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Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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| # '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pawez'' "for what" | | # '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pawez'' "for what" |
| # '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''hospital''' (hospital), '''komphuter''' (computer) | | # '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''hospital''' (hospital), '''komphuter''' (computer) |
| # '''Invariable suffixes''', e.g.'''–tüs''' (denoting ) | | # '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:''' |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" | | {| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;" |
| ! scope="col" | Invariable suffix | | ! scope="col" | Invariable prefix or suffix |
| ! scope="col" | Turkish example | | ! scope="col" | Natalician example |
| ! scope="col" | Meaning in English | | ! scope="col" | Meaning in English |
| ! scope="col" | Remarks | | ! scope="col" | Remarks |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''–daş''' | | | '''–tüs''' |
| | ''{{lang|tr|meslektaş}}'' || "colleague" | | | ''iantüs'' || "eating" |
| | From ''{{lang|tr|meslek}}'' "profession." | | | From ''ian'' "eat" |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''–yor''' | | | '''–(v)iš''' |
| | ''{{lang|tr|geliyor}}'' || "he/she/it is coming" | | | ''üčiš'' || "exit" |
| | From ''{{lang|tr|gel–}}'' "to come." | | | From ''üč'' "leave." |
| |- | | |- |
| | '''–ane''' | | | '''öz-''' |
| | ''{{lang|tr|şahane}}'' || "regal"
| | | ''özhaša'' || "to return" |
| | From ''{{lang|tr|şah}},'' "king."
| | | From ''haša'' "to come" |
| |-
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| | '''–ken'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|uyurken}}'' || "while sleeping" | |
| | From ''{{lang|tr|uyu–}},'' "to sleep." | |
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| | '''–leyin'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|sabahleyin}}'' || "in the morning"
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| | From ''{{lang|tr|sabah}},'' "morning."
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| | '''–imtırak'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|ekşimtırak}}'' || "sourish"
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| | From ''{{lang|tr|ekşi}},'' "sour."
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| | '''–ki'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|ormandaki}}'' || "(that) in the forest"
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| | From ''{{lang|tr|orman}},'' "forest."
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| |-
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| | '''–gil'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|annemgiller}}'' || "my mother's family"
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| | From ''{{lang|tr|annem}},'' "my mother."
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| |-
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| | '''–gen'''
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| | ''{{lang|tr|altıgen}}'' || "hexagon"
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| | From ''{{lang|tr|altı}},'' "six."
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| |- | | |- |
| | | '''gik-''' |
| | | ''gikögültüt'' || "unwanted" |
| | | From ''ögültüt'' "wanted" |
| |} | | |} |
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| The [[#Phonology|road sign in the photograph]] above illustrates several of these features:
| | ====Note==== |
| * a native compound which does not obey vowel harmony: ''Orta+köy'' ("middle village"—a place name) | | * A native compound does not obey vowel harmony: ''Ras+cezil'' ("city center"—a place name) |
| * a loanword also violating vowel harmony: ''viyadük'' (< French ''viaduc'' "viaduct") | | * Loanwords also violate vowel harmony: ''Kofi'' ("Coffee") |
| * the possessive suffix'' -i''<sup>4</sup> harmonizing with the final vowel (and softening the ''k'' by consonant [[alternation (linguistics)|alternation]]): ''viyadüğü''{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
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| The rules of vowel harmony may vary by regional dialect. The dialect of Turkish spoken in the [[Trabzon]] region of northeastern Turkey follows the reduced vowel harmony of [[Old Anatolian Turkish]], with the additional complication of two missing vowels (ü and ı), thus there is no [[palatal harmony]]. It is likely that ''elün'' meant "your hand" in Old Anatolian. While the 2nd person singular possessive would vary between back and front vowel, -ün or -un, as in ''elün'' for "your hand" and ''kitabun'' for "your book", the lack of ü vowel in the Trabzon dialect means -un would be used in both of these cases — ''elun'' and ''kitabun''.<ref name=turkic>{{Cite book| publisher = Otto Harrassowitz Verlag| isbn = 978-3-447-05212-2| last1 = Boeschoten| first1 = Hendrik| last2 = Johanson| first2 = Lars| last3 = Milani| first3 = Vildan| title = Turkic Languages in Contact| date = 2006}}</ref>
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| {{expand section|reason=Minor vowel harmony (low rounded vowel placement in first syllable only) not covered.|date=August 2018}}
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| ==Orthography== | | ==Orthography== |