Naeng/Classical: Difference between revisions

|nativename =  

|pronunciation=

|region = Talma

|script=Windermere script

'''Classical Windermere''' ('''CWdm''', native name: ''băyrits Dămee'' /bəjrits dəˈmeʱ/; Modern Wdm.: ''fi cduay Dămea Ăfur'' [fi kduəj dəmeə ʔəvur]; [[Skellan]]: ''a brits Dymée Yfẃr'' /ə prits təˈmɛi əˈfur/ or /ə prits təˈme əˈfur/  'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Windermere spoken in the [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Imperial Windermere]] territories (''Wen Dămee''), based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 0-500. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to other Talman languages. A related language [[Tseer]] was used in other parts of the Windermere Empire, and as a result Windermere borrowed many Classical Tseer words.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"

| '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/

| '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/

Classical Windermere had six stressed vowels '''a e i o u ü''' /a ɛ i o u ü/ ('''ü''' was central unlike in Modern Windermere). It also had breathy voiced vowels '''aa ee ii oo uu üü''' /aʱ ɛʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ üʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Middle Windermere.

Classical Windermere had more vowel contrasts in minor syllables: it had two reduced vowels, '''ă''' was /ɔ/ and '''ĭ''' was /ə~ɪ/, which merged to '''ă''' /ə/ in Modern Windermere. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization.

**θs → st, as in ''sèf'' 'go' → *''thsèf'' → ''steeφ'' 'to drive' (Modern ''binsteaf'' 'energy', ''sămteaf'' 'to energize')

**θφ → φθ, e.g. ''tăfi'' 'laugh' → ''*tithfi'' → ''tiφθi'' 'to mock' (Classical and Modern Wdm. ''tăfi'', ''tifti'')

**thł, thș → łt, șt

*ch + f, s, th, ł, ș → chw, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

*s + f, th, ch → sp, st, sc

*ps pn png → sp fn fng

*tp thp tsp kp chp → tw thw tsw cw chw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > dw tsw gw

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"

*''croth'' 'person' > ''hĭngüs'' 'people'

*''păltsif'' 'merchant' > ''impăltsif'' 'merchants'

*For "basic" words, nouns with breathy voice were feminine: ''tge'' /tge/ 'voice' was masculine, while ''trămaay'' /trəmaʱj/ 'rain' was feminine.

**Words with the nominalizer {{angbr|''ăy''}} were masculine.

The feminine agreement prefix ''u-'' (''wă-'' before a single consonant that is not the glottal stop; from Proto-Lakovic *ʔu-) goes before TAM markers:

*emșroy 'paid' > umșroy

Verbs have the following principal parts: present, past, imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. The exact paradigm depends on the verb.

An example paradigm:

*Present: ''plang'' 'stands'; feminine ''uplang''

*Past: ''plaang'' 'stood' (ablaut, from PLak ''*-H'' for perfective); feminine ''uplaang''

*Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine ''wepalang''

*Imperative/Subjunctive: ''plang'' 'stand! that X stand'; feminine ''uplang''

*Verbal noun: ''pălang'' (from the nominal grade)

*1sg: ''rii''

Possessive pronouns ''preceded'' the noun, unlike genitive nouns.

*1sg: ''ri''

*2sg: ''łin'' (m), ''łis'' (f)

*3sg: ''ăn'' (m), ''ăs'' (f)

*1pl exclusive: ''tsă''

*1pl inclusive: ''su'' (from a fossilized ''seew'' 'here')

*2pl: ''łăm'' (both m and f)

*3pl: ''năm'' (m), ''săm'' (f)

Classical Windermere had inflected prepositions, like Tigol and most modern Talmic languages and unlike Modern Windermere. Some prepositions had suppletive forms when inflected.

*1pl.ex: ''-ats''

*''mi'' 'in, at': ''mir, mił, miłes, min, mis, mits, ming, miłam, miłam, minam, misam''

*''șa'' 'to, for': ''șar, șał, șăłes, șan, șas, șats, șang, șăłam, șăłam, șănam, șăsam''

*''φa'' 'from': ''ăχir, ăχeł, ăχłes, ăχin, ăχis, ăχats, ăχang, ăχłam, ăχłam, ăχnam, ăχsam''

**''da'' (know) -> ''pĭda'' 'sage' (Medieval ''păda'', Modern ''pda'')

Words with breathy voice alternations are explained by older which have lost their productivity:

*feminine *-s for nouns, which often derives instruments from verbs: ''snar'' < *snär 'catch', ''snaar'' < *snär-s 'trap, snare', which survives in Modern Wdm as ''snär''.

====Triggers====

==="The Round Table", from the ''Imθumăytil''===

The following story is from the [[Verse:Tricin/Imθumăytil|Imθumăytil]], a major Talman religious text.

''Ngiθ dur id taχ χaaθ mi mogor lăyθeeθ. Emtăbiits Pida Brăwiid: "Măra łinam dunse?"''

one time, sit NOM six child in circle VN.discuss. PFV-ask Master B.: "many what 2PL here?"

''Mi-ăngnung căχθaaθ năθa emritsal doon: "Șrüχ te-stiw: mi tsum taχ mognas, thaf te-müüts θraaφ, liiw stăliw..."''

in-PROG-count PL-child other PFV-call one: 63 namely six individual, 15 pair, 20 group_of_3

While the others were still counting, one child replied: "Sixty-three: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."

''Łop embiits Pida Brăwiid: "Ǎna mee ra mooχ, srüü hădeen do croθ năθa?"''

then PFV-ask Master B.: "then many what be_at, if enter one person other"

''Emcă'aw id χaaθ ipăyφay, "Op cănga, Pida: sey tsor pădiiχ φnărtaang, sach φăbeeng păχwădiiχ năθa ya-croθ năθa φi!"''

PFV-answer NOM child nonchalantly "lo, clear Master here all team previous, as_well_as <REFL>form PL-team other with-person other that"

The child nonchalantly responded: "It is plain, Master: here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"

Early Classical Windermere poetry, such as poetic parts of the Imθumăytil, was a form of rhymed prose. (cf. Qur'an)

Classical Tseer poetry (which used both rhyme and meter) introduced meter to Windermere poetry. A meter was determined by the number of syllables per line and the placement of the caesura.

Some common meters were:

*the 4+4 octosyllable meter (''χăynung slămaaχ'')

*the 4+6 decasyllable meter (''χăynung slămaaχ te tălaχ'')

*the 5+5 decasyllable

*the 6+4 decasyllable

''Ay croθ yĭφooχ, / χĭräł mi-tliis,''

''Ceer săm'athwä / łin pĭχăngdiis,''

''Da łin φătüür / nga hogăsgiis,''

''Brä şän cĭbeey / te tsmä 'işφiis.''