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Metin (view source)

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! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar-lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Lateroalveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveopalatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal-lateral
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
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|-
|-
!Nasal
!Nasal
|m~n
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m~n
 
(m, n)
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|n'
|N
|ñ
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|-
|-
!Plosive
!Plosive
|bh
|
|
|t, d, dh
/p/*, /b*/, /bʰ/
|t', d', dh'
 
|T, D, Dh
(bh)
|
/t/, /d/, /dʰ/
 
(t, d, dh)
|
/t'/, /d'/, /dʰ'/
 
(t', d', dh')
|
|
|
/ʈ/, /ɖ/, /ɖʰ/
(T, D, Dh)
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|
|k, g, gh
/c/, /ɟ/, /ɟʰ/
 
(c, j, jh)
|
/k/, /g/, /gʰ/
 
(k, g, gh)
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|
|
|
|-
|-
!Fricative
!Fricative
|f
|
|
|s, z, zh
 
 
 
/ɸ/
 
(f)
|
/s/, /z/, /zʰ/
 
(s, z, zh)
|
/s'/, /z'/, /zʰ'/
 
(s', z', zh')
|
/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ʒʰ/
 
(sx, zx, zxh)
|
/ʂ/, /ʐ/, /ʐʰ/
 
(S, Z, Zh)
|
/ç/, /ʝʰ/
 
(ç, yh)
|
/x/, /ɣ/
 
(x, G)
|
|
|S, Z
/ʀ/
|sy, zy, zyh
 
(q)
|
|
|x,G
/h/
|q
 
|h
(h)
|-
|-
!Affricate
!Affricate
|
|
|/ts/, /dz/, /dzʰ/
|
/ts'/, /dz'/, /dzʰ'/
(ts', dz', dzh')
|
/tʃ/, /dʒ/, /dʒʰ/
(cx, jx, jxh)
|
|
|ts, dz. dzh
/ʈʂ/, /ɖʐ/, /ɖʐʰ/
|ts', dz', dzh'
 
|C, J, Jh
(C, J, Jh)
|c, j, jh
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Approximant
!Approximant
|v~w
|
|
/ʋ/
(w)
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|r
|y
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/r/
(r)
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/j/
(y)
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|-
|-
!Lateral fric.
!Lateral fricative
|
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|s', z', zh', ł
/ɬ/, /ɮ/
 
(ɬ, ly)
|
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|
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|-
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!Lateral app.
!Lateral approximant
|
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|/l/
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|l
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|y'
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|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|i,i'
|
|ï
i, i'
|u, u'
 
(i, i')
|
ɨ
 
(ï)
|
u, u'
 
(u, u')
|-
|-
!Near-close
!Near-close
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|-
|-
!Close-mid
!Close-mid
|e,
|
|
|o
e
 
(e)
|
|
o
 
(o)
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|
|
|ë
|
ə
 
(ë)
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|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!Near-open
!Near-open
|á
|
|
|A
æ
 
(á)
|
|
ɔ
 
(ó)
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|
|
|a
|
a
 
(a)
|
|
|}
|}
''Phonemes with * are marginal''
''Letters in parantheses are romanizations. Sequences of sounds that could be confused for digraphs are seperated by a dash ( sx, /ʃ/ vs. s-x, /sx/).''
===Phonology===
====Consonants====


The consonants marked with apostrophes are lateral sounds
The consonants marked with apostrophes are lateral sounds
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To pronounce them, put the tip of your tongue at the base of your bottom teeth. Then, bend the rest of your tongue upwards until the center of your tongue is pressed against the base of the top teeth. Then, make a plosive, nasal, fricative, or lateral with your tongue in this position. You should sound like you have a lisp.
To pronounce them, put the tip of your tongue at the base of your bottom teeth. Then, bend the rest of your tongue upwards until the center of your tongue is pressed against the base of the top teeth. Then, make a plosive, nasal, fricative, or lateral with your tongue in this position. You should sound like you have a lisp.


Plosive consonants and fricatives make a three-way distinction, voiceless, voiced, and voiced aspirant. v~w is considered an approximant, although it surfaces as the voiced bilabial fricative v before or after labial vowels. All fricatives, even aspirated ones, may occur at the end of syllables. There is no aspirated Gh, nor are there p or b sounds. The only consonant clusters in the Metin language are affricates and l clusters, such as kl, tl, dl, and dlh. l clusters may beaspirated. The l clusters pl and bl exist, even though the p and b sounds do not occur in isolation. There are also x clusters, px, tx, and Tx, there are only 3, and they are always voiceless.
Plosive consonants and fricatives make a three-way distinction, voiceless, voiced, and breathy. v~w is considered an approximant, although it surfaces as the voiced bilabial fricative v before or after labial vowels. All fricatives, even aspirated ones, may occur at the end of syllables. There is no breathy Gh, nor are there p or b sounds (except in rare circumstances). The only consonant clusters in the Metin language are affricates and l clusters, such as kl, tl, dl, and dlh. l clusters may be voiceless, voiced or breathy. There are also x clusters, px, tx, t'x, and Tx, there are only 4, and they are always voiceless.


Nasals are  only distinguished from eachother in the onset of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, they become the archiphoneme m*, which agrees with the following consonant in place and manner of articulation. If followed by a vowel, m* becomes, m before normal vowels and n' before lateral vowels.
Nasals are  only distinguished from eachother in the onset of a syllable, at the end of a syllable, they become the archiphoneme m*, which represents a nasal which agrees with the following consonant in place of articulation. If followed by a vowel, m* becomes, /m/.


Approximants can also carry no secondary articulations. There is also an archiphoneme for syllable final approximants, that is l*. l* becomes ł before voiceless non-retroflex consonants, r before retroflex consonants, vowels, and voiced consonants, and l before voiced palatal and dental consonants.
Approximants can also carry no secondary articulations. There is also an archiphoneme for syllable final approximants, that is l*. l* becomes ł before voiceless non-retroflex consonants, r before retroflex consonants, vowels, and voiced consonants, and l before voiced palatal and dental consonants.
===Vowels===
====Vowels====
Vowels are divided into two groups, normal and lateral.
Vowels are divided into two groups, normal and lateral.


A normal vowel has the tongue held straight during production. They cannot occur after a lateral or retroflex consonant.They are divided int three groups. The first group is the fronted vowels, or palatals, which are are i, e and á. The neutral mid vowels are ï, ë, and a. . The final group is the back vowels, or labial vowels, u, o and à.
A normal vowel has the tongue held straight during production. They cannot occur after a lateral or retroflex consonant.They are divided int three groups. The first group is the fronted vowels, or palatals, which are are i, e and á. The neutral mid vowels are ï, ë, and a. . The final group is the back vowels, or labial vowels, u, o and à.


A lateral vowel is produced with the tip of the tongue at the base of the teeth and the rest of the tongue bent upwards.  Frontness and backness are not distinguished, only openness and labialness. There are only two pure lateral vowels, unlabialized i' and labialized u', the other lateral vowels are dipthongs, aa' is a dipthong of aa and i', o' is a dipthong of o and u'.
A lateral vowel is produced with the tip of the tongue at the base of the teeth and the rest of the tongue bent upwards.  Frontness and backness are not distinguished, only openness and labialness. There are only two pure lateral vowels, unlabialized i' and labialized u', the other lateral vowels are dipthongs with i' and u', aa' is a dipthong of aa and i', o' is a dipthong of o and u'.
==Syllable structure.==
===Phonotactics===
The onset consists of any consonant in the Metin language, or one of the permitted onset clusters, the l clusters (tl, dl, dlh), the affricates (ts, J, dz') or the x clusters (tx, Tx, px). The nucleus may be any vowel. The final may be any fricative, including h.
A syllable may optionally have an onset with any one consonant or the permitted consonant clusters (listed in consonants section). The nucleus must consist of a vowel or sequence of vowels (vowels do not dipthongize, rather a sequence of vowels is pronounced with each vowel distinct.) The (optional) coda may be any fricative (including h and other breathy fricatives.
Phonotactics: The vowels i and ï change to i' before lateral consonants. /s'ii/> s'ii', /t'ï/> t'i'. u changes to u' before lateral consonats /ts'u/>ts'u', /dzh'uu/>dzh'uu'.
 
 


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Metin is a polysynthetic, VSO language with most grammatical information indicated on the verb
Metin is a polysynthetic, VSO language with most grammatical information indicated on the verb
==Noun morphology==
==Noun morphology==
Metin numbers are divided into genders, which hold prefixes marking for the four cases and number.
Metin numbers are divided into genders, which hold prefixes marking for the four cases and number. Number is not obligatory to mark, especially for inanimate nouns.
===Gender 1===
===Gender 1===
Gender 1 is exclusively for humans.
Gender 1 is exclusively for humans.
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The l* in sual*me and kal*me indicates that it is the archiphoneme l*, which changes to r before voiced consonants (see phonology)
The l* in sual*me and kal*me indicates that it is the archiphoneme l*, which changes to r before voiced consonants (see phonology)
===Gender 2===
===Gender 2===
Gender 2 is usually used to mark machines and complex objects, and to make machines of verbs. It does not mark a plural normally, although the prefix dha can be used optionally
Gender 2 is usually used to mark machines and complex objects, and to make machines of verbs. It does not have a plural form, although the prefix dha can be used optionally
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Gender 2: y'aq: example: y'aqcaa'n: aircraft
|+Gender 2: ee'q: example: ee'qca'z: aircraft
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|ee'qcaa'n
|ee'qca'z
|(dhaee'qcaa'n)
|(dhaee'qca'z)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
! scope="row"|Ablative
|i'qoocaa'n
|i'qooca'z
|(dhai'qoocaa'n)
|(dhai'qooca'z)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|ye'ncaa'n
|ye'nca'z
|(dhaye'ncaa'n)
|(dhaye'nca'z)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Oblique
! scope="row"|Oblique
|yu'ncaa'n
|yu'nca'z
|(dhay'uncaa'n)
|(dhay'unca'z)
|}
|}


===Gender 3===
===Gender 3===
Gender 3 is used to mark a variety of inanimate objects
Gender 3 is used to mark a variety of inanimate objects.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Gender 3: fï: example: fïïtooq: plant
|+Gender 3: fï: example: fïtooq: plant
|-
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|
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! scope="row"|Common
! scope="row"|Common
|fïtooq
|fïtooq
|dhatooq
|(dhatooq)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
! scope="row"|Ablative
|fuootooq
|fuootooq
|dhootooq
|(dhootooq
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
! scope="row"|Dative
|fintooq
|fintooq
|jhintooq
|(jhintooq)
|-
|-
! scope="row"|Oblique
! scope="row"|Oblique
|funtooq
|funtooq
|
|
jhuntooq
(jhuntooq)
|}
|}




{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Gender 3 diminuitive: n'e example:n'etooq: sprout
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Singular
! scope="col"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Common
|n'etooq
|(dhan'etooq) etc..
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|n'ootooq
|
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|n'entooq
|
|-
! scope="row"|Oblique
|n'untooq
|
|}


===Gender 4===
===Gender 4===
Gender 4 is also used for inanimate objects, usually large immobile objects, or cities
Gender 4 is also used for inanimate objects, usually large immobile objects, or cities.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected"
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected"
|+Gender 4: cà: example: càDUh: house
|+Gender 4: cà: example: càDUh: house
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He climbed down slowly with a rope a while ago.
He climbed down slowly with a rope a while ago.
Lexical prefixes will be listed in the dictionary rather than the grammar, except for a few of the more important.
==Inner prefixes==
Inner prefixes bear the greater portion of the grammar in Metin, and they interact with eachother in complex ways, thus, it is difficult to talk about them in isolation.
==The subject prefixes==
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|-
! scope="row"|
! scope="col"|Singular
! scope="col"|Inclusive
! scope="col"|Exclusive
|-
! scope="row"|1st person
|o
|um
|ał
|-
! scope="row"|2nd person
| colspan="3"|f
|-
! scope="row"|3rd person
| colspan="3"| -
|-
! scope="row"|4th person obviate
| colspan="3"|q
|-
! scope="row"|4th person proximate
| colspan="3"|á
|-
! scope="row"|Interrogative
| colspan="3"|iz
|-
! scope="row"|Passive
| colspan="3"|më
|}
These are the basic forms of the subject prefixes. The prefixes rarely surface identically to their basic form, but instead change according to their environment. The verb below shows the forms of the prefixes when they are not preceded nor followed by any other prefixes.
===Bare subject prefixes===
Notice two things: Every subject prefix recieves an initial cononant (o to wo, iz to hiz), vowelless prefixes get a peg hï, f changes to hu, yał changes to yeł, and the verb recieves the suffix -wa to indicate plurality.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Present conjugation of 0-dheu: to climb
|-
|
wodheu
"I climb."
|
wundheuwa
"We climb."
|
yełdheuwa
"Youn and me climb."
|-
| colspan="3"|hudheu "You climb." hudheuwa "Y'all climb."
|-
| colspan="3"|hïdheu "He/she climbs." hïdheuwa "They climb."
|-
| colspan="3"|hïqdheu "He/she climbs." hïqdheuwa "They climb."
|-
| colspan="3"|yádheu "He/she climbs." yádheuwa "They climb."
|-
| colspan="3"|hizdheu "Who climbs?"
|-
| colspan="3"|mëdheu "It is climbed."
|}
===With evidentials===
This table shows the form of the prefixes when preceded by an evidential. Notice how the subject prefixes are now almost identical to their base forms (except f, which has changed to u. f changes to u whenever it is sandwiched between two consonants.)
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;"
|+Present conjugation of iem-0-dheu: to climb (as seen by speaker)
|-
|
iemodheu
"I climb."
(I see so.)
|
iemundheuwa
"We climb."
(I see so.)
|
iemałdheuwa
"You and me climb."
(I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|iemudheu "You climb." (I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|iendheu "He/she climbs."  (I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|iemïqdheu "He/she climbs." (I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|iemádheu "He/she climbs." (I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|iemizdheu "Who climbs?" (I see so.)
|-
| colspan="3"|ienmëdheudheu "It is climbed." (I see so.)
|}
===With lexical prefixes===
This table shows the forms of the subject prefixes when preceded by a lexical prefix. Notice how the lexical prefix's vowel is long in the forms marked with an *, and short elsewhere. Forms marked with a * trigger what is known as the ''lexical prefix vowel change. ''The lexical prefix vowel change usually lengthens the prefixes vowel, but occasionally other changes will happen (For example, the lexical prefix drai changes to drayee before an *, as in drayeefdheu (drai-f*-dheu), "You barely finish climbing." Vowel changes will be listed next to a lexical prefix's entry in the dictionary.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Present conjugation of ha-0-dheu: to climb upwards
|-
|
hódheu (hao>ho)
"I climb up."
|
hondheuwa (hau>ho)
"We climb up."
|
hałdheuwa (haał>hał)
"Youn and me set it."
|-
| colspan="3"|haafdheu* "You climb up." haafdheuwa* "Y'all climb up."
|-
| colspan="3"|haadheu* "He/she climbs up." haadheuwa* "they climb up."
|-
| colspan="3"|haaqdheu* "He/she climbs." haaqdheuwa "They climb up."
|-
| colspan="3"|hayádheu "He/she climbs up." hayádheuwa "They climb up."
|-
| colspan="3"|haaizdheu* "Who climbs up?"
|-
| colspan="3"|hamëdheu "It is climbed up."
|}
==Classifiers==
Classifiers are prefixes that come after the subject prefixes, usually indicating transitivity. There are 2 classifiers, a and e
===Combination of subject prefixes with classifier e===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected"
|+Present conjugation of e-goon: to set it, place it
|-
|
wegoon
"I set it."
|
wumiegoonwa
"We set it."
|
yełiegoonwa
"Youn and me climb up."
|-
| colspan="3"|*wegoon "You set it." *wegoonwa "Y'all set it."
|-
| colspan="3"|*hegoon "He/she sets it." *hegoonwa "They set it."
|-
| colspan="3"|*heqgoon "He/she sets it." *heqgoonwa "They set it."
|-
| colspan="3"|yáigoon "He/she sets it." yáigoonwa "They set it."
|-
| colspan="3"|*hidegoon "Who sets it?"
|-
| colspan="3"|mëigoon "It is set."
|}
These subject prefix-classifier combinations are highly irregular and must be learned by rote. As before, forms arked with an * will trigger lexical prefix vowel change if preceded by one. The following table shows what these prefixes look like with preceding lexicals.
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table"
|+Present conjugation of fu-e-goon: to set it down
|-
|
fuwegoon
"I set it down."
|
fumiegoonwa (fuu>fu)
"We set it down."
|
fuałiegoonwa
"Youn and me set it down"
|-
| colspan="3"|*fuuwegoon "You set it down." *wegoonwa "Y'all set it down."
|-
| colspan="3"|*fuuhegoon "He/she sets it down." *fuuhegoonwa "They set it down."
|-
| colspan="3"|*fuuheqgoon "He/she sets it down." *fuuheqgoonwa "They set it down."
|-
| colspan="3"|fuyáigoon "He/she sets it down." fuyáigoonwa "They set it down."
|-
| colspan="3"|*fuuidegoon "Who sets it down?"
|-
| colspan="3"|fumëigoon "It is set down."
|}
==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==The Noun phrase==
===Simple Noun phrases===
A simple noun phrase consists of at least 1 noun, the head noun, declined for case/
fïgoon "chair"
The head noun may be followed by one or more descriptors, such as adjectives or demonstratives
fïgoon Za "that chair"
fïgoon mui's "beautiful chair"
It may be followed by a postposition
fungoon mui's Za dez "by that beautiful chair"
It may be posessed, in which case the head noun recieves a suffix marking the person and number of the posessor, and the posessor is marked in the oblique case.
fïgoomen mui's suarme Za "that person's beautiful chair"
fïgoomi mui's oarme Za "those people's beautiful chair"
fïgoomo "my chair"
fïgoomen "his/her chair"
It may recieve a preposition
txoh fïgoon ta "along with this chair"
===Complex Noun phrases===
'''Conjunctions'''
Two noun phrases may be linked by conjunctions such as ppi or zxá
fïgoomen quo Za ppi fïtooq tliue ta "that white chair and this green plant"
fïgoomen quo Za zxá fïtooq tliue ta "that white chair or this green plant"
fïgoomen quo Za hi fïtoq tliue ta hu "that white chair, this green plant, and other things"
'''Comparisons'''
Comparisons in Metin are structured like this "Quality-posessive suffix-quantity-OBL-head noun-mu-compared noun
luquoyen zhaax fungoomen mu funtooq Za. whiteness-3ps great OBL-chair mu plant that "The chair is whiter than the plant" (Literal: The chair's whiteness is great compared to that plant."
luquoyen Gui fungoomen mu funtooq ta. "the chair is less white than that plant."
===The copulas Dhaa, bhaa, and mimi.===
The copula always comes first in the sentence
'''Dhaa'''
Noun phrases may be marked equivalent by the copula Dhaa
Dhaa sime te sibeh suałsuho. "That person by you is my friend's sister"
COPULA person here-by you sister-3ps OBL-friend-1ps
Or be stated without the copula to convey the same meaning
sime te sibeh suałsuho. (same meaning)
'''bhaa'''
The copula bhaa is used in the same way as Dhaa, but changes the phrase to a question. It is used most often in the respectful and distant registers.
bhaa sime te sibeh suałsuho? "Is that person by you my friend's sister?"
Like Dhaa, bhaa may be ommited, the only indication that the statement is a question being the tone of voice. bhaa is most commonly ommited in the close informal register.
sime te sibeh suałsuho? (same meaning)
'''mimi'''
The copula mimi indicates that two noun phrases are not equivalent. It is used like the other copulas.
mimi sime te sibeh suałsuho "That person by you is not my friend's sister"
==The Verb phrase==
Greatbuddha
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