Naeng/Classical: Difference between revisions

|nativename =  

|pronunciation=

|region = Talma

|script=Windermere script

'''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''băyrits Dămee'' /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi cduay Dămea Ăfur'' [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; [[Skellan]]: ''a brits Dymée Yfẃr'' /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/  'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămee''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tseer]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Classical Tseer words.

CWdm allowed initial bd bg db dg gb gd.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"

| '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/

| '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/

Classical Windermere had six vowels '''a e i o u ü''' /a ɛ i o u ü/ ('''ü''' was central unlike in Modern Windermere). It also had breathy voiced vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' /aʱ ɛʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ üʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: it had two reduced vowels, '''ă''' /ə/ and '''i''' /ɪ/, which merged to '''ă''' in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization.

**θs → st, as in ''sèf'' 'go' → *''thsèf'' → ''stèf'' 'to drive' (Modern ''binsteaf'' 'energy', ''sămteaf'' 'to energize')

**θφ → φθ, e.g. ''tăfi'' 'laugh' → ''*tithfi'' → ''tifti'' 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. ''tăfi'', ''tifti'')

**θχ → χθ e.g. Proto-Windermere ''àrθχa'' → ''răchta'' 'to die'

**thł, thș → łt, șt

*ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

*s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc

*ps pn png → sp fn fng

*tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

Regular plurals:

*''croth'' 'person' > ''hingüs'' 'people'

*For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: ''tge'' /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while ''trămaay'' /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.

**Words with the nominalizer {{angbr|''ăy''}} were masculine.

The feminine agreement prefix ''u-'' (''wă-'' before a single consonant that is not the glottal stop; from Proto-Lakovic *wa-) goes before TAM markers:

*emșroy 'paid' > umșroy

Tense inflection uses a combination of prefixes, reduplication and ablaut. The exact paradigm depends on the verb.

The tenses are:

*Present: ''plang'' 'stands'

*Past: ''pläng'' 'stood' (ablaut, from PLak ''*-H'' for perfective)

*Future: ''heplang'' (from ''*heφ-plang'') 'will stand'

*Imperative: ''plang'' 'stand!'

*1sg: ''rii''

*2pl: ''łinam'' (m), ''łisam'' (f)

*3pl: ''inam'' (m), ''isam'' (f)

Possessive pronouns ''preceded'' the noun, unlike genitive nouns.

*1sg: ''ri''

*2sg: ''łin'' (m), ''łis'' (f)

*3sg: ''ăn'' (m), ''ăs'' (f)

*1pl exclusive: ''su'' (from a fossilized ''*sew'' 'here')

*2pl: ''łăm'' (m), ''łăm'' (f)

*3pl: ''năm'' (m), ''săm'' (f)

Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like Tigol and most modern Talmic languages and unlike Modern Windermere. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected.

*1pl.ex: ''-ats''

*''mi'' 'in, at': ''mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mits, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam''

*''șa'' 'to, for': ''șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șats, șang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam''

*''φa'' 'from': ''ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχats, ăχang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam''

*''pi-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'')

**''da'' (know) -> ''pida'' 'sage' (Medieval ''păda'', Modern ''pda'')

**''tüθ'' (to grasp) -> ''pidüθ'' 'meaning, intention'

Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older which have lost their productivity:

*feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: ''snar'' < *snär 'catch', ''snaar'' < *snär-s 'trap, snare', which survives in Modern Wdm as ''snär''.

*perfective = marked with ''em-''

*prospective = ''heφ-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)

*momentane = ''bla-''

*progressive = ''ăL-''

*gnomic, habitual = marked with ''li-''

*iterative = ''FăL-''

*frequentative = ''eNFă-''

==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumăytil''===

''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse? Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..." Łop emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?" Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șa-bang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''

''Doon ngiθ, dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"''

one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"

''Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..."''

in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

''Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"''

then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"

''Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: șang tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''

PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "here, clear Master to-us.EXC all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"