105
edits
Middle Ru: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 1,540: | Line 1,540: | ||
<p>Participles follow a drastically different structure than finite (or 'conjugated') Middle Ru verbs, being only marked by voice. The most basic form of participle, corresponding to the default unmarked voice, is constructed by a circumfix: <em>a-</em>(stem)<em>-a</em> for clear-harmony verbs (as in the previously mentioned example <em>azéva</em>, 'seen', from <em>zev</em>, 'to see') or <em>å-</em>(stem)<em>-o</em> (as in <em>åcẃño</em>, 'built', from <em>cuñ</em>, 'to build') for dark-harmony verbs. Unlike other verb forms, participles are stressed on the verb stem itself.</p> | <p>Participles follow a drastically different structure than finite (or 'conjugated') Middle Ru verbs, being only marked by voice. The most basic form of participle, corresponding to the default unmarked voice, is constructed by a circumfix: <em>a-</em>(stem)<em>-a</em> for clear-harmony verbs (as in the previously mentioned example <em>azéva</em>, 'seen', from <em>zev</em>, 'to see') or <em>å-</em>(stem)<em>-o</em> (as in <em>åcẃño</em>, 'built', from <em>cuñ</em>, 'to build') for dark-harmony verbs. Unlike other verb forms, participles are stressed on the verb stem itself.</p> | ||
<p>A basic Middle Ru participle corresponds to its O-role, the argument that would be put in absolutive case when following the verb: the subject for intransitive verbs (thus <em>ac'áza</em>, from <em>c'az</em>, 'to march', could be translated as 'marching'), the object for regular transitive verbs (<em>azéva</em> meaning 'seen' rather than 'seeing') and the indirect object for ditransitive verbs (<em>åʎúo</em> meaning 'having received', from <em>ʎu</em>, 'to give'). Participles for other roles can be constructed by replacing the initial <em>a-</em> or <em>å-</em> with a voice prefix. This allows for participles related to a transitive subject using the antipassive voice mark as in <em>rravzéva</em> ('seeing', 'that sees/saw'), reflexive participles such as <em>myzéva</em> ('that sees themself') , causative | <p>A basic Middle Ru participle corresponds to its O-role, the argument that would be put in absolutive case when following the verb: the subject for intransitive verbs (thus <em>ac'áza</em>, from <em>c'az</em>, 'to march', could be translated as 'marching'), the object for regular transitive verbs (<em>azéva</em> meaning 'seen' rather than 'seeing') and the indirect object for ditransitive verbs (<em>åʎúo</em> meaning 'having received', from <em>ʎu</em>, 'to give'). Participles for other roles can be constructed by replacing the initial <em>a-</em> or <em>å-</em> with a voice prefix. This allows for participles related to a transitive subject using the antipassive voice mark as in <em>rravzéva</em> ('seeing', 'that sees/saw'), reflexive participles such as <em>myzéva</em> ('that sees themself') , causative participles such as <em>ižyzéva</em> ('that makes/made someone to see', also used as a noun meaning "prophet, guru"), type-I aplicatives for benefactive participles such as <em>kezéva</em> ('that had someone see something for its benefit') and type-II applicatives for ditransitive direct objects: <em>ojʎúo</em> ('that was given [to someone]').</p> | ||
<p>Negative participles are preceded by the particle <em>žwm</em> which is also used a noun meaning 'nobody'. Thus <em>žwm azéva</em> transaltes as 'not seen'.</p> | <p>Negative participles are preceded by the particle <em>žwm</em> which is also used a noun meaning 'nobody'. Thus <em>žwm azéva</em> transaltes as 'not seen'.</p> | ||
<p>Participles are often used in place where a relative clause would be used in English. For instance, the phrase "the man who marched forward" is expressed in Middle Ru as <em>mimy ac'áza</em> | <p>Participles are often used in place where a relative clause would be used in English. For instance, the phrase "the man who marched forward" is expressed in Middle Ru as <em>mimy ac'áza</em>. The participle itself may be followed by arguments (other than it's O-role) as if it was a primary verb: <em>k'et åcẃño mimy</em> (house PTC-build-PTC man) for 'the house built by the man'.</p> | ||
<p>A different structure is required for relative clauses where the described noun phrase occupies a role other than the participle verb's O-role (and thus requires a voice mark like antipassive <em>rrav-/rråv-</em>) with the original O-role being included as part of the relative clause. This is the case in the phrase 'the man that saw the mountain', where the described noun ('the man', <em>mimy</em>) takes the A-role (ergative, subject of transitive <em>zev</em>, 'to see') and the relative predicate includes the original O-role (the object, <em>ħox</em>). This requires a structure where the described noun is followed by the particle <em>a</em> (regardless of the vowel harmony class of any neighbouring words), the original O-role and then the participle with the appropriate participles:</p> | <p>A different structure is required for relative clauses where the described noun phrase occupies a role other than the participle verb's O-role (and thus requires a voice mark like antipassive <em>rrav-/rråv-</em>) with the original O-role being included as part of the relative clause. This is the case in the phrase 'the man that saw the mountain', where the described noun ('the man', <em>mimy</em>) takes the A-role (ergative, subject of transitive <em>zev</em>, 'to see') and the relative predicate includes the original O-role (the object, <em>ħox</em>). This requires a structure where the described noun is followed by the particle <em>a</em> (regardless of the vowel harmony class of any neighbouring words), the original O-role and then the participle with the appropriate participles:</p> | ||