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| ==Grammar== | | ==Grammar== |
| Luthic grammar is almost typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general. Cases exist for personal pronouns (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive), and unlike other Romance languages (except Romanian), they also exist for nouns, but are often ignored in common speech, mainly because of the Italian influence, a language who lacks noun cases. There are three basic classes of nouns in Luthic, referred to as genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns typically end in -o, with plural marked by -i, feminine nouns typically end in -a, with plural marked by -ai, and neuter nouns typically end in -ȯ, with plural marked by -a. A fourth category of nouns is [[w:Marker (linguistics)|unmarked]] for gender, ending in -e in the singular and -i in the plural; a variant of the unmarked declension is found ending in -r in the singular and -i in the plural, it lacks neuter nouns:
| | Natalician grammar can be compared to that of the English language to an extent. Cases were dropped during the middle stages of the language, and like the rest of the Tinarian languages, there is no gendered nouns. |
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| Examples:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| ! Definition !! Gender !! Singular nominative !! Plural nominative
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| |-
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| | Son || Masculine || Fiġlo || Fiġli
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| |-
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| | Flower || Feminine || Bloma || Blomai
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| |-
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| | Fruit || Neuter || Acranȯ || Acrana
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| |-
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| | Love || Masculine || Amore || Amori
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| |-
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| | Art || Feminine || Crafte || Crafti
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| |-
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| | Water || Neuter || Vadne || Vadni
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| |-
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| | King || Masculine || Regġe || Regġi
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| |-
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| | Heart || Neuter || Hairtene || Hairteni
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| |-
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| | Father || Masculine || Fadar || Fadari
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| |-
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| | Mother || Feminine || Modar || Modari
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| |}
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| Declension paradigm in [[w:Formal language|formal]] Standard Luthic:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Number
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| ! Case
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| ! o-stem <sup>m</sup>
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| ! a-stem <sup>f</sup>
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| ! o-stem <sup>n</sup>
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| ! i-stem <sup>unm</sup>
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| ! r-stem <sup>unm</sup>
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| |-
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| !rowspan=4| Singular
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| ! {{small|nom.}}
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| | dago
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| | geva
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| | hauviþȯ
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| | crafte
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| | broþar
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| |-
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| ! {{small|acc.}}
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| | dagȯ
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| | geva
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| | hauviþȯ
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| | crafte
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| | broþare
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| |-
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| ! {{small|dat.}}
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| | dagȧ
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| | gevȧ
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| | hauviþȧ
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| | crafti
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| | broþari
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| |-
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| ! {{small|gen.}}
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| | dagi
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| | gevai
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| | hauviþi
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| | crafti
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| | broþari
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| |-
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| !rowspan=4| Plural
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| ! {{small|nom.}}
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| | dagi
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| | gevai
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| | hauviþa
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| | crafti
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| | broþari
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| |-
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| ! {{small|acc.}}
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| | dagos
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| | gevas
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| | hauviþa
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| | craftes
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| | broþares
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| |-
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| ! {{small|dat.}}
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| | dagom
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| | gevam
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| | hauviþom
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| | craftivo
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| | broþarivo
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| |-
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| ! {{small|gen.}}
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| | dagoro
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| | gevaro
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| | hauviþoro
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| | craftem
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| | broþarem
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| |}
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| ===Pronouns=== | | ===Pronouns=== |
| Luthic, like Latin and Gothic, inherited the full set of Indo-European pronouns: personal pronouns (including [[w:Reflexive pronoun|reflexive pronouns]] for each of the three [[w:Grammatical person|grammatical persons]]), possessive pronouns, both simple and compound demonstratives, relative pronouns, interrogatives and indefinite pronouns. Each follows a particular pattern of inflection (partially mirroring the noun declension), much like other Indo-European languages. Although Luthic inherited a paradigm extremely close to Gothic (and Common Germanic), the Italic influence is visible in the genitive and plural formations.
| | The third-person '''personal pronoun''' ''o'' "she/he/it" is declined as if it were the noun ''on''. |
| | | The other persons, ''ben'' "I", ''sen'' "you (singular/informal)", ''biz'' "we", ''siz'' "you (plural/formal)", are declined like nouns, except for a vowel change in the dative and an anomalous genitive. All personal pronouns aside from ''onlar'' form their instrumental with the genitive form. |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| | {| class=wikitable |
| ! PIE !! Latin !! Gothic !! German !! Luthic
| | ! |
| |-
| | !colspan=3|singular |
| | *u̯ei̯ <sup>nom</sup>, *n̥s <sup>acc</sup> || nōs <sup>nom/acc</sup> || weis <sup>nom</sup>, uns <sup>acc</sup> || wir <sup>nom</sup>, uns <sup>acc</sup> || vi <sup>nom</sup>, unse <sup>acc</sup>
| | !colspan=3|plural |
| |}
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |
| |-
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| |+Personal pronouns of Standard Luthic
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| ! rowspan=2| Number | |
| ! rowspan=2| Case | |
| ! rowspan=2| 1<sup>st</sup> person
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| ! rowspan=2| 2<sup>st</sup> person
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| !colspan=3| 3<sup>rd</sup> person | |
| ! rowspan=2| reflexive
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| |-
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| ! {{small|masculine}}
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| ! {{small|feminine}}
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| ! {{small|neuter}}
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| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=4| Singular | | ! !!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!1st!!2nd!!3rd |
| ! {{small|nom.}} | |
| | ic
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| | þû
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| | is
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| | ia
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| | ata
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| | —
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| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|acc.}} | | !absolute |
| | mic | | |''ben'' ||''sen'' ||''o'' ||''biz'' ||''siz'' ||''onlar'' |
| | þuc | |
| | inȯ | |
| | ina | |
| | ata | |
| | sic | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|dat.}} | | !accusative |
| | mis | | |''beni'' ||''seni'' ||''onu'' ||''bizi'' ||''sizi'' ||''onları'' |
| | þus | |
| | iȧ | |
| | iȧ | |
| | iȧ | |
| | sis | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|dat.}} | | !dative |
| | meina | | |''bana'' ||''sana'' ||''ona'' ||''bize'' ||''size'' ||''onlara'' |
| | þeina | |
| | eis | |
| | isai | |
| | eis | |
| | seina | |
| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan=4| Singular | | !locative |
| ! {{small|nom.}}
| | |''bende'' ||''sende'' ||''onda'' ||''bizde'' ||''sizde'' ||''onlarda'' |
| | vi | |
| | gi | |
| | eis | |
| | isai | |
| | ia | |
| | — | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|acc.}} | | !ablative |
| | unse | | |''benden''||''senden''||''ondan''||''bizden''||''sizden''||''onlardan'' |
| | isve | |
| | eis | |
| | isas | |
| | ia | |
| | sic | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|dat.}} | | !genitive |
| | unsis | | |''benim'' ||''senin'' ||''onun'' ||''bizim'' ||''sizin'' ||''onların'' |
| | isvis | |
| | eis | |
| | eis | |
| | eis | |
| | sis | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! {{small|gen.}} | | !instrumental |
| | unsara | | |''benimle'' ||''seninle'' ||''onunla'' ||''bizimle'' ||''sizinle'' ||''onlarla'' |
| | isvara | |
| | eisôro | |
| | eisâro | |
| | eisôro | |
| | seina | |
| |} | | |} |
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