@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox language
-|image =
-|imagesize =
 |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
 |name = Classical Windermere
-|nativename =
+|nativename = wănaang Dămee
-|pronunciation=
+|pronunciation= wɔnaʱŋ dɔˈmeʱ
 |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
-|region = Talma
+|state = Talma
 |familycolor=tergetic
 |fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
 |fam2=Ashanic
-|script=Windermere script
+|scripts=* Windermere script
-|iso3=
 |notice=IPA
 }}
-'''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''băyrits Dămee'' /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi cduay Dămea Ăfur'' [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; [[Skellan]]: ''a brits Dymée Yfẃr'' /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/  'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămee''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tseer]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Tseezh words.
+{{Windermere sidebar}}
+'''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''wănaang Dămee'' /wɔnaʱŋ dɔˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi wănäng Impida'' 'the language of the Pida (Sages)'; [[Skellan]]: ''a łynǿñ Dymée ryn Byðá'') is a standardized variety of Windermere based on the language of Windermere texts written from ca. fT -300 through fT 500. Alongside its relative [[Classical Tseer]], Classical  Windermere served as a lingua franca of learning, governance, law, and religion in premodern Talma and lent many words to other Talman languages. Later Classical Windermere borrowed many words from Classical Tseer.
+Especially in its religious register, it was influenced by [[Tigol]].
+== Todo ==
+* ăyă/ăy > i
+==Status==
+Classical Windermere is the language of Mărotłite sacred texts, such as the Imθumitil and other Pidaic writings.
+In Talma Classical Windermere has evolved into various Talman Windermere vernaculars. Modern [[Windermere]], on the other hand, is an evolution of revived Classical Windermere. Classical Windermere is still used as the liturgical language of Mărotłism and is an official language of the city-state [[Verse:Tricin/Yocneam|Yocneam]].
 ==Phonology==
 ===Consonants===
-{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
 ! colspan="2" |
 !  |Labial
-!  |Dental
 !  |Alveolar
+!  |Lateral
 !  |Palatal
 !  |Velar
@@ Line 65: / Line 73: @@
 |
 | '''ts''' /ts̪/
-| '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/
+| '''tł''' /tɬ/
 |
 |
@@ Line 73: / Line 81: @@
 |
 | '''s''' /s̪/
-| '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/
+| '''ł''' /ɬ/
 | '''ș''' /ʃ/
 |
@@ Line 90: / Line 98: @@
 ===Vowels===
-Classical Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Middle Windermere.
+Classical Windermere had six stressed vowels '''a e i o u ü''' /a e i o u ü/ ('''ü''' was central unlike in Modern Windermere). It also had breathy voiced vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ üʱ/.
+Late Classical Windermere also had '''ö''' /ø/ in [[Tseer]] loans.
+In Middle Windermere, the clear vowels '''a e i o u ü''' became RTR vowels /ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ/, while the breathy vowels  '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' became ATR vowels /æ e i o u y/. These qualities became the basis for vowel realizations in reading traditions.
+Classical Windermere had two reduced vowels, '''ă''' /ɔ/ and '''ĭ''' /ə~ɪ/, which merged to '''ă''' /ə/ in Modern Windermere. '''ă''' comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *a, *o, *u, and '''ĭ''' comes from Proto-Ashanic unstressed *i, *ü, *e. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization.
-Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, '''ă''' /ə/ and '''i''' /ɪ/, which merged to '''ă''' in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization.
+===Phonotactics===
+CWdm allowed initial bd bg db dg gb gd.
 ==Morphophonology==
@@ Line 99: / Line 114: @@
 *th + fric → fric + t
-**θs → st, as in ''sèf'' 'go' → *''thsèf'' → ''stèf'' 'to drive' (Modern ''binsteaf'' 'energy', ''sămteaf'' 'to energize')
+**θs → st, as in ''sèφ'' 'go' → *''θsèφ'' → ''steeφ'' 'to drive' (Modern ''binsteaf'' 'energy', ''sămteaf'' 'to energize')
-**θφ → φθ, e.g. ''tăfi'' 'laugh' → ''*tithfi'' → ''tifti'' 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. ''tăfi'', ''tifti'')
+**θφ → φθ, e.g. ''tăφi'' 'laugh' → ''*tiθφi'' → ''tiφθi'' 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. ''tăfi'', ''tifti'')
-**θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere ''àrθχa'' → ''răchta'' 'to die'
+**θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere ''àrθχa'' → ''răχθa'' 'to die'
-**thł, thș → łt, șt
+**θł, θș → łt, șt
-*ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
+*χ + φ, s, θ, ł, ș → χw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???
-*s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc
+*s + φ, θ, χ → sp, st, sc
 *rC, lC > Cr, Cl
-*ps pn png → sp fn fng
+*ps pn png → sp φn φng
-*tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
+*tp θp tsp kp χp → tw θw tsw cw χw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw
 *tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
 ===Sandhi table===
-{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
+{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
 ! rowspan=2 | Initial <br/>Consonant
 ! colspan=23| Final Consonant
@@ Line 389: / Line 405: @@
 |-
 ! c
+| cp
+| cp
+| cp
+| cm
+| cht
+| cht
+| cht
+| cn
+| ch
+| c
+| c
+| cng
+| cs
+| cts
+| cł
+| ctł
+| cș
+| cht
+| c'
+| cl
+| cr
+| cw
+| cy
 |-
 ! ng
+| ngf
+| ngp
+| ngb
+| ngm
+| ngth
+| ngt
+| ngd
+| ngn
+| ngch
+| ngc
+| ngg
+| ng
+| ngs
+| ngts
+| ngł
+| ngtł
+| ngș
+| ngt
+| ng'
+| ngl
+| ngr
+| ngw
+| ngy
 |-
 ! s
@@ Line 420: / Line 482: @@
 ==Morphology==
 ===Nouns===
+====Articles====
+There are two articles like in Modern Windermere, but with gender distinctions: the definite article ''fin'' (m sg), ''fis'' (f sg), ''fi'' (pl), from the distal demonstrative ''fi'', and the specific article ''sen'' (m sg), ''ses'' (f sg), ''se'' (pl), from the proximal demonstrative ''se''. Indefinite nonspecific nouns do not take an article.
+The accusative particle ''ü'' (from the Proto-Lakovic direct case marker ''Hu'') was mandatory, unlike in Modern Windermere.
+====Plurals====
 Classical Windermere had many irregular plurals due to the effects of sandhi.
 Examples:
-Regular plurals:
+Regular reduplicated plurals:
 *''cnul'' 'leaf' > ''nălcnul'' 'leaves'
 Sandhi plurals:
 *''drong'' 'kernel' > ''tăngrădong'' 'kernels'
 Suppletive plurals:
-*''croth'' 'person' > ''hingüs'' 'people'
+*''croθ'' 'person' > ''hĭngüs'' 'people'
+Concatenative plurals (especially for longer words):
+*''păltsiφ'' 'merchant' > ''impăltsiφ'' 'merchants'
+*''neeχ-snooχ'' 'man of learning' > ''luc-snooχ''
+====Gender====
 Classical Windermere had grammatical gender, with masculine and feminine genders.
-*For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: ''tge'' /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while ''trămaay'' /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.
+*For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were generally feminine: ''φin tger'' /pʰin tger/ 'the voice' was masculine, while ''φis trămaay'' 'the rain' was feminine.
 *Exceptions were human nouns, for which the gender followed natural gender.
-*Words with certain affixes such as ''hăl-'' or ''să-'' were also feminine.
+*Words with certain affixes
+**Words with the nominalizer {{angbr|''i''}} were masculine.
+**Words with nominalizers ''hăl-'' or ''să-'' were feminine.
 ===Verbs===
 Trigger infixes and certain aspects had become derivational in Classical Windermere, but not other aspects or tenses.
+====Gender====
+The feminine agreement prefix ''u-'' goes before TAM markers. It becomes ''wă-'' before a single consonant that is not a glottal stop or /h/ beginning a minor syllable. A glottal stop or /h/ initial minor syllable is deleted before applying the rule.
+*șroy 'pays' > ușroy
+*ămșroy 'paid' > umșroy
+*tășăyșroy 'pays in installments' > wătășăyșroy
+====Tense====
+Verbs have the following principal parts: present, imperfect, perfect, future I, and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. This complex and irregular system is probably a relic of transitioning from Proto-Lakovic aspects to tenses.
-====Aspect====
+*Present: present or present progressive
-Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
+*Imperfect: Past incomplete or ongoing action; sometimes like the English pluperfect
+*Perfect: Past completed action
+*Future/Subjunctive I: future imperfective
+*Future/Subjunctive II: future perfective
+*Imperative: Present or Subjunctive II
-Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
+The exact paradigm depends on the verb. For stative verbs like ''plang'' 'to stand', present and perfect forms are identical.
-*imperfective/stative = unmarked
-*perfective = marked with ''em-''
-*prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
-*momentane = ''bla-''
-*progressive = ''ăL-''
-*gnomic, habitual = marked with ''li-''
-*iterative = ''FăL-''
-*frequentative = ''eNFă-''
-*inchoative/inceptive = ''osăL-''
-*graduative = ''tăFa-''
-===Pronouns===
+Example:
-Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.
+*Present = Perfect: ''plang'' 'stands; (has) stood'; feminine ''uplang''
+*Imperfect: ''plăplang'' 'was standing; had stood' (from PLak reduplication for iterative); feminine ''wăpinglang''
+*Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine ''wepălang''
+*Infinitive: ''pălang'' (from nominal grade *pälng)
-*1sg: ''rì''
+===Personal pronouns===
+Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns, possessive pronouns, and inflected prepositions.
+====Independent pronouns====
+The independent pronouns were used as subjects and direct objects.
+*1sg: ''ri''
 *2sg: ''łen'' (m), ''łes'' (f)
 *3sg: ''in'' (m), ''is'' (f)
 *1pl exclusive: ''tsa''
-*1pl inclusive: ''ăbang''
+*1pl inclusive: ''bang''
-*2pl: ''łinam'' (m), ''łisam'' (f)
+*2pl: ''łĭnam'' (m), ''łĭsam'' (f)
-*3pl: ''inam'' (m), ''isam'' (f)
+*3pl: ''ĭnam'' (m), ''ĭsam'' (f)
+Pronouns get cliticized to verbs in Middle Windermere.
+====Possessive prefixes====
++V represents a voicing mutation on a following noun: /p t k/ > /b d g/.
+*1sg: ''rĭ-'' +V
+*2sg: ''hĭ-'' +V (m), ''hĭ-'' (f)
+*3sg: ''ĭ-'' +V (m), ''ĭs-'' (f)
+*1pl exclusive: ''tsă-'' +V
+*1pl inclusive: ''su-'' +V (from a fossilized ''seew'' 'here')
+*2pl: ''łăm-/łăn-'' (both m and f)
+*3pl: ''năm-/năn-'' (m), ''săm-/săn-'' (f)
+====Prepositions====
+Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like [[Tigol]] and most modern Talmic languages. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected.
+The regular pronominal affixes:
+*1sg: ''-ir''
+*2sg: ''-eł'' (m), ''-łes'' (f)
+*3sg: ''-in'' (m), ''-is'' (f)
+*1pl.ex: ''-tsa''
+*1pl.in: ''-ang''
+*2pl: ''-łam'' (both genders)
+*3pl: ''-nam'' (m), ''-sam'' (f)
+Examples:
+*''mi'' 'in, at': ''mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mitsa, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam''
+*''șa'' 'to, for': ''șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șatsa, șbang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam''
+*''φa'' 'from': ''ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχtsa, ăχbang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam''
+*''ya'' 'with: ''yăngir, yăngeł, yăngłes, yăngin, yăngis, yăngtsa, yăbang, yăłam; yănam, yăsam''
+Sometimes variant forms with -ng- show up: e.g. ''șăngłam'' or ''șăngar''
 ===Derivation===
 (Anything else?)
-*''*th-'' (causative; denominal verbs)
+*''*θ-/θă-'' (causative; denominal verbs)
-*''pi-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'')
+*''θu-'' = intensive
-**''da'' (know) -> ''pida'' 'sage' (Medieval ''păda'', Modern ''pda'')
+*''pĭ-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'')
-**''tüth'' (to grasp) -> ''pidüth'' 'meaning, intention'
+**''da'' (know) -> ''pĭda'' 'sage'
+**''tüθ'' (to grasp) -> ''pĭdüθ'' 'meaning, intention'
+*''nu-'' agentive
 *''ha-'' (passive)
+* {{angbr|i}} nominalization
 ====Breathy voice====
-Words with breathy voice are explained by older affixes which have lost their productivity:
+Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older affixes which have lost their productivity:
-*feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: ''snar'' < *snär 'catch', ''snaar'' < *snär-s 'trap, snare', which survives in Modern Wdm as ''snär''.
+*feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: ''snar'' < *snär 'catch' (Modern Wdm. ''snar'' 'to know'), ''snaar'' < *snär-s 'trap, snare' (Modern Wdm. ''snär'').
-*an infix *{{angbr|H}} for verbs
+*an infix *{{angbr|H}} for verbs?
+====Aktionsart====
+like Modern Wdm.
+==Syntax==
+The usual word order is VOS (assuming the topic is the subject), unlike Modern Windermere's SVO. The syntax is generally Mishnaic Hebrew-like but it's topic-final.
 ==Sample texts==
-==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumăytil''===
+==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumitil''===
-''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..." Łop emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''
+(The following story is from the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumitil|Imθumitil]], a major Talman religious text.)
+Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.
+Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts sălmeχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."
+"Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.
+"Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!" eφθooc φin χaaθ.
+"Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw." esngim
+șa φin χaaθ φin Pĭda Brăwid.
 ====Gloss====
-''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"''
+''Ngiiθ dur se taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Măra łĭnam?"''
-one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"
+time sit.STAT SP six child circle. ask.PFV DEF.M Master B.: "how_many 2PL?"
 Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwiid asked them: "How many of you are here?"
-''Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..."''
+''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''
-in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3
+in-PROG-count other PFV-call SP.M one: 63: six individual, 15 pair, 20 triad, 15 tetrad, 6 pentad, 1 hexad
-While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
+While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, 15 teams of 4, 6 teams of 5, and one team of 6."
-''Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"''
+''Tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?"''
-then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"
+PFV-ask DEF.M Master B.: "then many what, if enter person other"
 Now Master Brăwiid asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
-''Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''
+''Eφθooc φin χaaθ, "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!"''
+PFV-answer DEF.M child "lo, clear DEF.M Master all team previous, and add PL-team other with-person that"
+The child responded: "It is plain, Master: all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
+''Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."''
+PFV-praise DEF.M Master B. to DEF.M child to-say, "exist wisdom and understanding to DEF.M child this true true"''
+Master Brăwied praised the child saying, "This child has wisdom and understanding indeed."
+==Poetry==
+===Early Classical poetry===
+Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the Imθumitil, was a form of rhymed prose. (cf. saj3 in the Qur'an)
-PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"
+===Later Classical poetry===
+[[Classical Tseer]] poetry (which used both rhyme and meter) introduced meter to Windermere poetry. As in Tseer prosody, a meter was determined by the number of syllables per line and the placement of the caesura. The notation "m+n" denotes a meter of m syllables + caesura + n syllables.
-The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
+Some meters were:
+*4+4
+*4+6
+*5+5
+*6+4
+*4+7
+*6+5
+*6+6
+*7+7
+====4+4====
+An average early Late-Classical philosophical poem:
+<poem>
+''Hay croθ φnărooχ / χĭrał mi-tliis,''
+''Răwoł hĭspeel / tsor pĭχăngdiis.''
+''Da hĭtsărüüng, / woch hogăsgiis,''
+''Hĭdgun cămbey, / heneeb θiφiis.''
+</poem>
+<poem>
+''O fleeting man / swept by desire,''
+''Your maw dissolves / all fine repast.'' (lit. your ear forgets all ''pĭχăngdiis'', a type of joyful dance music)
+''Know your good sense / and light your fire;''
+''Consume your food; / your life won't last.''
+</poem>
 [[Category:Windermere]]

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