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| ==== Consonant Harmony ==== | | ==== Consonant Harmony ==== |
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| Natalician orthography reflects final-obstruent devoicing, a form of consonant mutation when two consonants meet and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|/p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s/}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged. In loan words, the voiced equivalent of ''/k/'' is ''/g/''; in native words, it is ''/ğ/''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Sesler ve ses uyumları "Sounds and Vovel karmony"|access-date=2013-01-13|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|archive-date=2012-07-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Turkish Consonant Mutation|url=http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|website=turkishbasics.com|language=EN|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-date=2018-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213456/http://turkishbasics.com/grammar/consonant-mutation.php|url-status=live}}</ref> | | Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged. This usually does not include load words. |
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| {| class="sortable wikitable"
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| |+ Obstruent devoicing in nouns
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| !Underlying <br/>consonant
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| !Devoiced <br/>form
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| !Underlying <br/>form
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| !Dictionary form
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| !Dative case /<br/>1sg present
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| !Meaning
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| |b||p||''*kitab''||''kitap''||''kitaba''||book (loan)
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| |c||ç|| ''*uc'' || ''uç''||''uca''||tip
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| |d||t||''*bud''||''but''||''buda''||thigh
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| |g||k||''*reng''||''renk''||''renge''||color (loan)
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| |ğ||k||''*ekmeğ''||''ekmek''||''ekmeğe''||bread
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| |}
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| This is analogous to languages such as [[German language|German]] and [[Russian language|Russian]], but in the case of Turkish it only applies, as the above examples demonstrate, to stops and affricates, not to fricatives. The spelling is usually made to match the sound. However, in a few cases, such as ''ad'' 'name' (dative ''ada''), the underlying form is retained in the spelling (cf. ''at'' 'horse', dative ''ata''). Other exceptions are ''od'' 'fire' vs. ''ot'' 'herb', ''sac'' 'sheet metal', ''saç'' 'hair'. Most loanwords, such as ''kitap'' above, are spelled as pronounced, but a few such as ''hac'' 'hajj', ''şad'' 'happy', and ''yad'' 'strange' or 'stranger' also show their underlying forms.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} | |
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| Native nouns of two or more syllables that end in ''/k/'' in dictionary form are nearly all ''//ğ//'' in underlying form. However, most verbs and monosyllabic nouns are underlyingly ''//k//''.<ref name=lewis2001/>{{rp|10}}
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| === Vowels === | | === Vowels === |