Muna

Revision as of 23:50, 22 September 2015 by MIGUELbM (talk | contribs) (→‎Verbs)

Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive Fortis p t k
Lenis b d g
Nasal n
Fricative ɸ s x
Approximant j w
Lateral Approximant l
Tap or Flap ɾ

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɒ

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

C1 (C2) (C3) V (C4) (C5)

Onset

  • Any consonant
  • Any plosive + /ɾ/
  • Any fricative + /l/
  • Any consonant except approximants + /j/
  • Any plosive + /r/ + /j/
  • Any fricative + /l/ + /j/

Nucleus

  • Any vowel

Coda

  • /n ɾ/ except before themselves
  • /l/ except before itself or /ɾ/

Allophonic changes

Stress

Stress falls in the first syllable unless the word has a non initial closed syllable (a syllable with coda) in which case it falls on the second syllable

Orthography

Writing system

Romanization

Transcription

The transcription scheme only changes a few IPA characters to their most easily recognizable Latin equivalent, <ä> may use pretty much any diacritic to make the typing of Muna easy and more accessible, in extreme cases the digraph <ao> may be used since there are no diphthongs in Muna which may make the reading ambiguous.

The characters that have changed are in bold:

Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive Fortis p t k
Lenis b d g
Nasal n
Fricative f s h
Approximant j w
Lateral Approximant l
Tap or Flap r


Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ä / ao

Transliteration

Nouns

Noun structure

Noun phrase

Number

Cases

Types of nouns

Proper

Common

Noun derivation

Diminutives

Augmentatives

Compounding

Denominalization

Adpositions

Adpositional phrase

Determiners

Articles

Demonstratives

Quantifiers

Numerals

Verbs

Verb structure

Compared to the rest of the language, verbs have very little inflectional morphology, only conjugating for tense and causativity

Adverb Applicative particle Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary stem Aspect suffix Causative Prefix Verb Stem Tense suffix

Tense

Muna has a simple three-tense system in which the verb can be conjugated for past, present or future. However, these tense suffixes have to agree in number to the subject (or topic, if there's no subject present) of the sentence.

Past Present Future
Singular
Plural

Aspect

Aspect is marked by using the singular tense suffixes in the auxiliary verb (called aspect suffixes in that position). While they are called aspects, two forms are actually a mix of tense and aspect, the retrospective (or perfect) and the prospective.

Perfective (pfv)
Unmarked
The perfective describes an action as a whole without internal composition, it is also used to describe punctual events and the completions of events.
Retrospective (rtsp)
Marked as the past singular
The retrospective describes past actions focusing on the present consequences to the reference time.
Imperfective (ipfv)
Marked as the present singular
The imperfective describes actions that are ongoing, habitual or iterative.
Prospective (prsp)
Marked as the future singular
The prospective focuses on the future consequences of a presently ongoing action.

Mood

Direction

Causativity

Types of verbs

Lexical verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Verb derivation

Nominalization

Compounding

Adverbs

Manner

Time

Direction/location

Evidential/epistemic

Adjectives

Synatx

Basic sentences

Main clause

Argument dropping
Topicalization

Interrogative

Imperative

Hortative

Reflexive

Reciprocal

Comparative

Causative

Applicative

Advanced sentences

Serial verbs

Relative clause

Adverbial clause

Conditional clause

Complement clauses