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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (lit. [the language] of those who say ''đâu'' [for '2']) is an [[Azalic]] language. It is closer to [[Verse:Lõis/English|English]] than other Azalic languages are, but still a separate language. It is inspired by Vietnamese.
{{construction}}


It is in the [[Ăn Yidiș]]-[[Cubrite]] sprachbund.
In Irta, '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a North African [[Azalic]] language. It is inspired by Vietnamese, Maghrebi Arabic, and Yiddish. (should rename)
 
Its main post-proto-Azalic loan sources are Greek, Knench, English and Arabic.
 
== Todo ==
* eh2, eh3 -> əu(creaky)
** ''Nguyễn'' /ŋwḭə̯n/: a unisex given name, result of syncope from PAzal *ŋəw̃iən 'renowned, honored' < PIE *ǵnoh₃-ey-mnos 'made known'
 
==Phonology==
as in Vietnamese; note: '''r''' /ɹ/, '''d''' /z/, '''j''' /ʒ/, '''g''' is always /ɣ/, '''x''' /s/, '''s''' /ʃ/, '''đr''' = /ɖ~ɭ/
 
m n l can be syllabic
 
Maghrebi Azalic is tonal. A stressed syllable may have either modal or creaky tone.
 
==Orthography==
{{PAGENAME}} is natively written in either the Knench alphabet or Latin orthography based on the in-universe Old English orthography.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Spoken Riphean is analytic, like Colloquial Welsh. Literary Riphean is practically a Literary Knench or Biblical Hebrew relex (as close as you can get from Proto-Azalic).
===Pronouns===
*conj. i, du/u, khê, si, it, gia, dul/ul, doi/oi
*disj. mi, du, khim, kher, it, eox, dul, dam
*poss. mơ, ur, khex, kher, itx, eor, dux, dar
inflected prepositions
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Two cases (nominative and genitive), no gender
Two cases (nominative and genitive), no gender


*Genitive singular is always ''-x'' or ''-ơx''
*Genitive singular is always ''-x'' or ''-ơx''
*Plural is always nom. ''-i'', gen. ''-xi''
*Plural is almost always nom. ''-i'', gen. ''-xi''


Umlaut, known in Lõis as affection, is used for some plurals.
The definite article is invariably ''dơ''. There is no indefinite article.
 
Umlaut, known in-universe as affection, is used for some plurals: for example,
*''mon'' 'man', ''mơn'' (gen. ''mơnxi'') 'men'.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs.
Only the imperative/infinitive survives in lexical verbs. There is also a passive participle in ''-ơd'' (only used as an adjective).
 
Maghrebi Azalic uses a Biblical Hebrew-like tense system, under older [[Knench]] influence:
* Proto-Azalic sigmatic, ''ekh'' + sigmatic = yiqṭol, wayyiqṭol
* Proto-Azalic stative, ''ekh'' + stative = qåṭal, wăqåṭal
* imperative
The particle ''ekh'', which is analogous to the Hebrew waw-consecutive, derives from PIE *h₁esti-kʷe; it was first used with the sigmatic to disambiguate the past meaning of the sigmatic from the subjunctive meaning, and was extended to the stative by analogy.
 
===Auxiliaries===
===Auxiliaries===
{{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''u'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
Colloquial {{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural is also used as a polite pronoun.
*''Re Dovíð ngaw šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
 
*''Biuth re Dovíð ngaw šun'' = When David is about to sleep
==Sample text==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
===From "The Nightingale and the Rose" (Oscar Wilde)===
|+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
{{col-begin}}
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
{{col-break}}
! style="width: 75px; " | I
<poem>
! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
'''Dơ Noitingươl đu dơ Vard'''
! style="width: 75px; " | he
 
! style="width: 75px; " | she
"Ted si gêu ter si pho khơrđi gim vưt ter i pho ơdvơr vardơx radơx đor," biêc dơ Mathit dưng; "ơlt nis vard rad in ol mơ buxtn."
! style="width: 75px; " | it
 
! style="width: 75px; " | we
Phar kher nert on dơ đriêu kholm-uôc khar dơ Noitingươl khim, đu otơc si eot thơr dơ lavơx, đu pharơcs si.
! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
 
! style="width: 75px; " | they
"Nis vard rad in ol mơ buxtn!" biêc khê, đu phêl khis êux phormuôs gi đơr. "Ôi, on khot thengơx lihtl tis dơ phơlíxơđê ot dơpén! Im pho cri ol thengơx tis dơ sajơx pho scriv, đu sêu ol misriơx philóxophi mơ dal, ơlt on devit vard rad tis mơ loiv pho khoel bilihtơd."
! | Non-pronominal
</poem>
|-
{{col-break}}
! Present (''sêu'' is from *seq̇ 'see')
<poem>
| ''im''
'''The Nightingale and the Rose'''
| ''dur''
| ''khês''
| ''sis''
| ''its''
| ''giar''
| ''ulơr''
| ''dar''
| ''sêu''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''am i''
| ''ar du''
| ''is khê''
| ''is si''
| ''is it''
| ''ar gia''
| ''ar ul''
| ''ar da''
| ''is''
|-
! Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
| ''sit to''
| ''sit te''
| ''so u''
| ''sto hi''
| ''sin nu''
| ''sit tem''
| ''su'm''
| ''so/sto''
|-
! Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')
| ''ąs i''
| ''tąs to''
| ''tąs te''
| ''yąs u''
| ''tąs hi''
| ''nąs nu''
| ''tąsu tem''
| ''yąsu'm''
| ''yąs/tąs''
|-
! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''ur ni, ur i''
| ''tur to''
| ''tri te''
| ''yur u''
| ''tur hi''
| ''nur nu''
| ''tru tem''
| ''ru'm''
| ''yur/tur''
|-
! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| ''var ni, var i, vart i''
| ''vart to''
| ''vart te''
| ''var u''
| ''vro hi''
| ''varn nu''
| ''vart tem''
| ''vru'm''
| ''var/vro''
|-
! "May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')
| ''kekh i''
| ''tkekh to''
| ''tkekh te''
| ''kekh u''
| ''tkekh hi''
| ''kekh nu''
| ''tkekhu tem''
| ''kekhu'm''
| ''kekh/tkekh/kekhu''
|-
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''usif i''
| ''tusif to''
| ''tusif te''
| ''yusif u''
| ''tusif hi''
| ''nusif nu''
| ''tusif tem''
| ''yusifu'm''
| ''usift/tusif/yusifu''
|-
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| ''seft i''
| ''seft to''
| ''seft te''
| ''sif u''
| ''sifø hi''
| ''sef nu''
| ''seft tem''
| ''sifu'm''
| ''sif/sifu''
|-
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| ''zum i''
| ''tøzum to''
| ''tøzum te''
| ''zum u''
| ''tøzum hi''
| ''nøzum nu''
| ''tøzmu tem''
| ''zmu'm''
| ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
|-
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''attev i''
| ''tattev to''
| ''tattvi te''
| ''yattev u''
| ''tattev hi''
| ''nattev nu''
| ''tattev tem''
| ''yattevu'm''
| ''yattev/tattev/yattevu''
|-
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| ''ettevt i''
| ''ettevt to''
| ''ettevt te''
| ''ettev u''
| ''ettivø hi''
| ''ettev nu''
| ''ettevt tem''
| ''ettevu'm''
| ''ettev''
|}
=====Cautionary future=====
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Biblical Hebrew verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
** '''''Zum''' sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
** '''''Zum''' tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'


====Object pronouns====
'She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses,' cried the young Student; 'but in all my garden there is no red rose.'
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''kho/khe/khem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.


From her nest in the holm-oak tree the Nightingale heard him, and she looked out through the leaves, and wondered.


[[Category:Lõis]][[Category:Azalic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]
'No red rose in all my garden!' he cried, and his beautiful eyes filled with tears. 'Ah, on what little things does happiness depend! I have read all that the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched.'
</poem>
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
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