐˈmen.te]
|-
|-
| Begiȯ, ripetai þata || Please, repeat that || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ʁi.feˈtɛ‿θθɐ.θɐ]
| Begiȯ, ripetae þata || Please, repeat that || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ʁi.feˈtɛ‿θθɐ.θɐ]
|-
|-
| Begiȯ, screvai þata || Please, write that down || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜skɾeˈvɛ‿θθɐ.θɐ]
| Begiȯ, screvae þata || Please, write that down || [ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜skɾeˈvɛ‿θθɐ.θɐ]
|-
|-
| Sciȯ <br >Non sciȯ || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [ˈʃi.o] <br >[non ˈʃi.o]
| Sciȯ <br >Non sciȯ || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [ˈʃi.o] <br >[non ˈʃi.o]
Line 4,739: Line 5,192:


===Idiomatic phrases===
===Idiomatic phrases===
Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word “fragquese” [[IPA for Luthic|[fɾɐŋˈke.ze]]] from [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]] + [[wikt:-ensis#Latin|-ensis]], ultimately meaning “French (language)”, “Frenchman, Frenchwoman” and "French (people)”, but also meaning “stupid, savage, useless” from a semantic change similar to Vandal and Gothic.
Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word “fragcese” [[IPA for Luthic|[fɾɐŋˈke.ze]]] from [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]] + [[wikt:-ensis#Latin|-ensis]], ultimately meaning “French (language)”, “Frenchman, Frenchwoman” and "French (people)”, but also meaning “stupid, savage, useless” from a semantic change similar to Vandal and Gothic.


# Monþȯ al·lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”.
# Monþȯ al·lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”.
# Dauþit lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Dauþit lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:crepi il lupo|crepi in lupo]], an answer similar to “thank you”; literally, “may the wolf die”.
# Tvi italiani miþ sole ainȧ manȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Tvi italiani miþ sole aenȧ manȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:two birds with one stone|two birds with one stone]]; literally, “two Italians with only one hand”, a mock to Italians’ [[w:Che vuoi?|''che vuoi?'']].
# Veġlare anþerȯ pomȯdorȯ: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# Veġlare anþerȯ pomȯdorȯ: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
# La herba vicini ist aive verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
# La fame laþot pasta, agque si inu salsȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
# La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
# L’amore dominat inu regolam: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”.
# L’amore dominat inu regolam: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”.
# Blegguare lȯ quiodȯ capȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Blegguare lȯ quiodȯ capȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
# Martellare lȯ ditȯ: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Martellare lȯ ditȯ: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Ġnoscȯ las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Ġnoscȯ las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragquese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Imparasti fragquese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Pasta miþ salsȧ e caffê aive nero: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Pasta miþ salsȧ e caffê aeve nero: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Il þeino sale stâþ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
# Il þeino sale stâþ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
# Havere managos casos faul·lȯ dativȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:wear too many hats|wear too many hats]]; literally, “Have too many usages for the dative”, a joke about the many usages of the dative case in Luthic.
# Havere managos casos faul·lȯ dativȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:wear too many hats|wear too many hats]]; literally, “Have too many usages for the dative”, a joke about the many usages of the dative case in Luthic.
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# Rogiando dȧ diavolȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation.
# Rogiando dȧ diavolȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:speak of the devil|speak of the devil]], with the same literal translation.
# Il pomodoro non taugit lȯ capocuocȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Il pomodoro non taugit lȯ capocuocȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Aino pomodoro grosso: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Aeno pomodoro grosso: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Havere ainȯ cervellȯ di fragquesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgment''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Havere aenȯ cervellȯ di fragcesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgment''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Cosa ist marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Cosa ist marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Scimmia non dauþat scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
# Scimmia non dauþat scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
# Costare ainȯ augonȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:an arm and a leg|an arm and a leg]]; literally, “To cost an eye”.
# Costare aenȯ augonȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:an arm and a leg|an arm and a leg]]; literally, “To cost an eye”.
# Þata ist Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Þata ist Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Drigcare svasve aino russo: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Drigcare svasve aeno russo: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Vivere grande ed al·la franquesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', '''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Vivere grande ed al·la fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', '''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Possere drigcare velenȯ ana þata: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Possere drigcare velenȯ ana þata: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Il volfo danzat her: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
# Il volfo danzat her: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
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<big>[[w:The North Wind and the Sun|The North Wind and the Sun]] in Luthic:</big>
<big>[[w:The North Wind and the Sun|The North Wind and the Sun]] in Luthic:</big>


* '''Orthographic version in Luthic'''
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic'''
: ''Il vendo trabairganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aino pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabairganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maize is soffiavat, ata maize il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistait dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovait lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabairganȧ obbligauda ad andahaitare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ ed ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, al·lȯ angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda ad andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''




Line 4,784: Line 5,237:


* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' '''ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.n' duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
 
 
* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)'''
: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze ˈɛ.rɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu ɐˈkɔ.la ˈvar.ma''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞eˈrõ.nu''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ra''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡zɐθ ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na ˈsfɔr.t͡sa''' ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ''' ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo '''eˈme.no''' | e θɐn il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿ɐn.da.ɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvu.ru''']
 
 
* '''Orthographic version in Standard Luthic, with reductions'''
: ''Il vendo trabaerganȧ·d ata sauilȯ giucavanno carge erat il fortizo, can aeno pellegrino qemavat avvolto hacolȧ varmȧ ana. I tvi dicideronno ei, il fromo a rimuovere lȯ hacolȯ pellegrinȧ sariat il fortizo anþerȧ. Il vendo trabaerganȧ dustogġiat a soffiare violenzȧ, ac ata maeze is soffiavat, ata maeze il pellegrino striggevat hacolȯ; tanto ei, all’angiȯ il vendo desistaet dȧ seinȧ sforzȧ. Ata sauilȯ allora sceinaut varmamente nal·lȯ hemenȯ, e þan il pellegrino rimuovaet lȯ hacolȯ immediatamente. Þan il vendo trabaerganȧ obbligauda·d andahaetare ei lata sauilȯ erat ata fortizȯ tvoro.''




Line 4,800: Line 5,261:
La þiudanagarda þeina qemit;
La þiudanagarda þeina qemit;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Lȯ veġlanȯ þeinȯ taugiat;
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana airþa.
Svasve hemenȯ ed ana aerþa.
Il claifo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Il claefo qotidiano unsar gevâ unse ogġi,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Ed afletâ las unsaras colpas,
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Svasve afletamos þos ei, colpanno unsis;
Line 4,808: Line 5,269:
Faur þuc ist þiudanagardȧ,
Faur þuc ist þiudanagardȧ,
E lȧ forzȧ, lȧ gloriȧ,
E lȧ forzȧ, lȧ gloriȧ,
Faur saicla saicloro. Amen.
Faur saecla saecloro. Amen.
</poem>
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
Line 4,865: Line 5,326:
</poem>
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
For more, vide [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Translated_works_in_Luthic translated works in Luthic].
For more, vide [[:Category:Translated works in Luthic|Translated works in Luthic]].
 
==See also==
* [[w:Geats|Geats]]
* [[w:Gutes|Gutes]]
* [[w:Gutones|Gutones]]
* [[w:List of Germanic languages|List of Germanic languages]]
* [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]]
* [[w:Modern Gutnish|Modern Gutnish]]
* [[w:Name of the Goths|Name of the Goths]]
* [[w:Old Gutnish|Old Gutnish]]
* [[w:Thurneysen's law|Thurneysen's law]]
* [[w:Runic inscriptions|Runic epigraphy]]
* [[w:Old Latin#Corpus|Latin epigraphy]]
* [[w:Gothic runic inscriptions|Gothic runic inscriptions]]
* [[w:Gothic Bible|Gothic Bible]]


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
Line 4,892: Line 5,368:
* Ebbinghaus, E. A. (1976). ''THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE GOTHIC CALENDAR. The Journal of Theological Studies, 27(1), 140–145''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Ebbinghaus, E. A. (1976). ''THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE GOTHIC CALENDAR. The Journal of Theological Studies, 27(1), 140–145''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). ''Early Germanic Grammar''. San Diego: Academic Press.
* Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). ''Early Germanic Grammar''. San Diego: Academic Press.
* Fulk, R. D. (2018). ''A Comparative Grammar of Early Germanic Languages''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
* Stearns Jr, MacDonald (1978). ''Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus''. Stanford: Anma Libri.
* Stearns Jr, MacDonald (1978). ''Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus''. Stanford: Anma Libri.
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Line 4,903: Line 5,380:
* Calabrese, Andrea (2005). ''On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance''. Connecticut: University of Connecticut
* Calabrese, Andrea (2005). ''On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance''. Connecticut: University of Connecticut
* Calabrese, Andrea (1998). ''Some remarks on the Latin case system and its development in Romance'', in J. Lema & E. Trevino, (eds.), ''Theoretical Advances on Romance Languages''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Calabrese, Andrea (1998). ''Some remarks on the Latin case system and its development in Romance'', in J. Lema & E. Trevino, (eds.), ''Theoretical Advances on Romance Languages''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Calabrese, Andrea (1999). ''Metaphony Revisited''. In ''Rivista di Linguistica''.
* Calabrese, Andrea (2011). ''Metaphony in Romance''. In C. Ewen; M. & Oostendorp; B. Hume (eds.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Phonology''. Wiley-Blackwell.
* Batllori, Montserrat & Roca, Francesc (2011). ''Grammaticalization of ser and estar in romance''. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
* Batllori, Montserrat & Roca, Francesc (2011). ''Grammaticalization of ser and estar in romance''. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
* Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). ''Die Sprache der Langobarden. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker''. Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: Trübner.
* Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). ''Die Sprache der Langobarden. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker''. Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: Trübner.
Line 4,914: Line 5,393:
* Stewart, William A. (1968). ''A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. Berlin: De Gruyter.
* Stewart, William A. (1968). ''A sociolinguistic typology for describing national multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A. (ed.). ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. Berlin: De Gruyter.
* Danilevitch, Olga (2019). ''Logical Semantics Approach for Data Modeling in XBRL Taxonomies''. Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University.
* Danilevitch, Olga (2019). ''Logical Semantics Approach for Data Modeling in XBRL Taxonomies''. Minsk: Belarusian State Economic University.
* Pellegrino, F.; Coupé, C.; Marsico, E. (2011). ''Across-language perspective on speech information rate''. Paris: French National Centre for Scientific Research.
* Gumperz, John J.; Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2008). ''Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?''. Journal of Sociolinguistics.
* Gumperz, John J.; Cook-Gumperz, Jenny (2008). ''Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?''. Journal of Sociolinguistics.
* Stewart, William A (1968). ''A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.), ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
* Stewart, William A (1968). ''A Sociolinguistic Typology for Describing National Multilingualism''. In Fishman, Joshua A (ed.), ''Readings in the Sociology of Language''. The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
Line 4,920: Line 5,400:
* Nair, RD; Lincoln, NB (2007). Lincoln, Nadina (ed.). ''Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
* Nair, RD; Lincoln, NB (2007). Lincoln, Nadina (ed.). ''Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
* Brotle, Charles D. (2011). ''The role of mnemonic acronyms in clinical emergency medicine: A grounded theory study'' (EdD thesis).
* Brotle, Charles D. (2011). ''The role of mnemonic acronyms in clinical emergency medicine: A grounded theory study'' (EdD thesis).
== External links ==
* [https://www.wulfila.be/gothic/browse Wulfila Bible (full text)]
* [https://www.gotica.de/ Gotica (Gothic) (small fragments)]
* [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ The latin library], ancient Latin books and writings (without translations) ordered by author
* [https://www.penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/ LacusCurtius], a small collection of Greek and Roman authors along with their books and writings (original texts are in Latin and Greek, translations in English and occasionally in a few other languages are available)
* [https://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/eu-rune-pietroassa.gif Eu Rune Pietroassa]


==Conlang status==
==Conlang status==
Lëtzelúcia
644

edits

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