Difference between revisions of "Naquian"
m (→Personal affixes) |
m |
||
(44 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
− | |nativename = | + | |nativename = in uētacaz nāquimiz |
|pronunciation= /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | |pronunciation= /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | ||
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting=[[Verse:Tricin]] | ||
− | |region = | + | |region = Naquiz, northern Txapoalli |
|extinct = 500dd | |extinct = 500dd | ||
|fam1=[[Quame languages|Quame]] | |fam1=[[Quame languages|Quame]] | ||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ ''NAH-kwee-ən'') is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a | + | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ ''NAH-kwee-ən'') is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of Ancient [[Verse:Tricin/Naquiz|Naquiz]], or the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a Proto-Germanic and Nahuatl flavor. It has a rich body of literature, and is notable for being the language with the first extensive grammatical treatise in history. |
+ | |||
+ | It is related to [[Thensarian]], a Talman classical language. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
Line 27: | Line 29: | ||
Remove a lot of r's but not all of them | Remove a lot of r's but not all of them | ||
− | |||
− | |||
Keep initial p/ph | Keep initial p/ph | ||
− | + | Final -t > -tl | |
− | |||
− | + | Assimilated mz, nz, lz, rz nouns | |
− | + | Pseudo Hungarian descendant? | |
− | + | ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live | |
− | + | naxxamō hōndah ti mīnah = thirty days and nights (lit. thirty suns and nights) | |
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Line 66: | Line 65: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''m''' /m/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''n''' /n/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 77: | Line 76: | ||
! rowspan="2" style="" |Plosive | ! rowspan="2" style="" |Plosive | ||
! |<small>tenuis</small> | ! |<small>tenuis</small> | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''p''' /p/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''t''' /t/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''c''' /k/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''qu''' /kʷ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''h''' /ʔ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''hu''' /ʔʷ~wˀ/ |
|- | |- | ||
! |<small>ejective</small> | ! |<small>ejective</small> | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''ph''' /pʼ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''th''' /tʼ/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''ch''' /kʼ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''quh''' /kʷʼ/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 98: | Line 97: | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''z''' /s/ |
− | | | + | | |
− | | ''' | + | | '''x''' /ʃ/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 109: | Line 108: | ||
! |<small>tenuis</small> | ! |<small>tenuis</small> | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''tz''' /ts/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''tl''' /tɬ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''tx''' /tʃ/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 119: | Line 118: | ||
! |<small>ejective</small> | ! |<small>ejective</small> | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''tzh''' /tsʼ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''tłh''' /tɬʼ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''txh''' /tʃʼ/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 129: | Line 128: | ||
! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant | ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''r''' /r/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''l''' /l/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''y''' /j/ |
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''u''' /w/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 141: | Line 140: | ||
*/t/, /k/, /kʷ/ become /d~θ/, /g~x/, /gʷ~xʷ/ between vowels. | */t/, /k/, /kʷ/ become /d~θ/, /g~x/, /gʷ~xʷ/ between vowels. | ||
====Phonotactics==== | ====Phonotactics==== | ||
− | A word may not end in a consonant cluster; usually an epenthetic vowel '' | + | A word may not end in a consonant cluster; usually an epenthetic vowel ''i'' is inserted to resolve a consonant cluster. |
The following geminates are allowed: /mː nː lː jː sː ʃː pː tː kː kwː tsː tɬː tʃː tʼː kʼː tsʼː tɬʼː tʃʼː/. Geminates are common, often resulting from older rC clusters. | The following geminates are allowed: /mː nː lː jː sː ʃː pː tː kː kwː tsː tɬː tʃː tʼː kʼː tsʼː tɬʼː tʃʼː/. Geminates are common, often resulting from older rC clusters. | ||
Nasal-stop clusters are allowed. | Nasal-stop clusters are allowed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The following initial clusters are allowed: | ||
+ | *'''tr tzr txr cr qur thr tzhr txhr chr quhr''' | ||
+ | *'''zt ztz ztł ztx zc zqu''' | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Line 162: | Line 165: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''i''' /i/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''ī''' /iː/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''u''' /u/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''ū''' /uː/ |
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''e''' /ɛ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''ē''' /eː/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''o''' /ɔ/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''ō''' /oː/ |
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | ! style="" |Open | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
− | | ''' | + | | '''a''' /a/ |
− | | ''' | + | | '''ā''' /aː/ |
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | Diphthongs: ''' | + | Diphthongs: '''ea oa ei ou''' /ea oa ei ou/ |
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Line 195: | Line 198: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
− | + | The definite article is ''in''. | |
Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and two cases (nominative, genitive). | Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and two cases (nominative, genitive). | ||
+ | ====r-stems==== | ||
flower (r-stem): quatār, quatariz, quatarin, quatarīni, quataritl, quataripeh | flower (r-stem): quatār, quatariz, quatarin, quatarīni, quataritl, quataripeh | ||
+ | ====i-stems==== | ||
+ | *Example, "name": ''ueliz'' (nom sg), ''uelīz'' (gen sg), ''uelīn'' (nom pl), ''uelīni'' (gen pl); ''uelitl'' (const sg); ''uelipeh'' (const pl) | ||
+ | *Example, "song": ''cālli'' (nom sg), ''cāllia'' (gen sg), ''cāllih'' (nom pl), ''cāllīni'' (gen pl); ''cāllitl'' (const sg); ''cālipeh'' (const pl) | ||
− | + | ====u-stems==== | |
− | |||
"fire" (w-stem): ''ztūz'', ''ztūīz'', ''ztūīn'', ''ztūīni'', ''ztūitl'', ''ztūipeh'' | "fire" (w-stem): ''ztūz'', ''ztūīz'', ''ztūīn'', ''ztūīni'', ''ztūitl'', ''ztūipeh'' | ||
− | + | ===Adjectives=== | |
− | + | *quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz = moral | |
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Line 219: | Line 225: | ||
*present subjunctive with no redup | *present subjunctive with no redup | ||
*past subjunctive marked with ''-tē-'' | *past subjunctive marked with ''-tē-'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Voices: | ||
+ | *active | ||
+ | *mediopassive | ||
====Personal affixes==== | ====Personal affixes==== | ||
− | past tense: '' | + | =====Active===== |
+ | past tense: ''cheppātī, cheppāzī, cheppē, cheppēz, cheppamir, cheppantir, cheppaquir, cheppauir'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | present tense: ''cecheppān, cecheppār, cecheppā, cecheppāz, cecheppāmeh, cecheppanti, cecheppaqui, cecheppatl'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | present subjunctive: ''cheppān, cheppār, cheppā, cheppāz, cheppāmeh, cheppanti, cheppaqui, cheppātl'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | past subjunctive: ''cheppātēn, cheppātēr, cheppātē, cheppātēz, cheppātēmeh, cheppātēnti, cheppātēqui, cheppātētl'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Mediopassive===== | ||
+ | past tense: ''cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, cheppauē, cheppauēz, cheppauemir, cheppauentir, cheppauequir, cheppauetlir'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | present tense: ''cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, cecheppāue, cecheppāuez, cecheppāuemeh, cecheppauenti, cecheppauequi, cecheppauitl'' | ||
− | present | + | present subjunctive: ''cheppāuen, cheppāuer, cheppāue, cheppāuez, cheppāuemeh, cheppauinti, cheppauequi, cheppāuitl'' |
− | + | past subjunctive: ''cheppāuetēn, cheppāuetēr, cheppāurtē, cheppāuetēz, cheppāuetēmeh, cheppāuetēnti, cheppāuetēqui, cheppāuetētl | |
− | + | ====Participles==== | |
+ | *cheppācon, cheppācō, cheppācoz = active participle | ||
+ | *cheppānin, cheppāni, cheppāniz = passive participle | ||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
*''-ācaz'' = nominalizer (~ Thens. ''-ācos'') | *''-ācaz'' = nominalizer (~ Thens. ''-ācos'') | ||
+ | *''-ātl, -ālli, -ātliz'' = adjectivizer | ||
+ | *''-imin, -imi, -imiz'' = adjectivizer | ||
+ | *''-pan, -pā, -paz'' = nominalizer | ||
+ | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
*''zeinuhin'' = 1st | *''zeinuhin'' = 1st | ||
Line 239: | Line 267: | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
− | + | SVO, postpositions, gen-noun / noun-gen, adj-noun. | |
===Subordinate clauses=== | ===Subordinate clauses=== | ||
+ | *''neh'' = complememtizer (related to ''-n'' in Thensarian relativizer ''rin'') | ||
==See also== | ==See also== |
Latest revision as of 02:51, 18 July 2019
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Naquian | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
in uētacaz nāquimiz | ||||
Pronunciation | /in weːtakas naːkʷimis/ | |||
Created by | IlL | |||
Setting | Verse:Tricin | |||
Region | Naquiz, northern Txapoalli | |||
Extinct | 500dd | |||
Language family |
Quame
| |||
Early forms: |
Old Naquian
| |||
Writing system | Naquian script | |||
ISO 639-3 | qnq | |||
|
Naquian (/ˈnɑːkwiən/ NAH-kwee-ən) is a classical language of Tricin which served as the working language of Ancient Naquiz, or the Naquian empire. It is a Quame language with a Proto-Germanic and Nahuatl flavor. It has a rich body of literature, and is notable for being the language with the first extensive grammatical treatise in history.
It is related to Thensarian, a Talman classical language.
Todo
- k kw q qw > tx qu c c
Remove a lot of r's but not all of them
Keep initial p/ph
Final -t > -tl
Assimilated mz, nz, lz, rz nouns
Pseudo Hungarian descendant?
ammitī, ammiuī, ... = to live
naxxamō hōndah ti mīnah = thirty days and nights (lit. thirty suns and nights)
Phonology
Consonants
Naquian changes the voiced series of Proto-Naquic into the aspirated series and loses the velar-uvular distinction in dorsal stops.
Naquian uses about 22 consonant phonemes. The null initial is pronounced [h]. Two vowels that come in hiatus with each other may be separated by [ɦ], except that after /i/ or /o/ one tends to use /j/ or /w/ instead.
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | ||||||
Plosive | tenuis | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | qu /kʷ/ | h /ʔ/ | hu /ʔʷ~wˀ/ | ||
ejective | ph /pʼ/ | th /tʼ/ | ch /kʼ/ | quh /kʷʼ/ | |||||
Fricative | z /s/ | x /ʃ/ | [h~ɦ] | ||||||
Affricate | tenuis | tz /ts/ | tl /tɬ/ | tx /tʃ/ | |||||
ejective | tzh /tsʼ/ | tłh /tɬʼ/ | txh /tʃʼ/ | ||||||
Approximant | r /r/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | u /w/ |
- Notes
- /t/, /k/, /kʷ/ become /d~θ/, /g~x/, /gʷ~xʷ/ between vowels.
Phonotactics
A word may not end in a consonant cluster; usually an epenthetic vowel i is inserted to resolve a consonant cluster.
The following geminates are allowed: /mː nː lː jː sː ʃː pː tː kː kwː tsː tɬː tʃː tʼː kʼː tsʼː tɬʼː tʃʼː/. Geminates are common, often resulting from older rC clusters.
Nasal-stop clusters are allowed.
The following initial clusters are allowed:
- tr tzr txr cr qur thr tzhr txhr chr quhr
- zt ztz ztł ztx zc zqu
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||
Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /eː/ | o /ɔ/ | ō /oː/ | ||
Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ |
Diphthongs: ea oa ei ou /ea oa ei ou/
Stress
Naquian has penultimate stress like Classical Nahuatl.
Orthography
Morphology
Nouns
The definite article is in.
Nouns are inflected in two numbers (singular, plural) and two cases (nominative, genitive).
r-stems
flower (r-stem): quatār, quatariz, quatarin, quatarīni, quataritl, quataripeh
i-stems
- Example, "name": ueliz (nom sg), uelīz (gen sg), uelīn (nom pl), uelīni (gen pl); uelitl (const sg); uelipeh (const pl)
- Example, "song": cālli (nom sg), cāllia (gen sg), cāllih (nom pl), cāllīni (gen pl); cāllitl (const sg); cālipeh (const pl)
u-stems
"fire" (w-stem): ztūz, ztūīz, ztūīn, ztūīni, ztūitl, ztūipeh
Adjectives
- quarātl, quarālli, quarātliz = moral
Pronouns
- nā = I
- uī = thou
- txā = we (exc)
- quon = we (inc)
- zen = blotp
Verbs
Tenses:
- past with separate conjugation
- present w/ redup
- present subjunctive with no redup
- past subjunctive marked with -tē-
Voices:
- active
- mediopassive
Personal affixes
Active
past tense: cheppātī, cheppāzī, cheppē, cheppēz, cheppamir, cheppantir, cheppaquir, cheppauir
present tense: cecheppān, cecheppār, cecheppā, cecheppāz, cecheppāmeh, cecheppanti, cecheppaqui, cecheppatl
present subjunctive: cheppān, cheppār, cheppā, cheppāz, cheppāmeh, cheppanti, cheppaqui, cheppātl
past subjunctive: cheppātēn, cheppātēr, cheppātē, cheppātēz, cheppātēmeh, cheppātēnti, cheppātēqui, cheppātētl
Mediopassive
past tense: cheppāuetī, cheppāuezī, cheppauē, cheppauēz, cheppauemir, cheppauentir, cheppauequir, cheppauetlir
present tense: cecheppāuen, cecheppāuer, cecheppāue, cecheppāuez, cecheppāuemeh, cecheppauenti, cecheppauequi, cecheppauitl
present subjunctive: cheppāuen, cheppāuer, cheppāue, cheppāuez, cheppāuemeh, cheppauinti, cheppauequi, cheppāuitl
past subjunctive: cheppāuetēn, cheppāuetēr, cheppāurtē, cheppāuetēz, cheppāuetēmeh, cheppāuetēnti, cheppāuetēqui, cheppāuetētl
Participles
- cheppācon, cheppācō, cheppācoz = active participle
- cheppānin, cheppāni, cheppāniz = passive participle
Derivational morphology
- -ācaz = nominalizer (~ Thens. -ācos)
- -ātl, -ālli, -ātliz = adjectivizer
- -imin, -imi, -imiz = adjectivizer
- -pan, -pā, -paz = nominalizer
Numerals
- zeinuhin = 1st
- titzaron = 2nd
- naxxaron = 3rd
- laupharon = 4th
...
Syntax
Constituent order
SVO, postpositions, gen-noun / noun-gen, adj-noun.
Subordinate clauses
- neh = complememtizer (related to -n in Thensarian relativizer rin)