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=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Natalician<ref name=zimmerorgun></ref>
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Luthic
| {{IPA link|m}}
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
| ŋ
| (ŋʷ)
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
| ɡʷ
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| f
| s θ
| ʃ
| ç
| (x)
|
|
| h
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| v
| z
| ʒ
|
|colspan=2|
| ʁ
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| (p͡f)
| t͡s (t͡θ)
| t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
Line 117: Line 176:
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| {{IPA link|p}}
| d͡z
| {{IPA link|θ|t}}
| d͡ʒ
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
!rowspan=3| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|b}}
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
| {{IPA link|ð|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
| j
|
| w
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
! {{small|[[
|
voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| l
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
| ʎ
|colspan=2|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]]}}
| (ʋ)
| (ð̞)
|
|  
|  
|{{IPA link|h}}
| (ɣ˕)
|
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
! colspan="2" | [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
|colspan=2|
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| ({{IPA link|ɫ̪|ɫ}})
| {{IPA link|l̠|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| ({{IPA link|ɰ}})
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|ʀ
|
|
|}
|}
=====Notes=====
* '''Nasals:'''
** /n/ is laminal alveolar [n̻].
** /ɲ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic.
** /ŋ/ has a labio-velar allophone [ŋʷ] before labio-velar plosives.
* '''Plosives:'''
** /p/, /pʰ/ and /b/ are purely labial.
** /t/, /tʰ/ and /d/ are laminal dentialveolar [t̻, t̻ʰ, d̻].
** /k/ and /ɡ/ are pre-velar [k̟, ɡ̟] before /i, e, ɛ, j/.
** /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ are palato-labialised [kᶣ, ɡᶣ] before /i, e, ɛ, j/.
* '''Affricates:'''
** /p͡f/ is bilabial–labiodental and is only found as a common allophone.
** /t͡θ/ is dental and is only found as a common allophone.
** /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are dentalised laminal alveolar [t̻͡s̪, d̻͡z̪].
** /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ are strongly labialised palato-alveolar [t͡ʃʷ, d͡ʒʷ].
* '''Fricatives:'''
** /f/ and /v/ are labiodental.
** /θ/ is dental.
** /s/ and /z/ are laminal alveolar [s̻, z̻].
** /ʃ/ is strongly labialised palato-alveolar [ʃʷ].
** /x/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /ʁ/ is uvular, but in anlaut is in free variation with [h].
** /h/ is glottal, but is in free variation with [x ~ ʁ], /h/ is palatal [ç] nearby /i, e, ɛ, j/.
* '''Approximants, flap, trill and laterals:'''
** /ʋ/ is labiodental, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /ð̞/ is dental, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /j/ and /w/ are always geminate when intervocalic.
** /ɾ/ is alveolar [ɾ].
** /ɣ˕/ is velar, and only found when triggered by Gorgia Toscana.
** /ʀ/ is uvular [ʀ], but is in free variation with alveolar [r].
** /l/ is laminal alveolar [l̻].
** /ʎ/ is alveolo-palatal, always geminate when intervocalic.


At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrova |first1=Olga |last2=Plapp |first2=Rosemary |last3=Ringen |first3=Catherine |last4=Szentgyörgyi |first4=Szilárd |date=2006 |title=Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054256/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-09-08 |journal=The Linguistic Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1515/tlr.2006.001 |s2cid=42712078 |issn=0167-6318}}</ref>
At least one source claims Turkish consonants are laryngeally-specified three-way fortis-lenis (aspirated/neutral/voiced) like Armenian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrova |first1=Olga |last2=Plapp |first2=Rosemary |last3=Ringen |first3=Catherine |last4=Szentgyörgyi |first4=Szilárd |date=2006 |title=Voice and aspiration: Evidence from Russian, Hungarian, German, Swedish, and Turkish |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054256/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a27/5c57dd25134aa7628c46a64ca470cc3a71db.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-09-08 |journal=The Linguistic Review |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1515/tlr.2006.001 |s2cid=42712078 |issn=0167-6318}}</ref>
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