@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 |creator           = User:Lëtzelúcia
 |dia1              = Upper Luthic (''Altalûthica''), Ferraresi Luthic (''Lûthica Estense'')
+|dia2              = Standard Bolognese Luthic (''Lûthica boloġnesa'')
 |script1           = Latn
 |script2           = Brai
@@ Line 117: / Line 118: @@
 |source= Giuseppe il Lûthico, proverbs
 }}
-Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Bianchi’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''.
+Following the first Bible translation, the development of Luthic as a [[w:Written language|written language]], as a language of religion, administration, and public discourse accelerated. In the second half of the 17th century, grammarians elaborated grammars of Luthic, first among them Þiudareico Biagci’s 1657 Latin grammar ''De studio linguæ luthicæ''.
 ====''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ''====
-''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Bianchi that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657.
+''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'' (English: On Study of the Luthic Language) often referred to as simply the ''Luthicæ'' ([[w:Help:IPA|/lʌˈθiˌki, lʌθˈaɪˌki/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''lu-THEE-KEE'']]), is a book by Þiudareico Biagci that expounds Luthic grammar. The Luthicæ is written in Latin and comprises two volumes, and was first published on 9 September 1657.
 ====Book 1, ''De grammatica''====
@@ Line 126: / Line 127: @@
 ====Book 2, ''De orthographia''====
-Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography.
+Book 2, subtitled ''De orthographia'' (On orthography), is an exposition of the many vernacular orthographies Luthic had, and eventual suggestions for a universal orthography (vide [[Luthic#Þiudareico Biagci|§ Þiudareico Biagci]]).
-[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]]
 ==Etymology==
@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 ==Geographical distribution==
+[[File:Italy languages Luthic.jpg|thumb|left|Map of languages and dialect groups of Italy]]
 Luthic is spoken mainly in [[w:Emilia-Romagna|Emilia-Romagna]], Italy, where it is primarily spoken in Ravenna and its adjacent [[w:Municipality|communes]]. Although Luthic is spoken almost exclusively in Emilia-Romagna, it has also been spoken outside of Italy. [[w:Emigration|Luth and general Italian emigrant communities]] (the largest of which are to be found in the [[w:Americas|Americas]]) sometimes employ Luthic as their primary language. The largest concentrations of Luthic speakers are found in the [[w:Province|provinces]] of Ravenna, Ferrara and Bologna ([[w:Metropolitan City of Bologna|Metropolitan City of Bologna]]). The people of Ravenna live in [[w:Diglossia|tetraglossia,]] as Romagnol, Emilian and Italian are spoken in those provinces alongside Luthic.
 According to a census by [[w:Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] (The Italian National Institute of Statistics), Luthic is spoken by an estimated 250,000 people, however only 149,500 are considered ''de facto'' natives, and approximately 50,000 are monolinguals.
-===Status===
+===Status and usage===
 As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
 Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
 [[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
+====Diglossia and code-switching====
+Luthic is recognised as a minor language in Ravenna. Italy’s official language is Italian, as stated by the framework law no. 482/1999 and Trentino Alto-Adige’s special Statute, which is adopted with a constitutional law. Around the world there are an estimated 64 million native Italian speakers and another 21 million who use it as a second language. Italian is often natively spoken in a [[w:Regional Italian|regional variety]], not to be confused with Italy’s regional and minority languages; however, the establishment of a national education system led to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken across the country during the 20th century. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s due to economic growth and the rise of [[w:Mass media in Italy|mass media]] and television (the state broadcaster [[w:RAI|RAI]] helped set a standard Italian).
+[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] between Luthic, Emilian dialects and Italian is frequent among Luthic speakers, in both informal and formal settings (such as on television).
+=====Education=====
+Education in Italy is free and mandatory from ages six to sixteen, and consists of five stages: kindergarten (''scuola dell’infanzia''), primary school (''scuola primaria''), lower secondary school (''scuola secondaria di primo grado''), upper secondary school (''scuola secondaria di secondo grado''), and university (''università''). Although mostly in Italian, education is Luthic has been implemented in 2018 by Ravenna University. In 2018, the Italian secondary education was evaluated as below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average. Italy scored below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average in reading and science, and near OECD average in mathematics. Mean performance in Italy declined in reading and science, and remained stable in mathematics. [[w:Trento|Trento]] and [[w:Bolzano|Bolzano]] scored at an above the national average in reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms. A wide gap exists between [[w:northern Italy|northern]] schools, which perform near average, and schools in the [[w:Southern Italy|South]], that had much poorer results. The 2018 [[w:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study|Progress in International Reading Literacy Study]] ranks children in Italy 16th for reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms.
+[[File:Mussoliniposter.jpg|thumb|Propaganda poster of Mussolini]]
+Most of the Luths also speak Italian, this is commoner for Luth elders, and most of the Luth elders may speak only Italian because of the influence from the Fascist period, as the Fascist government endorsed a stringent education policy in Italy aiming at eliminating illiteracy, which was a serious problem in Italy at the time, as well as improving the allegiance of Italians to the state. The Fascist government’s first minister of education from 1922 to 1924 [[w:Giovanni Gentile|Giovanni Gentile]] recommended that education policy should focus on indoctrination of students into Fascism and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority. In 1929, education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.> In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God. In 1933, all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party. From the 1930s to 1940s, Italy’s education focused on the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the [[w:Ancient Rome|Roman]] era, displaying the rebirth of [[w:Italian nationalism|Italian nationalism]] and the struggle for Italian independence and unity during the ''[[w:Risorgimento|Risorgimento]]''. In the late 1930s, the Fascist government copied [[w:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]’s education system on the issue of physical fitness and began an agenda that demanded that Italians become physically healthy. Intellectual talent in Italy was rewarded and promoted by the Fascist government through the [[w:Royal Academy of Italy|Royal Academy of Italy]] which was created in 1926 to promote and coordinate Italy’s intellectual activity.
+=====Films and music=====
+Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]].
+Similar to the [[w:Canzone Napoletana|Canzone Napoletana]], '''Lae Canzoni Lûthicae''', sometimes referred to as '''Luthic songs''', became a formal institution in the 1990s as Luthic became more researched by Ravenna University, a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Luthic language, ordinarily for male and female voice singing solo. An important factor in defining what makes a Luthic song is the matter of language. All these songs are written and performed in the Luthic language. Although the music is sung by a few non-Luthic singers, it is difficult to sing correctly without knowledge of the Luthic ''continua'', which is crucial in obtaining the correct inflection.
+=====Written media=====
+Luthic is mostly found as written media, However newspapers usually use Italian and reserve Luthic for sarcastic commentaries and caricatures. [[w:Headline|Headlines]] in Luthic are common. The [[w:Letter to the editor|letter to the editor]] section often includes entire paragraphs in Luthic. Many newspapers also regularly publish personal columns in Luthic. Most comedies are written in Luthic. [[w:Comic book|Comic books]] are often written in Luthic instead of Italian. In novels and short stories, most of the Luth authors, write the dialogues in their Luthic dialects.
 ===Luthic regarded as an Italian dialect===
+[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]
 Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicae Italianegiatae''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.
 Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from Standard Italian, these languages are often referred to as [[w:Italian dialects|''dialetti'']] “dialects”, both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like “''minority languages''” or “''vernaculars''” for some of them. Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the [[w:Fascist Italy|Fascist period]], more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of ''Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume''. According to [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.
-[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]
 ==Standard Luthic==
@@ Line 157: / Line 177: @@
 * The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i.
 * The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
+** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
 ** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
 * The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
@@ Line 165: / Line 186: @@
 * The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
-The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tacċi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':
+The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':
 * The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
-** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively.
+** The digraphs ⟨ae, au, ei⟩ are used to indicate stressed /ɛ ɔ i/ retrospectively; /ɛ/ ⟨ae⟩ is in free variation with /e/ word terminally.
 ** In VCC structures and some Italian borrowings, the digraphs are not found.
 * The [[w:Dot (diacritic)|overdot accent]] is used to over ⟨a, o⟩ to indicate coda /a o/.
@@ Line 300: / Line 321: @@
 | style="text-align: center;"|je
 | style="text-align: center;"|jɛ
-| style="text-align: center;"|jo
+|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|jɔ
-| style="text-align: center;"|jɔ
 | style="text-align: center;"|jɐ
 | style="text-align: center;"|ju
@@ Line 402: / Line 422: @@
 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
 | [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
-| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]]
+| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|(ç)]]
 | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
 |
@@ Line 778: / Line 798: @@
 ==Research==
 [[File:Ravenna University's arms.png|thumb|Ravenna University’s arms]]
-Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennai''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicae Rasdae'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.
+Luthic is a well-studied language, and multiple universities in Italy have departments devoted to Luthic or linguistics with active research projects on the language, mainly in Ravenna, such as the '''Linguistic Circle of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Rasdavitascapetico Ravennae''; Italian: ''Circolo Linguistico di Ravenna'') at '''Ravenna University''', and there are many dictionaries and technological resources on the language. The language council ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' also publishes research on the language both nationally and internationally. Academic descriptions of the language are published both in Luthic, Italian and English. The most complete grammar is the ''Grammatica ġli Lûthicae Rasdae'' (Grammar of the Luthic Language) by Alessandro Fiscar & Luca Vaġnar, and it is written in Luthic and contains over 800 pages. Multiple corpora of Luthic language data are available. The ''Luthic Online Dictionary project'' provides a curated corpus of 35,000 words.
 ===History===
-The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giovanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations.
+The Ravenna School of Linguistics evolved around Giuvanni Laggobardi and his developing theory of language in [[w:Structural linguistics|linguistic structuralism]]. Together with Soġnafreþo Rossi he founded the Circle of Linguistics of Ravenna in 1964, a group of linguists based on the model of the [[w:Prague Linguistic Circle|Prague Linguistic Circle]]. From 1970, Ravenna University offered courses in languages and philosophy but the students were unable to finish their studies without going to [[w:Accademia della Crusca|Accademia della Crusca]] for their final examinations.
 * '''Ravenna University Circle of [[w:Phonological Development|Phonological Development]]''' (Luthic: ''Creizzo Sviluppi Phonologici giȧ Accademiȧ Ravennȧ'') was developed in 1990, however very little research has been done on the earliest stages of phonological development in Luthic.
@@ Line 1,056: / Line 1,076: @@
 The '''Ravenna University Circle of Phonological Development''' also found out that mnemonics can be used in aiding children with [[w:Autism spectrum|autism spectrum disorder (ASD)]] and other [[w:Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], patients with memory deficits that could be caused by [[w:Head injuries|head injuries]], [[w:Strokes|strokes]], [[w:Epilepsy|epilepsy]], [[w:Multiple sclerosis|multiple sclerosis]] and other neurological conditions, however, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance.
+{{ambox|nocat=true|left|text=Luthic noteworthy figures are currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.}}
+==Noteworthy figures==
+[[File:Þiudareico biagci.png|thumb|A portrait of Þiudareico Biagci by an unknown artist, ''c.'' 1657]]
+===Þiudareico Biagci===
+[[File:De studio linguae luthicae.png|thumb|left|Remounted cover, at Luthic Community of Ravenna]]
+'''Þiudareico Biagci''' (<small>Luthic:</small> [[IPA for Luthic|[θju.ð̞ɐˈʁi.xu ˈbjaŋ.k̟i]]]; ''c.'' 1611, [[w:Ravenna|Ravenna]] – September 14, 1672, [[w:Rome|Rome]], [[w:Papal States|Papal States]]) and often referred to as '''Theoderic''', a common anglicisation; was a late mediaeval Luthic grammarian, poet, philosopher and writer. Þiudareico was an accomplished poet. Þiudareico wrote theological and grammatical tracts, enciclopaedias, and commentaries on the works of other philosophers and theologians. He displayed a sophisticated knowledge of Greek, Latin and Italian. Modern Luth scholars, such as Giuvanni Laggobardi, describe him as “an accomplished grammarian and poet, and one of the few Luth scholars of his time to have first-hand knowledge of Greek and Latin”.
+Very little is known about Þiudareico’s early life. He was a disciple of [[w:Pope Leo XI|Pope Leo XI]] and spent time at Rome, although it is unknown how much time he spent in the Papal States.
+Þiudareico’s final days were spent in Rome, where he had been invited to stay in the city in 1665 by the [[w:Orsini family|Orsini family]]. Þiudareico died on Sempteber 14, 1672, aged about 61, by natural causes. He was attended by his two children, and possibly by the Orsini family, and by friends and admirers he had in the city.
+Most of Þiudareico’s litery works were composed before his fixed abode in Rome. His most famous work is ''De Studio Linguæ Luthicæ'', first published on 9 September, 1657, written in Latin, however a later edition published on 27 December, 1662, was written in a language he called “Luthic”, an amalgamated literary language predominantly based on the regional dialect of Ravenna, with heavy Germanic influence, but with some elements Latin and of other regional dialects of [[w:Tuscany|Tuscany]].
+[[File:Aþalphonso silva.jpeg|thumb|Aþalphonso in 1962]]
+===Aþalphonso Silva===
+'''Aþalphonso Silva''' (13 April 1917 – 30 April 2012) was a ''Professor of Lutho-Germanic and Indo-European Philology'' at the Ravenna University from 1962 until his retirement in 1982.
+Silva was born on 13 April 1917 in Ravenna. He was one of the first contemporaneous Luthic philologists, along with a few other colleagues of the Ravenna University. Silva held two degrees from the Ravenna University:
+* M.A., 1938, Germanic linguistics
+* Ph.D., 1940, Luthic Linguistics and Literature
+He obtained his PhD under Volfelano Barbieri with a thesis titled: “Luthic history : traces of a mediaeval language”. Aþalphonso is well known for his works regarding the origin of the Luths and the understanding of the Gothic calendar in the Codex Ambrosianus A, due to his searching for an etymology regarding the Luthic and the Gothic autonyms prior to the Ostrogothic period.
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 1,070: / Line 1,116: @@
 | Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
 |-
-| Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomae
+| Flower || Feminine || Blomna || Blomnae
 |-
 | Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
@@ Line 1,398: / Line 1,444: @@
 |-
 ! {{small|acc.}}
-| '''me'''
+| '''mi'''
-| '''þe'''
+| '''þi'''
 | inȯ
 | ina
 | ata
-| sic
+| '''si'''
 |-
 ! {{small|dat.}}
@@ Line 1,411: / Line 1,457: @@
 | iȧ
 | iȧ
-| sis
+| '''si'''
 |-
 ! {{small|dat.}}
@@ Line 1,436: / Line 1,482: @@
 | isas
 | ia
-| sic
+| '''si'''
 |-
 ! {{small|dat.}}
@@ Line 1,444: / Line 1,490: @@
 | eis
 | eis
-| sis
+| '''si'''
 |-
 ! {{small|gen.}}
@@ Line 1,456: / Line 1,502: @@
 * These forms are also common in everday speech due to Italian influence. Nevertheless, both declension paradigmata are considered to be correct. Main differences are emphasised.
+Some Luthic speakers may have [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]] (the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or [[w:Social distance|familiarity]]).
+{| class="wikitable"
+!colspan="2"| Unequal authority
+!colspan="2"| Equal authority
+|-
+| Employer         || Costumer         || Parent           || Elder sibling
+|-
+| T↓V ↑V || T↓V ↑V || T↓↑V               || T↓↑V
+|-
+| Employee         || Waiter           || Child            || Younger sibling
+|}
+The superior has choice on T–V while the subordinate has not; except if talking to one another, then both subordinates can choice. In Luthic, ''þû'' is only used as an informal pronoun. It is only addressed to persons that one knows well, like family members and friends. It is also most commonly used among peers as a sign of equality, especially among young people. In formal situations with strangers and acquaintances, ''vôi'' is used instead. The pronoun ''gi'' was used in formal situations; this was once the abundant usage, but it has completely fallen out of use. In the plural form, ''gi'' is a T pronoun.
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
@@ Line 4,033: / Line 4,093: @@
 | giȧ
 | giȧ
-| gial’
+| gi’
 | giom
 | giam
@@ Line 4,319: / Line 4,379: @@
 :* Action for: ''Þus scolȯ helfare los friundos þeinos''. “I must help your friends for you”
 ::* Purpose for action for: ''Qenam naseini im''. “I am the (cause of) salvation for women”
-:* Action against: ''La þeina frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
+:* Action against: ''Lȧ þeinȧ frescaþi scolȯ gadauþare þuc''. “Against/in opposition to your freedom I shall kill you”
 ::* Purpose for action against: ''Manni dauþam im''. “I am the (cause of) death for men” (affects negatively)
 :* Concerning: ''Ce þû mis scolas taugiare''? “What will you do for me? (expressing the speaker being especially interested in what the other is doing for him or her)”
@@ Line 4,619: / Line 4,679: @@
 * [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
-===Bolognese Standard Luthic===
+===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
 <div style="float:right; width:35%; padding:15px; background: #f5f8ff; border: 1px solid blue; margin-left:8px; margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:15px; text-align:center; font-size: small">
 :''"… I say, then, that perhaps those are not wrong who claim that the Bolognese speak a more beautiful language than most, especially since they take many features of their own speech from that of the people who live around them, in Imola, Ferrara and Modena I believe that everybody does this with respect to his own neighbours.... So the above-mentioned citizens of Bologna take a soft, yielding quality from those of Imola, and from the people of Ferrara and Modena, on the other hand, a certain abruptness which is more typical of the Lombards.... If, then, the Bolognese take from all sides, as I have said, it seems reasonable to suggest that their language, tempered by the combination of opposites mentioned above, should achieve a praiseworthy degree of elegance; and this, in my opinion, is beyond doubt true."''<br/> ([[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], [[w:De vulgari eloquentia|''De vulgari eloquentia'']] - ''Liber I'', xv, 2-5)
 </div>
-Although very similar to Ravennese Standard Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family:
+Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family:
 * /h ç/ are fully lost, however spelling remains the same;
@@ Line 4,629: / Line 4,689: @@
 * /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are fully merged with /t͡s d͡z/.
-Furthermore, Bolognese Standard Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
+Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
 {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"
 |+Raising-type metaphony
@@ Line 4,650: / Line 4,710: @@
 Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, however it has fewer consonant phonemes, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects.
-=====Vowels=====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
@@ Line 4,697: / Line 4,756: @@
 |}
-=====Consonants=====
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |-
@@ Line 4,858: / Line 4,917: @@
 | '''1.''' ic [iç] “I” || '''53.''' stecca [ˈstɛk.kɐ] “stick” || '''105.''' flaerare [flɛˈʁa.ɾe] “to smell” || '''157.''' sabbia [ˈsab.bjɐ] “sand”
 |-
-| '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' acranȯ [aˈkɾa.no] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [oˈɡa.ɾe] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [ˈmɔl.dɐ] “dust”
+| '''2.''' þû [ˈθu] “you” || '''54.''' acranȯ [ɐˈkɾa.no] “fruit” || '''106.''' ogare [oˈɡa.ɾe] “to fear” || '''158.''' molda [ˈmɔl.dɐ] “dust”
 |-
 | '''3.''' is [is] “he” ia [jɐ] “she” ata [a.θɐ] “it” || '''55.''' seme [ˈse.me] “seed” || '''107.''' slefare [sleˈfa.ɾe] “sleep” || '''159.''' aerþa [ˈɛɾ.t͡θɐ] “earth”
@@ Line 4,868: / Line 4,927: @@
 | '''6.''' eis [ˈis] isae [iˈsɛ] eis [ˈis] “they” || '''58.''' renda [ˈʁɛn.dɐ] “bark” || '''110.''' dauþare [dɔˈθa.ɾe] “to kill” || '''162.''' hemeno [heˈme.nu] “sky”
 |-
-| '''7.''' so [su] sa [sɐ] þata [θɐ.θɐ] “this” || '''59.''' bloma [ˈblo.mɐ] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [lotˈta.ɾe] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendo [ˈven.du] “wind”
+| '''7.''' so [su] sa [sɐ] þata [θɐ.θɐ] “this” || '''59.''' blomna [ˈblom.nɐ] “flower” || '''111.''' lottare [lotˈta.ɾe] “to fight” || '''163.''' vendo [ˈven.du] “wind”
 |-
 | '''8.''' este [ˈes.te] esta [ˈes.tɐ] estȯ [ˈes.to] “that” || '''60.''' herba [ˈhɛɾ.bɐ] “grass” || '''112.''' cacciare [kɐtˈt͡ʃa.ɾe] “to hunt”  || '''164.''' neve [ˈnɛ.ve] “snow”
@@ Line 5,071: / Line 5,130: @@
 ! width="33%"|IPA
 |-
-| Haelȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haela <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈhɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈhɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
+| Haelȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haela <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈçɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈçɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
 |-
 | Buona maurgina || Good morning || [ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔɾ.d͡ʒi.nɐ]
@@ Line 5,133: / Line 5,192: @@
 ===Idiomatic phrases===
-Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word “fragquese” [[IPA for Luthic|[fɾɐŋˈke.ze]]] from [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]] + [[wikt:-ensis#Latin|-ensis]], ultimately meaning “French (language)”, “Frenchman, Frenchwoman” and "French (people)”, but also meaning “stupid, savage, useless” from a semantic change similar to Vandal and Gothic.
+Mostly of the Luthic idiomatic phrases are similar to mostly European languages idioms, mainly Italian and French. Luthic idioms are often about food or mocking the French people, but mostly because of the French government and its movements against minority people within its territory. Another factor is the Roman inherited culture, as the Roman elite considered the Germanic people savage and stupid (e.g. the word [[wikt:vandal#English|Vandal]], that can also stand for a person who needlessly destroys, defaces, or damages things, especially other people’s property; and [[wikt:Gothic#English|Gothic]] that also meant barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “[[w:Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]]”, mediaeval as opposed to classical; ultimately of Germanic origin, the name of two East Germanic tribes, but drastically semantic changed to sound pejorative). There were many Germanic raids against the Roman Empire, and a common weapon used back then by the West Germanic people were the javelins, the [[w:West Germanic languages#The reconstruction of Proto-West-Germanic|Common West Germanic]] word for javelin is [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/frankō|*frankō]], which is also the name of the Frankish tribe (cf. Latin [[wikt:Francus#Latin|Francus]] and [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]]). Luthic inherited the word “fragcese” [[IPA for Luthic|[fɾɐŋˈke.ze]]] from [[wikt:Francia#Latin|Francia]] + [[wikt:-ensis#Latin|-ensis]], ultimately meaning “French (language)”, “Frenchman, Frenchwoman” and "French (people)”, but also meaning “stupid, savage, useless” from a semantic change similar to Vandal and Gothic.
 # Monþȯ al·lȯ volfȯ: calqued from Italian [[wikt:in bocca al lupo|in bocca al lupo]], equivalent to [[wikt:break a leg|break a leg]], [[wikt:good luck|good luck]]; literally, “in the wolf’s mouth”.
@@ Line 5,140: / Line 5,199: @@
 # Veġlare anþerȯ pomȯdorȯ: an expression for someones who is ''asking for special treatment''; literally, “to want another tomato”.
 # La herba vicini ist aeve verdiza: equivalent to [[wikt:the grass is always greener on the other side|the grass is always greener on the other side]]; literally, “The neighbour’s grass is always greener”.
-# La fame laþot pasta, agque si inu salsȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
+# La fame laþot pasta, agce si inu salsȧ: equivalent to [[wikt:desperate times call for desperate measures|desperate times call for desperate measures]]; literally, “Hunger calls for pasta, even if without sauce”.
 # L’amore dominat inu regolam: somewhat equivalent to [[wikt:all's fair in love and war|all’s fair in love and war]]; literally, “Love rules without rules”.
 # Blegguare lȯ quiodȯ capȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:hit the nail on the head|hit the nail on the head]], with the same literal translation.
@@ Line 5,178: / Line 5,237: @@
 * '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised)'''
-: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' '''ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.n' duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ''' '''ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
+: [il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡ʒu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu''' kɐɾ.d͡ʒe ˈɛ.ɾɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn ɛ.nu pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''kᶣeˈma.vɐθ''' ɐvˈvol.tu hɐˈkɔ.la ˈvaɾ.ma ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡ʃi.ð̞eˈʁõ.nu''' ˈi | il ˈfɾo.mu '''ɐ‿ʀi.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo hɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡɾi.na ˈsa.ɾjɐθ il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ɾa''' ‖ il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡ʒɐθ '''ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.ɾe''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu '''stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐh‿hɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo ˈan.d͡ʒo il ˈven.du '''deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na''' ˈsfɔɾ.t͡sa ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ɐlˈlɔ.ɾɐ ʃiˈnɔθ vɐɾ.mɐˈmen.te nɐl.lo çeˈme.no | e θɐn il pel.leˈɡɾi.nu ʁiˈmwo.vɛθ lo hɐˈkɔ.lo '''ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il ˈven.du tɾɐˈbɛɾ.ɡɐ.na '''ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿'''ɐn.da.çɛˈta.ɾe ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zo''' ˈtvo.ɾu]
+* '''Narrow transcription (differences emphasised, Bolognese Standard Luthic)'''
+: [il '''ˈvin.du''' tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na '''e.ð̞‿ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''d͡zu.xɐˈvɐ̃.nu kɐr.d͡ze ˈɛ.rɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔɾ.tid.d͡zu''' | kɐn '''e.nu pel.leˈɡri.nu kᶣeˈma.vɐθ ɐvˈvul.tu ɐˈkɔ.la ˈvar.ma''' ɐ.nɐ ‖ i tvi '''di.t͡si.ð̞eˈrõ.nu''' ˈi | il '''ˈfru.mu ɐ‿rri.mwoˈve.ɾe''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo pel.leˈɡri.na ˈsa.rjɐθ''' il '''ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zu ɐ̃ˈt͡θe.ra''' ‖ il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na duˈstɔd.d͡zɐθ ɐ.s‿sofˈfja.re''' vjoˈlɛn.t͡sa | '''ɐ‿xɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' is sofˈfja.vɐθ | '''ɐ.θɐ ˈmɛd.d͡ze''' il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu stɾiŋˈɡ̟e.vɐθ ɐˈkɔ.lo''' | ˈtan.tu ˈi | ɐl.lo '''ˈan.d͡zo''' il '''ˈvin.du deˈzis.tɛθ da‿sˈsi.na ˈsfɔr.t͡sa''' ‖ '''ɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo '''ɐlˈlɔ.rɐ''' ʃiˈnɔθ '''vɐr.mɐˈmen.te''' nɐl.lo '''eˈme.no''' | e θɐn il '''pel.leˈɡri.nu riˈmwo.vɛθ''' lo '''ɐˈkɔ.lo ĩ.me.djɐ.θɐˈmen.te''' ‖ θɐn il '''ˈvin.du tɾɐˈbɛr.ɡɐ.na ob.bliˈɡɔ.ð̞ɐ ɐ.ð̞‿ɐn.da.ɛˈta.re''' ˈi | '''lɐ.θɐ''' ˈsɔj.lo ˈɛ.ɾɐθ '''ɐ.θɐ ˈfɔr.tid.d͡zo ˈtvu.ru''']
@@ Line 5,264: / Line 5,327: @@
 {{Col-end}}
 For more, vide [[:Category:Translated works in Luthic|Translated works in Luthic]].
+==See also==
+* [[w:Geats|Geats]]
+* [[w:Gutes|Gutes]]
+* [[w:Gutones|Gutones]]
+* [[w:List of Germanic languages|List of Germanic languages]]
+* [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]]
+* [[w:Modern Gutnish|Modern Gutnish]]
+* [[w:Name of the Goths|Name of the Goths]]
+* [[w:Old Gutnish|Old Gutnish]]
+* [[w:Thurneysen's law|Thurneysen's law]]
+* [[w:Runic inscriptions|Runic epigraphy]]
+* [[w:Old Latin#Corpus|Latin epigraphy]]
+* [[w:Gothic runic inscriptions|Gothic runic inscriptions]]
+* [[w:Gothic Bible|Gothic Bible]]
 ==Bibliography==
@@ Line 5,290: / Line 5,368: @@
 * Ebbinghaus, E. A. (1976). ''THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE GOTHIC CALENDAR. The Journal of Theological Studies, 27(1), 140–145''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 * Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). ''Early Germanic Grammar''. San Diego: Academic Press.
+* Fulk, R. D. (2018). ''A Comparative Grammar of Early Germanic Languages''. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 * Stearns Jr, MacDonald (1978). ''Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus''. Stanford: Anma Libri.
 * Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). ''New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
@@ Line 5,301: / Line 5,380: @@
 * Calabrese, Andrea (2005). ''On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance''. Connecticut: University of Connecticut
 * Calabrese, Andrea (1998). ''Some remarks on the Latin case system and its development in Romance'', in J. Lema & E. Trevino, (eds.), ''Theoretical Advances on Romance Languages''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
+* Calabrese, Andrea (1999). ''Metaphony Revisited''. In ''Rivista di Linguistica''.
+* Calabrese, Andrea (2011). ''Metaphony in Romance''. In C. Ewen; M. & Oostendorp; B. Hume (eds.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Phonology''. Wiley-Blackwell.
 * Batllori, Montserrat & Roca, Francesc (2011). ''Grammaticalization of ser and estar in romance''. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
 * Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). ''Die Sprache der Langobarden. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker''. Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: Trübner.
@@ Line 5,319: / Line 5,400: @@
 * Nair, RD; Lincoln, NB (2007). Lincoln, Nadina (ed.). ''Cognitive rehabilitation for memory deficits following stroke''. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
 * Brotle, Charles D. (2011). ''The role of mnemonic acronyms in clinical emergency medicine: A grounded theory study'' (EdD thesis).
+== External links ==
+* [https://www.wulfila.be/gothic/browse Wulfila Bible (full text)]
+* [https://www.gotica.de/ Gotica (Gothic) (small fragments)]
+* [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ The latin library], ancient Latin books and writings (without translations) ordered by author
+* [https://www.penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/ LacusCurtius], a small collection of Greek and Roman authors along with their books and writings (original texts are in Latin and Greek, translations in English and occasionally in a few other languages are available)
+* [https://www.arild-hauge.com/arild-hauge/eu-rune-pietroassa.gif Eu Rune Pietroassa]
 ==Conlang status==

Luthic: Difference between revisions

Luthic (view source)

Revision as of 11:48, 7 May 2024