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Metin: Difference between revisions
→Phonology
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|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless Affricate | ! Voiceless Affricate | ||
| || ||/t͡ɬ/ | | || ||/t͡ɬ/ tl ||/t͡s/ ts ||/t͡ɕ/ cx ||/ʈ͡ʂ/ ch || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced Fricative | ! Voiced Fricative | ||
|/β/ w ||/ð/ dj,d ||/ɮ/ ɮ ||/z/ z ||/ʑ/ zx ||/ʐ/ z̨ ||/ʝ/ y || | |/β/ w ||/ð/ dj,d ||/ɮ/ ɮ ||/z/ z ||/ʑ/ zx ||/ʐ/ z̨ ||/ʝ/ y ||/ɣ/ gj,g || || || /h/ h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced Affricate | ! Voiced Affricate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Breathy Fricative | ! Breathy Fricative | ||
|/βʰ/ wh ||/ðʰ/ | |/βʰ/ wh ||/ðʰ/ djh,dh||/ɮʰ/ ɮʰ ||/zʰ/ zh ||/ʑʰ/ zxh ||/ʐʰ/ z̨h ||/ʝʰ/ yh ||/ɣʰ/ gjh,gh || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Breathy Affricate | ! Breathy Affricate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Ejective Affricate | ! Ejective Affricate | ||
| ||/t̪͡θʼ/ tj' ||/t͡ɬʼ/ | | ||/t̪͡θʼ/ tj' ||/t͡ɬʼ/ tl' ||/t͡sʼ/ ts' ||/t͡ɕʼ/ cx' ||/ʈ͡ʂʼ/ ch' || || || ||/qχʼ/ qx'|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Velar Affricate | ! Velar Affricate | ||
|/p͡x/ px || | |/p͡x/ px ||/t̪x/ tx || || || ||/ʈ͡x/ thx || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Velar EJective Affricate | ! Velar EJective Affricate | ||
|/pxʼ/ px' ||/t̪xʼ/ tx' || || || ||/ʈ͡xʼ/ thx' || ||/k͡xʼ/ kx' || || || | |/pxʼ/ px'||/t̪xʼ/ tx' || || || ||/ʈ͡xʼ/ thx' || ||/k͡xʼ/ kx' || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Approximant | ! Approximant | ||
| | | || ||/l/ l || || || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Trill | ! Trill | ||
| || || || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || || ||/ʀ/ r || | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Ambiguous Multigraphs==== | |||
The following multigraphs are ambiguous in Metin's romanization when they occur word medially. When a sequence of letters is not intended to be interpreted as a digraph, | |||
a hypen "-" is inserted between them. | |||
tj /θ/ t-j /θɟ/ | |||
dj /ð/ d-j /ðɟ/ | |||
djh /ðʰ/ d-jh /ðɟʰ/ | |||
tl /t͡ɬ/ t-l /θl/ | |||
dl /d͡l/ d-l /ðl/ | |||
ts /t͡s/ t-s /θs/ | |||
dz /d͡z/ d-z /ðz/ | |||
dzh /d͡zʰ/d-zh /ðzʰ/ | |||
sx /ɕ/ s-x /sx/ | |||
cx /t͡ɕ/ c-x /çx/ | |||
zx /ʑ/ z-x /zx/ | |||
th /ʈ/ t-h /θh/ | |||
sh /ʂ/ s-h /sh/ | |||
ch /ʈ͡ʂ/ c-h /çh/ | |||
gj /ɣʰ/ g-j /ɣɟ/ | |||
gjh /ɣʰ/ g-jh /ɣɟʰ/ | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! /e̞/ | ! /e̞/ | ||
||/εi̯/ ei ||/ie̞/ ie ||/e̞u̯/ eu ||/u̯e̞/ ue || || ||/e̞o̯/ eo | ||/εi̯/ ei ||/ie̞/ ie ||/e̞u̯/ eu ||/u̯e̞/ ue || || || ||/e̞o̯/ eo | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /ə/ | ! /ə/ | ||
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All of Metin's vowels may occur as the core of a dipthong except for ɨ. | All of Metin's vowels may occur as the core of a dipthong except for ɨ. | ||
Metin has four glides which occur as either onglides or offglides, /i̯/, /u̯/, /e̯/, and /o̯/. | Metin has four glides which occur as either onglides or offglides, /i̯/, /u̯/, /e̯/, and /o̯/. | ||
If a glide is long, its core vowel is written doubly. | |||
====Triphthongs==== | ====Triphthongs==== | ||
If for any vowel V the onglide diphthong G1V exists and the offglide diphthong VG2 exists then the triphthong G1VG2 exists. | If for any vowel V the onglide diphthong G1V exists and the offglide diphthong VG2 exists then the triphthong G1VG2 exists. | ||
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====Duration==== | ====Duration==== | ||
All 9 vowels may be long or short | All 9 vowels may be long or short. In addition, the core vowel of any diphthong or triphthong may be long or short. | ||
====Tone==== | ====Tone==== | ||
A short vowel may be high tone or low tone. The high tone is marked V́. The low tone is marked V. | |||
A long vowel may be high tone, rising tone, falling tone, or low tone. the high tone is marked V́V́, rising tone VV́, falling tone V́V, and low tone VV. | |||
Dipthongs and triphthongs of either duration may be of high tone, rising tone, falling tone, or low tone. | |||
High tone is marked thusly on each kind of polyphthong: | |||
ǴV́ ǴV́V́ V́Ǵ V́V́Ǵ ǴV́Ǵ ǴV́V́Ǵ | |||
Rising tone is marked thusly on each kind of polyphthong: | |||
GV́ GV́V́ VǴ VVǴ GV́Ǵ GV́V́Ǵ | |||
Falling tone is marked thusly on each kind of polyphthong: | |||
ǴV ǴVV V́G V́V́G ǴVG ǴVVG | |||
Low tone is marked thusly on each kind of polyphthong: | |||
GV GVV VG VVG GVG GVVG | |||
=== | ===Syllable Structure=== | ||
The metin syllable structure is (C)V(F), where C is any consonant, V is any vowel, and F is any fricative. Vowel-initial words have an excrescent /ʔ/ glottal stop | |||
in their onset. | |||
' | V'V disyllables (with no intervening consonant) do not occur inside of words. Various sandhi processes remove them. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
A syllable may optionally have an onset with any one consonant or the permitted consonant clusters (listed in consonants section). The nucleus must consist of a vowel or sequence of vowels (vowels do not dipthongize, rather a sequence of vowels is pronounced with each vowel distinct.) The (optional) coda may be any fricative (including h and other breathy fricatives. | A syllable may optionally have an onset with any one consonant or the permitted consonant clusters (listed in consonants section). The nucleus must consist of a vowel or sequence of vowels (vowels do not dipthongize, rather a sequence of vowels is pronounced with each vowel distinct.) The (optional) coda may be any fricative (including h and other breathy fricatives. | ||