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:''This article describes Classical Netagin; for Modern Netagin, see [[Netagin/Modern]].''
:''This article describes Classical Netagin. See subpages for the modern vernacular lects.''


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
Line 8: Line 8:
|creator = [[User:IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL]]
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|name = {{SUBPAGENAME}}
|nativename = ne Natagin
|nativename = ne Nătahin
|pronunciation= [nɛː nətɐːˈgiːːn]
|pronunciation= nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn
|familycolor=dodellic
|familycolor=idavic
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]], [[Verse:CF Tricin]]
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=
|notice=
}}
}}


In the Unbegotten timeline, '''Netagin''' (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ''ne Natagin'' [nɛː nətɐːˈgiːːn]; folk etymology connects the name with the root ''n-t-g'' 'to sing') is a classical language of Edna's conworld, belonging to the [[Idavic languages|Idavic]] language family. Netagin has influenced many other languages, especially [[Ouřefr]] and [[Shalaian]]. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing piyyutim: like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S with some Austronesian elements.
In Tricin, '''Netagin''' (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ''ne Nătahin'' [nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]; [[Nurian]]: ''xi Nŧeahem''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi brits Inthăgin''; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Ynþyjín'') is a major [[Bjeheond]]ian language and an isolate within the [[Idavic languages|Idavic]] language family. It is native to [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]] (Netagin: ''Tumhan'' /tʉmˈɦan/). Classical Netagin has influenced [[Naeng]], [[Nurian]] and [[Ksieh]]. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing poems in Hebrew piyyut meters (without being a Hebrew giblang): like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S and predicate-first with some Austronesian elements. Netagin is the most grammatically conservative extant branch of Idavic, because it has preserved Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology and morphosyntax. Despite being a head-initial language like most Talman languages including [[Naeng]] and [[Talmic languages]], as well as Hebrew and Irish, Classical Netagin grammar is meant to have some alien features even to speakers of these languages. Hebrew is a heavy inspiration for the diachronics, however (except postvocalic lenition).


The spread of the vegan philosophy Qypadkiism (''ně Qypadkinůn'') elevated Netagin to the status of a classical and liturgical language throughout the entire Idavic-speaking world in the post-Apocalyptic era. Netagin had a nickname "the Language of the Řix" (''byrůc nie Řix''), after the letter for ''ř''; It was the only language known to its speakers to have the Czech ''ř'' sound.
This article describes Classical Netagin which is used for special effect in modern times, e.g. in classical Netagin music and poetry. The standard variety today is [[Śinax Netagin]], spoken in Bjeheond's capital Șinach (''Śinax'') and in Cualuav's Andaegor, though there are many other mutually unintelligible Netagin varieties.


This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech, and [[Windermere]] and its grammar is Indonesian, Lushootseed and Slavic-inspired.
This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, Middle Vietnamese and [[Naeng]]. Its morphology is inspired by Semitic, its morphosyntax by Lushootseed and Austronesian, and its motion verbs by Slavic.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*gzarot gzarot gzarot!
* nC > CC like in Heb
**irregular gzarot would be caused by w/y/'/maybe the palatal consonants, m ť ď
* think absolute vs. construct plays more nicely in piyyutim than nominative vs. genitive
*noun patterns!
* not completely happy with the binyanim morphologically
*[[Albionian]] negation in modern lects?
** double-check gzarot
*Emphatic ''-nk'' (< miek) in a modern lect
*roots, vocab
WCONS 3SG.M-CAUS/walk/TELIC 3PL.INDEP DET.F desert WCONS die-3SG.M
* Steal "verb an adjective verb-ing" (= "verb adjective-ly") from Hebrew
"They made him go out into the desert and he died"
WCONS 3SG.M-CAUS/walk/TELIC 3PL.INDEP DET.F ocean WCONS die-3SG.M
 
"They made him go out into ocean and he died"
==Gibberish==
* A particle ''qy'' that works like Lushootseed ''''
<poem>
* Proto-Netagin had a marked absolute state in -i, construct removed the -i
Hazaj meter:
** Decl A: sg -i/-0 > stress patterns, pl -āli/-āl > pl -ůl/-ů
''Tygům šatlej řy-čannevěr,''
** Decl B: sg -eki/-ek > PNtg -eć/-ek > CNtg -iś/-ek, pl -aka/-ak > -ā/-ak > CNtg -a/-ak
''Kadob pehlať a-vahmavěr,''
''ale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,''
''Hypyre žůj vyto šotnem.''
 
Shakhar Avakeshkha:
''Takum pyčie takum''
''Pařuj palenůk hoj,''
''Eki šakov leťin''
''Absan tapien lahoj.''
 
Yigdal meter:
''Peslam mygeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,''
''Mirěť čapa korin a-ruze'ůx.''
''Dolper aniv neliem taja tožie,''
''Bon niem sa pakavin lyma pežie.''
</poem>


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The phonology of Classical Netagin is described by the grammarian and polymath Bůhiś Naťťem.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Netagin has 24 consonants:
Netagin has 24 consonants:
Line 59: Line 44:
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |
! |Labial
! |Labial
! |Alveolar
! |Dental
! | Alveolar
! |Retroflex
! |Palatal
! |Palatal
! |Velar
! |Velar
Line 66: Line 53:
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| |'''m''' /m/
| |'''m''' /m/
| |'''n''' /n/
|colspan=4|'''n''' /n̪~n~ɳ~ɲ/
| |[ɲ]
| |'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
| |[ŋ]
| |
| |
|-
|-
Line 74: Line 60:
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|'''t''' //
|'''ť''' /c/
|colspan=2|'''ť''' /t~ʈ/
|
|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/
|'''q''' /ʔ/
|'''q''' /ʔ/
Line 81: Line 68:
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d/
|'''d''' //
|'''ď''' /ɟ/
|colspan=2|'''ď''' /d~ɖ/
|'''g''' /g/
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 89: Line 76:
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|
|'''š''' /ʃ/
|'''s''' //
|
|'''ś''' /ɕ/
|'''x''' /x/
|'''x''' /x/
|
|
Line 96: Line 85:
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''v''' /v/
|'''v''' /v/
|'''z''' /z/
|
|'''ž''' /ʒ/
|'''z''' //
|
|'''ź''' /ʑ/
|
|
|'''h''' /ɦ/
|'''h''' /ɦ/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /ts/
|'''č''' /tʃ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Trill
! <small>raised</small>
|
|'''ř''' /r̝/
|
|
|
|
|'''c''' /ts̠/
|
|
|-
|'''ć''' /t͡ɕ/
! <small>plain<small>
|
|'''r''' /r~ɾ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
|  
| '''l''' /ɫ/
| '''l''' /ɫ/
| '''r''' /r~ɾ~ʀ/
| '''ř''' /ɻ/
| '''j''' /j/
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.


The following classes of consonants are 'weak letters' and cause [[Netagin/Gzarot|irregular gzarot]]:
The following classes of consonants are classified as 'weak letters' in Classical Netagin and cause [[Netagin/Gzarot|irregular gzarot]]:
*'''Semivowels''': ''j v''
*'''Semivowels''': ''j v''
*'''Palatals''': ''š ž č ť ď ř''
*'''Palatals''': ''ś ź ć j''
*'''Retroflexes''': ''ť ď s z ř''
*'''Ungeminables''': ''q h ř''
*'''Ungeminables''': ''q h ř''


Line 139: Line 121:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Classical Netagin vowels
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
|-
! |
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! |Front
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! |Central
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! |Back
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
|-
| '''ū''' /u:/
! style="" |Diphthong
| '''ie''' /iə/
|
| '''ů''' /uə/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''a''' [ə]
| '''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''ě''' /æ/  
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
|  
| '''ā''' /a:/, '''ō''' /o:/
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Modern Standard Netagin vowels
|+Classical Netagin vowels
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! |
! colspan="2" |Front
! |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
! |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /y/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
| '''y''' /ɨ/
|rowspan=2| '''ů''' /u~ʊ/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Near-close
| '''ie''' /ɪ/
|
|
 
|-
|-
! style="" |Diphthong
! style="" |Diphthong
| '''ě''' //
| '''ie''' //
|  
|  
|  
| '''ů''' /uə/
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| '''ė''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' [ə]
| '''a''' [ə]
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|
|
| '''a''' [ɐ]
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
|  
| '''e''' /æ/
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
|  
|  
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Less conservative; vowels in stressed syllables are lengthened, unstressed vowels reduced when historically short
Vowel diachronics: Proto-Netagin had the vowels *a e i u ō ē ī ū.
 
* In stressed syllables (including segolates): PNtg a e i u > a e ė o
Russian/Hebrew style alternation between pretonic a and propretonic a:
* In pretonic syllables (open): PNtg a u i e > a o y e
*In pretonic syllables, ''a'' is pronounced /ɐ/;
* In pretonic syllables (closed): a e i u > a e y y
*In propretonic syllables, ''a'' is pronounced /ə/.
* In propretonic syllables: a u i e > ă y y y
 
* PNtg long vowels (ō ē ī ū) don't reduce in any position and always become ů ie i u.
Vowel diachronics:
*In stressed syllables: a e i u ā ē ī ū > a ě e o ů ie i u.
*In pretonic syllables (open): a o i e > a a y e
*In propretonic syllables: a o i e > a a y y


===Stress===
===Stress===
Line 243: Line 197:
Pretonic to propretonic: (Most commonly occuring type) a > a, e > y.
Pretonic to propretonic: (Most commonly occuring type) a > a, e > y.


Tonic to pretonic: *a, *o > a; *e > e; *i > y
===Other phonetic rules===
===Other phonetic rules===
y > i after C[+palatal]
* y > i, after C[+palatal]: śy źy ćy jy > śi źi ći ji
* In unstressed syllables, a > e after C[+palatal]: śa źa ća ja > śe źe će je
* unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/
 
== Script ==
Netagin script is an abugida developed from the Ancient Gwnax script. Before vowel markings were codified, some Netagin writings used the consonant letters as an abjad with letters for ''v j q h'' used as matres lectionis.
 
Vowel signs shouldn't rely on the number of dots. I dislike drawing dots lol, I'm looking at you, segol


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Like Semitic languages, Netagin is triconsonantal. The root m-c-ŋ 'to do' is used for demonstrating stems formed from roots.
===Pronominal markers===
===Pronominal markers===
Netagin has many sets of personal markers:
Netagin has many sets of personal markers:
*Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed ''čəd''-words)
*Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ćəd''-words)
*Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔaca''-words)
*Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔaca''-words and Irish emphatic pronouns)
*The "me too, you too, etc." forms
*The "me too, you too, etc." forms
*Alienable prefixes
*Alienable prefixes
*Inalienable/preposition/conjunction suffixes
*Inalienable/preposition/conjunction suffixes
*Verb object affixes
*Verb object affixes
*Verb subject suffixes


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg || colspan=2 | 2sg || colspan=3 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
!| || 1sg || 2sg || 3sg  || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl
|-
! m. || f. || m. || f. || n. ||exclusive || inclusive
|-
|-
! Independent
! Independent
| ''tiel'' || ''tied'' || ''tieš'' || ''qen'' || '''' || ''qej'' || ''toť'' || ''tum'' || ''tinni'' || ''qěv''
| ''viel'' || ''vieb'' || ''-'' || ''vieć'' || ''vyni'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! Emphatic
! Emphatic
| ''hali'' || ''hadů'' || ''hadůš'' || ''qemna'' || ''qesna'' || ''qejna'' || ''hynťů'' || ''hynťiem'' || ''hynni'' || ''qěna''
| ''hanli'' || ''hanvů'' || (demonstratives such as ''kyne'' are used) || ''hanćů'' || ''hanni'' || (demonstratives are used)
|-
|-
! Alienable
! Alienable
| ''l(e)-'' || ''t(e)-'' || ''s(e)-'' || ''qen-/qem-'' || ''qes-'' || ''qed-'' || ''ť(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''č(e)-'' || ''ha-''  
| ''l(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''qyn-/qym-'' || ''ć(e)-'' || ''n(e)-'' || ''qie-''  
|-
|-
! Inalienable
! Inalienable
| ''-al'' || ''-da'' || ''-die'' || ''-i'' || ''-as'' || ''-is'' || ''-ťů'' || ''-ťiem'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
| ''-al'' || ''-ab'' || ''-i'' || ''-ćů'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
|-
|-
! "X too"
! "X too"
| ''telam'' || ''tedam'' || ''tešam'' || ''qenam'' || ''qesam'' || ''qejam'' || ''tyťam'' || ''tymam'' || ''tynnam'' || ''qevam''
| ''telaś'' || ''tebaś'' || (demonstratives are used) || ''tyćaś'' || ''tynnaś'' || (demonstratives are used)
|-
|-
|}
|}
An independent subject pronoun, when present, always comes in the second position in the sentence, as in Lushootseed.
In Netagin, emphatic subject pronouns are often part of Ancient-Greek style Wackernagel clitic complexes.
[So far this is not too different from Tigol or Anbirese. The weird part is the morphosyntax.]


===Nouns and adjectives===
===Nouns and adjectives===
Netagin has 3 genders (masculine, feminine, neuter; neuter forms can also be used as gender neutral and nonbinary forms). The feminine gender evolved from the Proto-Idavic abstract/honorific gender. There are two forms that are traditionally called cases (nominative, genitive), but are not true cases. The genitive is used for the ''last'' noun of a genitive or prepositional phrase; the genitive thus functions more like an "end of noun phrase marker".
NEW DECLENSION


Netagin case affixes are regular:
Netagin has two numbers and absolute and construct states (but no gender). Like in Tiberian Hebrew, the construct state may have different shapes from having subtly different stress in older stages. Netagin nouns and adjectives fall into declension classes:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''lyt'' (m.) = man
! colspan=2| ''liet'' = man (decl. A)
! colspan=2| ''ďašatle'' (f.) = sparrow
! colspan=2| ''qăśteleś'' = sparrow (decl. B)
! colspan=2| ''jůši'' (n.) = person
! colspan=2| ''jůśi'' = person (decl. C)
! colspan=2| ''Nătahin'' = Netagin person (decl. D)
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!plural
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''lyt'' ||''lytů''
|''ďašatle'' ||''ďašatla''
|''jůši'' ||''qyjůši''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''lyto'' ||''lytůx''
|''ďašatlěn'' ||''ďašatlěx''
|''jůšid'' ||''qyjůšix''
|}
The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''-in'' words: ''Qarbecin'' (of the city Qarbec)
|-
!
! colspan=2| masculine
! colspan=2| feminine
! colspan=2| neuter
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!plural
!plural
Line 327: Line 265:
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''Qarbecin'' ||''Qarbecinů''
|''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl'''''
|''Qarbecie'' ||''Qarbecja''
|''qăśtel'''eś''''' ||''qăśtel'''iś'''''
|''Qarbeci'' ||''Qarbeci''
|''jůśi'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśi''
||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie'''''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''Qarbecino'' ||''Qarbecinůx''
|''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-''
|''Qarbecien'' ||''Qarbeciex''
|''qyśtyl'''ek-''''' ||''qyśtyl'''ik-'''''
|''Qarbecid'' ||''Qarbecix''
|''jůśė-'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśė-''
||''-''||''-''
|}
|}


Stem changes in the genitive and plural can get pretty bad
The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives. These don't have separate construct state forms.
====Comparison of adjectives====
hotter than X = "exceed X hotly" (need adverb form)
 
The newest version of Netagin will be quite weird syntactically. For example, to say "bigger than X" you have to say "to exceed X bigly".


:'''''"Qaj, laršip ne dáqer rysohe qacom." barces ně qama.'''''
:'''''"Qaj, larśip ne dáqer rysohe qalok." baruc ne qama.'''''
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'tsom bar'tsɛs nɛə ʔɐma/
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.M.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET.F mother.SING
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING
:("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")
:("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")
:"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.
:"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.
===== Possessed forms =====
Unsuffixed nouns:
* abs: ''xozăn'' 'Netagin qanun'
* const: ''xozna'' (Netagin segolates take -a for the construct; the construct csn be unpredictable)
* 1sg: ''xoznal''
* 2sg: ''xoznab''
* 3sg: ''xozni''
* 1pl: ''xoznėśů''
* 2pl: ''xoznăbi''
* 3pl: ''xoznus''
The Class B construct affix -k assimilates with an inalienable suffix beginning with a consonant:
* bahieneś 'birth'
* bahienek 'birth of'
* bahienekal 'my birth'
* bahienekab 'thy birth'
* bahieneki 'his birth'
* bahienekėśů 'our birth'
* bahiene'''bbi''' 'your (pl.) birth'
* bahienekus 'their birth'


===''ne''-words===
===''ve''-words===
''Ne''-words, which are usually determiners, decline as follows:
''Ve''-words, which are usually determiners, decline as follows:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Declension of ''ne''-words (determiners)
|+Declension of ''ve''-words (determiners)
|-
|-
!
! | sg.
! colspan=3| sg.
! | pl.
! rowspan=2| pl.
|-
|-
!
|''ne'' (unstressed); ''nex'' || ''no''
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ne'' ||''ně''||''na''||''no''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''ni'' ||''nie''||''na''||''no''
|}
|}


The following are ''ne''-words:
The following are ''ve''-words:
*''ne'' (Lushootseed ''ti''; roughly 'that-which'.)
*''ne'' (Lushootseed ''ti''; roughly 'that-which'.)
*''ve'' (Lushootseed ''kʷi'')
*''ve'' (Lushootseed ''kʷi'')
*''de'' ("connegative" determiner, used on the absolutive argument of a negated clause)
*''kyne'' 'this'
*''kyne'' 'this'
*''kyve'' 'that'
*''kyve'' 'that'
*''be'' (relativizer; roughly 'which VERBs' or 'which is a NOUN'. The head of a relative clause is only allowed to be its subject; verb voices are used to compensate for this.)
*''be'' (relativizer; roughly 'which VERBs' or 'which is a NOUN'. The head of a relative clause is only allowed to be its subject or direct object in Classical Netagin.)
*''qe'' (vocative particle)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Like Hebrew and Arabic, Netagin derives verbs by inflecting a consonantal verb root according to a binyan.
Like Hebrew and Arabic, Netagin derives verbs by inflecting a consonantal verb root according to a binyan.
The subject is a purely syntactic concept. Different verbs have different theta-roles for the subject, whether agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, location, or recipient; this is determined lexically by the individual verb (though verb voice can promote non-subject arguments to subjects).
The subject is a purely syntactic concept. Different verbs have different theta-roles for the subject, whether agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, location, or recipient; this is determined lexically by the individual verb and must be memorized (though verb voice can promote non-subject arguments to subjects).


Purely form-wise (rather than semantically), the primary axes by which verbs differ are:
Purely form-wise (rather than semantically), the primary axes by which verbs differ are:
*Binyan: derives verbs from a consonantal root; encodes variables such as transitivity, volition, aspect and manner of action.
*Binyan: derives verbs from a consonantal root; encodes variables such as transitivity, volition, aspect and manner of action.
*Voice: intransitive~passive, active (only with transitive verbs) and applicative.
*Voice: patient-oriented, agent-oriented and applicative.
** ''Patient-oriented'' means that the subject (the unmarked argument, one immediately following it) is a patient (or experiencer of a state or a change of state), while the noun phrase marked with a preposed particle ''qy'' is a second argument, often an agent, an instrument, or a cause.
** ''Agent-oriented'' means that the subject (the unmarked argument, one immediately following it) is an "agent", while the noun phrase marked with a preposed particle ''qy'' is a second argument, often the patient.
** The patient oriented stem is from an older stative; the agent-oriented form is from an older tensed verb.
*Agreement: Person/number/gender of participants.
*Agreement: Person/number/gender of participants.
*Mood: Realis and irrealis. The irrealis is used for imperatives, wishes, purpose clauses, and possible future events.
*Mood: Realis and irrealis. The irrealis is used for imperatives, wishes, purpose clauses, and possible future events.
Binyan and voice are realized with stem changes, and agreement inflection is realized by attaching affixes which change the stem in a regular manner. Notably, Netagin has no tense or aspect forms; aspect is more of a lexical feature, and tense is inferred through context.
Binyan and voice are realized with stem changes, and agreement inflection is realized by attaching affixes which change the stem in a regular manner. Notably, Netagin has no tense or aspect forms; aspect is more of a lexical feature, and tense is inferred through context or explicitly through time expressions such as "yesterday", "a moment ago", or "later".


*The nonfinite forms are:  
*The nonfinite forms are:  
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====Verb stems====
====Verb stems====
Netagin has 12 binyanim which encode various aspects or manners of action:
Netagin has 10 binyanim (''piććetůl'' from p-ć-t "time"). Diachronically, Netagin binyanim encoded various aspects, aktionsarten or manners of action (rather than mainly voice like Semitic binyanim):
*Binyan 1 verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
*Binyan 1 (''mėcaŋ'') verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
**For example, ''tegal'' means 'to know'
**For example, ''teŋal'' means 'to know'
*Binyan 2 are primarily basic perfective verbs ("eat"), many unidirectional motion verbs, and perfectivizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
**''dalum'' = to go by vehicle (uni), as opposed to Binyan 7 ''dollam'' = to go by vehicle (multi).
**''dalum'' = to go by vehicle (uni), as opposed to Binyan 7 ''dollam'' = to go by vehicle (multi).
**''tagul'' means 'to get to know'
*Binyan 2 (''qamciŋ'') consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"), or perfectives. It's marked by a ''q-'' preformative.
*Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"), or perfectives.
*Binyan 3 (''qămacoŋ'') contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan c and Binyan g verbs), or a maintainance of state.  It's marked by a ''q-'' preformative like Binyan 2 but has a different pattern.
*Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs), or a maintainance of state.
*Binyan 4 (''ŋamcoŋ'') is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative). It's marked by a ŋ- preformative.
*Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative).
*Binyan 5 (''qymmacaŋ'') - telic, intensive, momentane or perfective. It's marked by gemination of the first root consonant.
*Binyan 6 - telic, intensive, momentane or perfective
*Binyan 6 (''maccoŋ'') - atelic, iterative, many multidirectional motion verbs. It's marked by gemination of the second root consonant.
*Binyan 7 - atelic, iterative, many multidirectional motion verbs
*Binyan 7 (''qycmacoŋ'') - "X a little, almost X". It's marked by reduplicating the second root consonant.
*Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
*Binyan 8 (''mescoŋ'') - "X in advance, X for oneself" (tends to be used for self-directed, intentional actions). It's marked by a {{angbr|s}} infix.
*Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (tends to be used for self-directed, intentional actions)
*Binyan 9 (''măcaŋoŋ'') - frequentative, "-le"; "mis-X, over-X". It's marked by lengthening the stem with the last root consonant.
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 10 (''măcacoŋ'') verbs express gradual processes and are used for atelic coming motion verbs. It's makred by lengthening with the second root consonant.
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
**Ex. ''hadadex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
**Ex. ''hadadex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


Here are the stems in the regular gizra (for other gzarot, see [[Netagin/Gzarot]]):
Here are the stems in the regular gizra, i.e. for most choices of root consonants (for other gzarot, see [[Netagin/Gzarot]]):
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! Binyan !! Intransitive (or passive) !! Transitive (or active) !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
! Binyan !! Patient-oriented !! Agent-oriented !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Patient-oriented verbal noun !! Agent-oriented verbal noun
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1e2a3'' || ''-y12a3'' || ''-y1ym2a3'' || ''1a2ů3'' || ''1a2i3'', ''1y2i3''
| ''mėcaŋ'' || ''-emcaŋ'' || ''-ymyncaŋ'' || ''macůŋ'' || ''maciŋ'', ''myciŋ'' || ''jemceŋ''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1a2u3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''-a1ym2u3'' || ''1a2o3'' || ''1a2ie3e''
| ''qamciŋ'' || ''-omcėŋ'' || ''-ymyncėŋ'' || ''qamcůŋ'' || ''tamcieŋ'' || ''jomceŋ''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3  
| ''qa12i3'' || ''-o12e3'' || ''-o1ym2e3'' || ''qa12ů3'' || ''qa12ie3''
| ''qămacoŋ'' || ''-amcoŋ'' || ''-ymyncoŋ'' || ''qămacůŋ'' || ''qămcaŋeś'' || ''jamcoŋ''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''qa1a2e3'' || ''-a12a3'' || ''-a1ym2a3'' || ''qa1a2ů3'' || ''qa12a3e''
| ''ŋamcoŋ'' || ''-yŋmocėŋ'' || ''-yŋmyncėŋ'' || ''ŋamcůŋ'' || ''ŋamcuŋeś'' || ''ŋamceŋ''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''da12u3'' || ''-ud1o2e3'' || ''-ud1ym2e3'' || ''da12ů3'' || ''da12u3e''
| ''qymmacaŋ'' || ''-ymmėcoŋ'' || ''-ymmyncoŋ'' || ''qymmacůŋ'' || ''qymmacieŋ'' || ''jimmėceŋ''
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| ''qi1:a2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''-u1:ym2o3'' || ''qi1:a2ů3'' || ''qu1:a2ie3''
| ''maccoŋ'' || ''-ymaccėŋ'' || ''-ymcyncėŋ'' || ''qymaccůŋ'' || ''tymaccieŋ'' || ''jimacceŋ''
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| ''1a22o3'' || ''-u1a22e3'' || ''-u12ym2e3'' || ''qy1a22ů3'' || ''dy1a22ie3''
| ''qycmacoŋ'' || ''-ycmacėŋ'' || ''-ycmyncoŋ'' || ''qycmacůŋ'' || ''qucmacŋeś'' || ''jicmaceŋ''
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ''qi21a2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''-i21ym2o3'' || ''qi21a2ů3'' || ''qu21a23e''
| ''mescoŋ'' || ''-ymescėŋ'' || ''-ymsyncoŋ'' || ''mescůŋ'' || ''tymescieŋ'' || ''jimesceŋ''
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| ''1as2o3'' || ''-u1is2o3'' || ''-u1isym2o3'' || ''1as2ů3'' || ''du1as2ie3''
| ''măcaŋoŋ'' || ''-ymcėŋaŋ'' || ''-ymnycŋoŋ'' || ''măcaŋůŋ'' || ''tymcaŋieŋ'' || ''jimcėŋeŋ''
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ''1a2e2ě3'' || ''-i12a2ě3'' || ''-i1ym2y3ě3'' || ''1a2e2ů3'' || ''du12a2ie3''
| ''măcacoŋ'' || ''-ymcėcaŋ'' || ''-ymnyccoŋ'' || ''măcacůŋ'' || ''tymcacieŋ'' || ''jimcėceŋ''
|-
! 11
| ''1a2a2u3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''-i1ym2e2o3'' || ''1a2a2ů3'' || ''di12a2ie3''
|-
! 12
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''-i1i31ym2o3'' || ''1i31a2ů3'' || ''1i31a2ie3''
|}
|}


====Person marking====
====Person marking====
The subject is marked after the verb using a suffix, or when there is already a suffix in the suffix slot, the independent pronoun. For example, 'I know you (m)' = ''dytgalxil'' but 'I know you (f)' = ''dytgăles tiel'' (Irish has something similar). The independent pronoun may be dropped if known from context, but a subject suffix must be used whenever one can be used.
The independent pronoun is used when using an agent-oriented stem.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg || colspan=2 | 2sg || colspan=2 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg || rowspan=2 | 2sg || rowspan=2 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
|-
|-
! m. || f. || m. || f. || exclusive || inclusive
! exclusive || inclusive
|-
|-
! Subject affixes: ''maʔur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
| ''maʔur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''maʔur'''xid''''' || ''maʔur'''xis''''' || ''maʔur'' || ''maʔur'''is''''' || ''maʔur'''ťů''''' || ''maʔur'''ťiem''''' || ''maʔur'''ni''''' || ''maʔur'''o'''''
| ''mur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''mur'''xib''''' || ''mur'' || ''mur'''śů''''' || ''mur'''śiem''''' || ''mur'''ni''''' || ''mur'''o'''''
|-
|-
! Object affixes: ''tegal'' 'to know' ''
! Object affixes: ''tėŋal'' 'to know' ''
| '''''l'''ytgal-0'' 's/he knows me' || '''''d'''ytgal-0'' || '''''d'''ytgăl'''es''''' || ''ytgal-0'' || '''''s'''ytgal-0'' || '''''ť'''itgal-0'' || '''''m'''ytgal-0'' || '''''d'''ytgal'''o''''' || '''''s'''ytgăl'''o'''''
| '''''l'''ytŋal-0'' 's/he knows me' || '''''b'''ytŋal-0'' || '''''q'''ytŋal-0'' || '''''ť'''itŋal-0'' || '''''m'''ytŋal-0'' || '''''d'''ytŋăl'''o''''' || '''''q'''ytŋăl'''o'''''
|}
|}
To "-0", a suffix can be inserted.
Irrealis forms always use a regularly determined variant of the agent-oriented stem:
 
The -x- in intranstive suffixes is changed to ''-v-'' after ''k, g, x, h''. For example, ''*qapluk-xil'' changes to ''qaplukvil'' 'I ate/will eat it'.
 
Irrealis forms always use a regularly determined variant of the transitive stem:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | sg || rowspan="2" | pl
! | || | sg || | pl
|-
! m. || f.
|-
|-
! Intransitives: ''maʔur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
! Intransitives: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
| ''myʔur!'' 'walk thou (thither)!' || ''myʔur'''es'''!'' || ''myʔur'''o'''!''
| ''mur!'' 'walk thou (thither)!' || ''mur'''o'''!'' 'walk ye!'
|-
|-
! Transitives: ''tegal'' 'to know (someone)' ''
! Transitives: ''tėŋal'' 'to know (someone)' ''
| ''tygal!'' 'know thou him!' || ''tygal'''es'''!'' || ''tygal'''o'''!''
| ''tyŋal!'' 'know thou him!' || ''tyŋal'''o'''!'' 'know ye him!'
|}
|}


====Gzarot====
=== Gzarot ===
{{main|Netagin/Gzarot}}
{{main|Netagin/Gzarot}}
Gzarot are better analyzed as phonetic rules, ig.
===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition ''my-'' /mɨ/. It has the following inflected forms: ''miel, mied, mydie, mi, mas, min, miť, mynib, myneď, mis''.
Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition ''my-'' (corresponding to Lushootseed ''ʔal''). It has the following inflected forms: ''miel, mied, mi, miť, mynib, mynėď, mis''.


Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
*''har'' = generic locative.
*''har'' = generic locative.
**''Qalam-ši har my-tar·al?'' (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
**''Qalam-śi har my-tar·al?'' (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
*inside
*inside
*outside
*outside
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===Derivation===
===Derivation===
From Netagin2:
Noun patterns in Netagin are called ''qehtůnůl'' 'builders'.
*''1a23, 1e23, 1o23'' = noun
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1ė23, 1o23, 1a22u3, 1a2a3, 1a2o3, ŋa12u3, 1a2a3, 1a2e3, 1ů2a3, 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3''
*''1a2a3, 1a2o3'' = adjective, noun?
* ''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''be12ů3'' = agent noun
*''da12u3'' = noun
*''1a2a3ė, 1a2i3ė, 1a2u3ė'' = nouns
*''ʔi12ů3'' = agent noun
*''1i22e3'' = resultatives
*''1a2a3, 1a2e3'' = noun
*''1a22ė3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1ů2a3'' = noun
*''1y22a3'' = degree/measure
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
*''1a2a3e, 1a2i3e, 1a2u3e'' = nouns
*''1i22a3, 1u22a3''
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-ům'' = augmentative
*''-ům'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ůn'' (f) = abstract noun, collective
*''-ůn'' (f) = abstract noun, collective
*''CaCiC'': quality adjective
*''1a2i3'' = quality adjective
*''CoCaC'': resultative adjective
*''2o2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''CeCůC'': event
*''2e2ů3'' = event
*''dyCCuC'': event/place
*''qi12u3'' = event
*''dyCCaC/dyCCeC'': instrument
*''tu12a3'' (< *tūCCaC < *tawuCCaC)
*''vaCCieC/vaCCiC'': profession
** ''Tumhan'' is derived from m-h-n/tuCCaC
*''diCCaCe/dyCCěCe'': process
*''qi12a3/qi12ė3'' = instrument
*''vyCCuC'': patient noun
*''ba12ie3/ba12a3'' = profession
*''vyCCůC'': resultative noun
*''ty12a3ė/ty12e3ė'' = process
*''CyCCaCe'': degree/measure
*''vy12u3'' = patient noun
*''vy12ů3'' = resultative noun
*''vysa12ie3'' = place noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Netagin has focus-first or predicate-first word order, which is often realized as VSO order.
Like Lushotoseed, Netagin has focus-first or predicate-first word order, which is often realized as VSO order.
=== Case marking ===
The particle ''qy'' marks the "most relevant" non-subject argument of the verb. For agent-oriented verbs this is the patient; for patient-oriented verbs this is the agent.
===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
todo: when, before, after, while (relative tense)
todo: when, before, after, while (relative tense)
*''qi'' = and, also, so
*''qi'' = and, also, so
**from ''qaj'' = indeed; yes, aye; ''mirative particle, like Hebrew'' הנה
**from ''qaj'' = indeed; yes, aye; ''mirative particle, like Biblical Hebrew'' הנה
*''mat'' = or (both inclusive and exclusive or)
*''maŋ'' = or (both inclusive and exclusive or)
*''ďem'' = or (can only be used for xor)
*''ďem'' = or (can only be used for xor)
*''ba'' = not
*''ba'' = not
*''bař'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 'is it not true that...'); lest
*''bůr'' = because; lest (< ''*bār'' < ''*ba=qar'' not=EMPH 'is it not true that...')
*''bařdymiek, bařmiek'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
*''bůrbymiek'' = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
*''lynoj'' = although
*''lynoj'' = although
*''lynojačiř'' = although
*''lynojaćir'' = although
*''vyzěq'' = but
*''vyzeaŋ'' = but
*''daja'' = but
*''daja'' = but
*''qatie'' = if
*''qatie'' = if
*''věn'' = that (complementizer)
*''vean'' = that (complementizer)
*''be'' (ne-word) = that (relativizer)
*''he'' (ve-word) = that (relativizer)
*''myři'' = that, whom
====Wackernagel clitics====
====Wackernagel clitics====
These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
*''=me'' = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
*''=me'' = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
*''=ča'' = or
*''=ća'' = or
*''=qař'' = (''poetic'') for
*''=qar'' = (''poetic'') for
*''='' = interrogative or "if"
*''=hie'' = interrogative or "if"
*''=miek'' = like German ''ja''


====Inflected conjunctions====
====Inflected conjunctions====
These conjunctions may take pronominal inflections, taking the pronoun suffix for the subject.
These conjunctions may take pronominal inflections, taking the pronoun suffix for the subject.
===Negation===
===Negation===
In prose, a clause is negated by adding ''ba'' before the verb and using the particle ''duš''. It combines with ''ve''-series determiners to form ''de''-series determiners; ''de'' is used before the absolutive constituent.  
In prose, a clause is negated by adding ''ba'' before the verb and using the particle ''duk''. It combines with ''ve''-series determiners to form ''de''-series determiners; ''de'' is used before the absolutive constituent.  


*''Ba ygxar duš.'' = He is not growing.
*'''''Ba''' qyŋxar '''duk'''.'' = He is not growing.
*''Ba ytarrě de pyžal.'' = The dog does not bark.
*'''''Ba''' qytarrea '''de''' pyźal.'' = The dog does not bark.
*''Ba ylmě va macni da qasi.'' (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = He does not eat fruits.
*'''''Ba''' qylmea va vůś '''da''' myzuj.'' (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = The child does not eat fruit.


''Ba'' also translates "no".
''Ba'' also translates "no".
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===Questions===
===Questions===
Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ''ne'' of the noun being asked about to ''ve''. The particle ''qu'' may optionally be added to the beginning.
Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ''ne'' of the noun being asked about to ''ve''. The particle ''qu'' may optionally be added to the beginning.
:''Lečar ně qama.'' = Mother is at home.
:''Lećar ne qama.'' = Mother is at home.
:''(Qu) lečar vě qama?'' = Is Mother at home?  
:''(Qu) lećar ve qama?'' = Is Mother at home?  


Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word ''qaj'' 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.
Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word ''qaj'' 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.
:''- (Qu) lečar vě qama? - Qaj/Lečar.'' = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.
:''- (Qu) lećar vea qama? - Qaj/Lećar.'' = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.


Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.
Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.


  Jos qama? = Where is Mother?
  Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?


  Jal vě miešsad(ie)? = What (lit. Who) is your name?
  Jal ve mieśda? = What (lit. Who) is your name?


===Translating "to be"===
===Translating "to be"===
Netagin translates all five senses of English "be" with distinct constructions:
Netagin translates the following seven senses of English "be" with distinct constructions:
*"is-a" (membership in a class): ''Y ne X'' = "X is a Y"
*"is-a" (membership in a class): ''Y ne X'' = "X is a Y"
*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
*"there exists": ''qům ne X'' = "There exists X"  
*"there exists": ''qaj ne X'' = "There exists X"  
*"is + adjunct": ''[had lečar] ne X'' = "X is [at home]"
*"is + location": ''[lėćar] ne xib X'' = "X is [home]" (lit. "home is X's location")
*"is + ADJ": ''[baděj] X'' = "X [is big]"
*"is (going to) + destination": ''Lėćar ne abev X'' = 'X is going home' (lit. "home is X's thither")
*"is (coming from) + source": ''Tumhan ne rahov X'' = 'X is from Tumhan' (lit. "Tumhan is X's thence")
*"is + ADJ": ''[badej] X'' = "X [is big]"


===Possession===
===Possession===
The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine":
The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine":


  Qům ne padudal. (exist DET.M book-1SG)
  Qaj ne padudal. (MIR DET.M book-1SG)


The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction:
The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction:


  Gáqmal na žiri. = The fruit is mine (lit. is my possession).
  Ŋáqmal na źiri. = The sword is mine (lit. is my possession).


Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:
Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:


  Žirjal na žiri. = The fruit is mine. (lit. The fruit is my fruit)
  Žirjal na źiri. = The sword is mine. (lit. The sword is my sword)


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
Netagin has two relativizers:
==== Balanced relative clauses ====
*''be'': a noun relativized with ''be'' can be either the subject or the direct object.
For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has the relativizer ''he''. Netagin restricts relative clause syntax in that the head must be a direct object of the relative clause (if necessary, after taking the applicative form of the verb).
*''myři'' unambiguously denotes a direct object (possibly after taking the applicative).


subject:
:''nea páles '''hea''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made
:''ně vůlqe '''bě''' lyxžam'''is''''' - the woman who loves me
direct object:
:''páles '''bě/myři''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made


Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:
Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:
:''ni rycům '''bi/myři''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with
:''ni rycům '''hi''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with


Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.
Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.
:''jove '''bě/myři''' qytymgalxil (*sytymgalxil) ne qeb''
:''nea jove '''hea''' qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb''
:DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father
:DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father
:the girl whose father i know  
:the girl whose father I know  


Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:
Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:
Line 631: Line 569:
*Comparing NPs: ''the team that we ate more apples than'' = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"
*Comparing NPs: ''the team that we ate more apples than'' = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"
*For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express ''the only student I am taller than'', for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.
*For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express ''the only student I am taller than'', for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.
*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)
*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR"(pseudogloss)


The ''pyšme věn'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in post-classical literary Netagin (Modern Netagin vernaculars use resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Gap and internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry.
The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use the gap strategy, like Southeast Asian languages. Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.
 
==== Deranked relative clauses ====
Netagin also has deranked relative clauses, which uses possessed verbal nouns and mirror similar constructions in Lushootseed (cf. English ''the weapon of your choosing''). The possessor of such a verbal noun is always the patient. This construction must be used exactly when the subject is the head.
 
ni myzuj bi qylmie viel 'the fruit that I eat' has a deranked relative clause counterpart: ''ni myzuj lamjal'' (DET fruit-3SG eat/VN-1SG.POSS 'the fruit of my eating'); however this means 'the fruit that eats me'.


===Complement clauses===
===Complement clauses===
Balanced complement clauses: ''nar/var'' + CLAUSE
Balanced complement clauses: ''nar/var'' + CLAUSE


''Dymiek nar dyktiexil'' = You know that I love you; ''(Qu) dymiek var dyktiexil?'' = Do you know that I love you?
''Dymiek nar dyktie viel'' = You know that I love you; ''(Qu) dymiek var dyktie viel?'' = Do you know that I love you?


Deranked complement clauses: ''na/va'' + poss(subj)-VN + subject + ''my'' + secondary argument
Deranked complement clauses: ''na/va'' + poss(subj)-VN + subject + ''my'' + secondary argument


''Dymiek na lykotjie mied'' = You know that I love you
''Dymiek na lykotie mied'' = You know that I love you (lit. my love for you)


===Time clauses===
===Time clauses===
Line 649: Line 592:
'before' = hamet
'before' = hamet


'after' = gahed
'after' = ŋahed
 
'as soon as' = {{ng}}růb


===Conditional clauses===
===Conditional clauses===
* =hie = if (realis)
* ={{ng}}o = if (counterfactual)
===Reason clauses===
===Reason clauses===
* {{ng}}ahed = since
* bůr = because; lest (< *bār < *ba=qar not=EMPH 'is it not true that...')
* bůrbymiek = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
===Purpose clauses===
===Purpose clauses===
'So that' can be expressed with ''qi'' 'and' + irrealis verb (Biblical Hebrew has a similar clause structure).
'So that' can be expressed with ''qi'' 'and' + irrealis verb (Biblical Hebrew has a similar clause structure).
Line 661: Line 613:
:seek/TRGR 3SG.N-IRR/find-2PL
:seek/TRGR 3SG.N-IRR/find-2PL
:''Look for it and find it.'' (More literally: ''[By] seeking, you will find it.'' or ''[By] seeking, find it.'')
:''Look for it and find it.'' (More literally: ''[By] seeking, you will find it.'' or ''[By] seeking, find it.'')
:'''''Hydůp qyvvelon tim.'''''
 
:seek/TRGR 3SG.N-REAL/find 2PL
:''"Seek and ye shall [surely] find."'' (This indicates a ''much'' higher-than-normal degree of certainty that "ye shall find".)
===Information structure===
===Information structure===
A regular independent clause is of the form  
A regular independent clause is of the form  
Line 673: Line 623:
  [regular clause referring to the topic] [topic].
  [regular clause referring to the topic] [topic].


Sometimes the particle ''miek'' (from ''dymiek'' 'you know') may be used in second position for extra emphasis.
Sometimes the particle ''miek'' (from ''bymiek'' 'you know') may be used in second position for extra emphasis, or to connote "I think you'll agree that..." (like German ''ja'').


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Verbs of motion===
===Verbs of motion===
Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion.
Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination, either away from or towards the speaker. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion. Note that some intransitive-transitive syncretism occurs, but this isn't an issue as verbs themselves have intransitive and transitive conjugations.
 
go vs. come in atelic?
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Meaning !! Unidirectional verb !! Multidirectional verb
! Meaning !! Telic, "go" !! Telic, "come" !! Atelic, "go" || Atelic, "come"
|-
|-
| to go by foot, to walk
| to go by foot, to walk
| ''mur'' (Binyan 2) || ''voččal'' (Binyan 7)
| ''mir'' (Binyan 1) || ''mur'' (Binyan 2) || ''vaććol'' (Binyan 6) || ''văćaćol'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
| to go with a land vehicle<small>
| ''dalum'' (Binyan 2) || ''dollam'' (Binyan 7)
| ''daluk'' (Binyan 1) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''qydalok'' (Binyan 3) || ''dălalok'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to ride, to mount <small>(trans.)</small>
| to ride, to mount <small>(trans.)</small>
| ''qapcě'' (Binyan 4) || ''pecě'' (Binyan 1)
| ''qapcea'' (Binyan 3) || ''qyppacea'' (Binyan 5) || ''pecea'' (Binyan 1) || ''păcacea'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to go in
| to go in
| ''xapun'' (Binyan 2) || ''xoppan'' (Binyan 7)
| ''xapuŋ'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''xăpapoŋ'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to go out
| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)
| ''paduš'' (Binyan 2) || ''poddaš'' (Binyan 7)  
| ''pakuś'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapkoś'' (Binyan 2) || ''pakkoś'' (Binyan 6) || ''păkakoś'' (Binyan 10)
|-
| to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)<br/>to take off (of flying creatures or vehicles)
| ''ganě'' (Binyan 2) || ''gonně'' (Binyan 7)
|-
|-
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation)
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation)
| ''šabud'' (Binyan 2) || ''šobbad'' (Binyan 7)  
| ''śabuď'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaśboď'' (Binyan 2) || ''śabboď'' (Binyan 6) || ''śibaboď'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to run  
| to run  
| ''qagiž'' (Binyan 4) || ''govvaž'' (Binyan 7)
| ''ŋiź'' (Binyan 1) || ''ŋuź'' (Binyan 2) || ''ŋavvoź'' (Binyan 6) || ''ŋăvavoź'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to swim  
| to swim  
| ''nařub'' (Binyan 2) || ''neřab'' (Binyan 1)
| ''nehab'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanhob'' (Binyan 2) || ''nahob'' (Binyan 6) || ''năhahob'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to fly
| to fly
| ''kall'' (Binyan 2) || ''kollal'' (Binyan 7)
| ''kall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''kallol'' (Binyan 6) || ''kaslol'' (Binyan 8)
|-
|-
| to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row  
| to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row  
| ''qivvahař'' (Binyan 6) || ''qyvahiř'' (Binyan 4)
| ''qivvahat'' (Binyan 5) || ''qavhot'' (Binyan 2) || ''qyvahot'' (Binyan 3) || ''văhahot'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to flow (of a fluid or current)
| to flow (of a fluid or current)
| ''beral'' (Binyan 1) || ''borral'' (Binyan 7)
| ''behal'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabhol'' (Binyan 2) || ''bahol'' (Binyan 6) || ''băhahot'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to roll  
| to roll  
| ''mall'' (Binyan 2) || ''mollal'' (Binyan 7)
| ''mall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qamoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''mallol'' (Binyan 6) || ''maslol'' (Binyan 8)
|-
|-
| to climb
| to climb
| ''ďexuč'' (Binyan 2) || ''qyďxič'' (Binyan 3)
| ''ďaxep'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaďxop'' (Binyan 2) || ''ďaxxop'' (Binyan 6) || ''ďăxaxop'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to jump
| to jump
| ''bacc'' (Binyan 2) || ''boccac'' (Binyan 7)
| ''bacc'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabocc'' (Binyan 2) || ''baccoc'' (Binyan 6) || ''bascoc'' (Binyan 8)
|-
|-
| to crawl  
| to crawl  
| ''zarzur'' (Binyan 2Q) || ''zorzar'' (Binyan 7)
| ''zir'' (Binyan 1) || ''zur'' (Binyan 2) || ''zarzor'' (Binyan 6) || ''zăvavor'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates)
| to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates)
| ''namě'' (Binyan 2) || ''nommě'' (Binyan 7)
| ''namea'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanmea'' (Binyan 2) || ''nammea'' (Binyan 6) || ''nămamea'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to dive, go into water
| to dive, go into water
| ''sadě'' (Binyan 2) || ''soddě'' (Binyan 7)
| ''sadea'' (Binyan 2) || ''qasdea'' (Binyan 2) || ''saddea'' (Binyan 6) || ''sădadea'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to carry, bring (on foot)
| to carry, bring (on foot)
| ''pasun'' (Binyan 2) || ''qypasin'' (Binyan 4)
| ''ŋapsoŋ'' (Binyan 4) || ''qapsoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''passoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''păsasoŋ'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small>
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small>
| ''qiddalam'' (Binyan 6) || ''qydalim'' (Binyan 5)
| ''qiddalok'' (Binyan 6) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''dallok'' (Binyan 6) || ''dălalok'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to carry, bring in
| to carry, bring in
| ''qixxapin'' (Binyan 6) || ''qyxapin'' (Binyan 5)
| ''ŋaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''qyxxapoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''xăpapoŋ'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to carry, bring out
| to carry, bring out
| ''qippadaš'' (Binyan 6) || ''qypadiš'' (Binyan 5)  
| ''ŋapdoś'' (Binyan 4) || ''qyppadoś'' (Binyan 5) || ''paddoś'' (Binyan 6) || ''pădadoś'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small>  
| ''kačun'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykačin'' (Binyan 4)
| ''kaćol'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakćol'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykaćol'' (Binyan 3) || ''kăćacol'' (Binyan 10)
|-
|-
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead
| ''paťur'' (Binyan 2) || ''poťťar'' (Binyan 7)
| ''paďor'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapďor'' (Binyan 2) || ''paďďor'' (Binyan 6) || ''păďaďor'' (Binyan 10)
|}
|}
* ''Mir vy{{ng}}pielek Săvarxal'' 'He got into / will get into Săfarchal University'
* ''Vaććol vy{{ng}}pielek Săvarxal'' 'He used to attend / attends / will continue to attend Săfarchal University'


===Verbs for "to wear"===
===Verbs for "to wear"===
==Poetic Netagin==
 
Poetic Netagin is a separate register from prose Netagin, and has the following characteristics:
==Poetic Classical Netagin==
*Vowel reductions that don't occur in prose Netagin may be used for metrical purposes. (think "ne3im shimkhem")
Classical Netagin poetry uses meters similar to Hebrew piyyut meters. For example, the marnin aka hazaj meter is SLLLSLLL, where S must be an open syllable with a reduced vowel (underlyingly either an ''ă'' /ə/ or an ''y'' /ɨ/) and L is any heavy syllable (i.e. having a non-reduced vowel). Poetry from the Classical Netagin era is replete with allusions to older Classical Netagin literature (much like how Hebrew piyyutim use Tanakh allusions and Classical Chinese literature allude to older Classical Chinese works); there are some poems that are entirely "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra".
 
Poetic Netagin was a separate register from prose Classical Netagin, and has the following characteristics:
*Vowel reductions that don't occur in prose Netagin may be used for metrical purposes. (think "ne3im shimkhem").
*Determiners omitted
*Determiners omitted
*constituent order freer
*"Topic VO" and "VO topic" possible as word orders
*Negative ''ba'' used without ''duš''
*Negative ''ba'' used without ''duk''
===Features===
=== Features ===
===Syntax===
=== Syntax ===
=== Gibberish ===
<poem>
Hazaj meter:
''Tyhům śatlej ry-ćannevear,''
''Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,''
''Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,''
''Hypiere źůj vyto śotnem.''
 
Shakhar Avakeshkha:
''Takum pyćie takum | paruj pălen qakhoj,''
''Qeki śikov leťin | qabsan typien lahoj.''


==Sample texts==
Yigdal meter:
===A fable===
''Peslam myŋeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,''
===A hymn===
''Mireať ćypa korin pa-ruze'ůx.''
===A vegan anthem===
''Dolper qyniv neliem tyja toźie,''
A piyyut in hazaj meter
''Bon niem sy-daśkavin lyma peźie.''


:'''''Be dyštavno zǎqům-medho,'''''
Piyyut meter + luc bat:
:REL.SBJ 2-fight_for-PL justice(CONST?)-feeling/soul/sentient-GEN
''Lavympălić kasvo,''
:''Ye who contend for sentient-justice,''
''Cymil ťole{{ng}} śivo tamlis,''
''Meři tyvů{{ng}} qollis,''
''Qyher malśam xylis banhie!''
''Mi-ďpal, ny roxep hie,''
''Pyqiź baťům vyhie vocem.''
</poem>
 
== Trivia ==
A common language game in Netagin, called ''ne bric Pălohin'' 'the marine demon/ogre/troll language', consists of reversing the consonants of the consonantal root of every content word:
 
''Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn.'' -> ''Šekăro ne qanbal ruś my-taćkiel nahůl.''
 
''bric Pălohin'' -> ''crib Hălopin''
 
Consonant reversal is less trivial when weak consonants are present: ''talea'' 'a musical term' becomes  jlt/1a2i3 = ''jelit''. Certain patterns are only used for certain weaknesses (like Hebrew: qry -> taqrit, yry -> torah, yrš -> torešet), so it's always a challenge!
 
== Sample texts ==
=== The Round Table ===
(The Shalaian was just a draft)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Modern Std. Netagin
 
''Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn. Qysvăxo ne Saxieř Băravied: Hadir vyni?''
<!--
(''Málasj cóvlach wa fadí thowl lyur, lowkh safaení łur laath: "Syul drúl ał syul! Alvón tóvle, sobathímm fortán, drúl syulac, sobathímm ámmenac, laath bathímmac."'')
 
(''Lowch enłaefí u Łechwér Vrawíad: "Ħo'sj edyám ver't chwed, chwert tjowchva taev thowl men cwalyú?"'')
 
(''Lowch narłaefí u łur: "Maand lowdín, Łechwér? Chwid ħerch tłurtjta maráen chen yerlas, ał mosj ħerch tłurtjta mala esj u taev mala."'')
 
(''Nargolamí u Σechwér Vrawíad mia σur me thaaħ: "Vor lárre σur aen σechwéred aσ roln'va'ξ me ħédvar."'')-->
{{col-break}}
Original ([[Naeng/Classical|Classical Wdm.]])
 
''Ngiiθ dur se taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Măra łĭnam?"''
 
''Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."''
 
''Tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?"''
 
''Eφθooc φin χaaθ, "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!"''
 
''Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."''
{{col-break}}
English
 
Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them a question: "How many people are you?"
 
While five children were still counting, one child called out: "Sixty-three! Specifically: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, 15 teams of 4, 6 teams of 5, and one team of 6."
 
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person joins the group?"
 
The child replied: "Isn't that obvious, Master? We'll have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"
 
The Master praised the child, saying, "This child has wisdom and understanding indeed."
{{col-end}}


===Something 1===
=== A piyyut ===
Yigdal meter
===Something 2===
Shakhar Avakeshkha meter


== Phrasebook ==
* ''Dyktie viel'' = I love you.
* ''Dyrśid viel'' = I admire you.
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 11 June 2023

Pages with the prefix 'Netagin' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:
This article describes Classical Netagin. See subpages for the modern vernacular lects.
Netagin
ne Nătahin
Pronunciation[nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]
Created byUser:IlL
SettingVerse:Tricin, Verse:CF Tricin
Idavic
  • Netagin

In Tricin, Netagin (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ne Nătahin [nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]; Nurian: xi Nŧeahem; Naeng: fi brits Inthăgin; Eevo: a łynǿñ Ynþyjín) is a major Bjeheondian language and an isolate within the Idavic language family. It is native to Tumhan (Netagin: Tumhan /tʉmˈɦan/). Classical Netagin has influenced Naeng, Nurian and Ksieh. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing poems in Hebrew piyyut meters (without being a Hebrew giblang): like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S and predicate-first with some Austronesian elements. Netagin is the most grammatically conservative extant branch of Idavic, because it has preserved Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology and morphosyntax. Despite being a head-initial language like most Talman languages including Naeng and Talmic languages, as well as Hebrew and Irish, Classical Netagin grammar is meant to have some alien features even to speakers of these languages. Hebrew is a heavy inspiration for the diachronics, however (except postvocalic lenition).

This article describes Classical Netagin which is used for special effect in modern times, e.g. in classical Netagin music and poetry. The standard variety today is Śinax Netagin, spoken in Bjeheond's capital Șinach (Śinax) and in Cualuav's Andaegor, though there are many other mutually unintelligible Netagin varieties.

This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, Middle Vietnamese and Naeng. Its morphology is inspired by Semitic, its morphosyntax by Lushootseed and Austronesian, and its motion verbs by Slavic.

Todo

  • nC > CC like in Heb
  • think absolute vs. construct plays more nicely in piyyutim than nominative vs. genitive
  • not completely happy with the binyanim morphologically
    • double-check gzarot
  • roots, vocab
  • Steal "verb an adjective verb-ing" (= "verb adjective-ly") from Hebrew

WCONS 3SG.M-CAUS/walk/TELIC 3PL.INDEP DET.F ocean WCONS die-3SG.M "They made him go out into ocean and he died"

  • A particle qy that works like Lushootseed
  • Proto-Netagin had a marked absolute state in -i, construct removed the -i
    • Decl A: sg -i/-0 > stress patterns, pl -āli/-āl > pl -ůl/-ů
    • Decl B: sg -eki/-ek > PNtg -eć/-ek > CNtg -iś/-ek, pl -aka/-ak > -ā/-ak > CNtg -a/-ak

Phonology

The phonology of Classical Netagin is described by the grammarian and polymath Bůhiś Naťťem.

Consonants

Netagin has 24 consonants:

Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n~ɳ~ɲ/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t~ʈ/ k /k/ q /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d~ɖ/
Fricative voiceless s /s̠/ ś /ɕ/ x /x/
voiced v /v/ z /z̠/ ź /ʑ/ h /ɦ/
Affricate c /ts̠/ ć /t͡ɕ/
Resonant l /ɫ/ r /r~ɾ~ʀ/ ř /ɻ/ j /j/

Voiceless stops are unaspirated.

The following classes of consonants are classified as 'weak letters' in Classical Netagin and cause irregular gzarot:

  • Semivowels: j v
  • Palatals: ś ź ć j
  • Retroflexes: ť ď s z ř
  • Ungeminables: q h ř

Vowels

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /a/ ā /a:/, ō /o:/

Classical Netagin vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /i/ y /ɨ/ u /u/
Diphthong ie /iə/ ů /uə/
Mid ė /e/ ă [ə] o /o/
Open e /æ/ a /a/

Vowel diachronics: Proto-Netagin had the vowels *a e i u ō ē ī ū.

  • In stressed syllables (including segolates): PNtg a e i u > a e ė o
  • In pretonic syllables (open): PNtg a u i e > a o y e
  • In pretonic syllables (closed): a e i u > a e y y
  • In propretonic syllables: a u i e > ă y y y
  • PNtg long vowels (ō ē ī ū) don't reduce in any position and always become ů ie i u.

Stress

Usually final, some penultimately-stressed "segolates" CVCVC or CVCCV

Penult long vowels + every other stress gives the language a distinctive "Scotch snap" rhythm.

Phonotactics

no initial clusters, max cluster length 2

cluster consonants can be arbitrary as long as voice assimilated

Possible vowel final vowels: /ɪ, e, a, ea, o, u, i, y/ (cf TibH /ɔ, ɛ, e, o, i, u/)

Vowel reduction

Pretonic to propretonic: (Most commonly occuring type) a > a, e > y.

Other phonetic rules

  • y > i, after C[+palatal]: śy źy ćy jy > śi źi ći ji
  • In unstressed syllables, a > e after C[+palatal]: śa źa ća ja > śe źe će je
  • unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/

Script

Netagin script is an abugida developed from the Ancient Gwnax script. Before vowel markings were codified, some Netagin writings used the consonant letters as an abjad with letters for v j q h used as matres lectionis.

Vowel signs shouldn't rely on the number of dots. I dislike drawing dots lol, I'm looking at you, segol

Morphology

Like Semitic languages, Netagin is triconsonantal. The root m-c-ŋ 'to do' is used for demonstrating stems formed from roots.

Pronominal markers

Netagin has many sets of personal markers:

  • Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed ćəd-words)
  • Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ʔaca-words and Irish emphatic pronouns)
  • The "me too, you too, etc." forms
  • Alienable prefixes
  • Inalienable/preposition/conjunction suffixes
  • Verb object affixes
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent viel vieb - vieć vyni -
Emphatic hanli hanvů (demonstratives such as kyne are used) hanćů hanni (demonstratives are used)
Alienable l(e)- b(e)- qyn-/qym- ć(e)- n(e)- qie-
Inalienable -al -ab -i -ćů -bi -us
"X too" telaś tebaś (demonstratives are used) tyćaś tynnaś (demonstratives are used)

An independent subject pronoun, when present, always comes in the second position in the sentence, as in Lushootseed.

In Netagin, emphatic subject pronouns are often part of Ancient-Greek style Wackernagel clitic complexes.

[So far this is not too different from Tigol or Anbirese. The weird part is the morphosyntax.]

Nouns and adjectives

NEW DECLENSION

Netagin has two numbers and absolute and construct states (but no gender). Like in Tiberian Hebrew, the construct state may have different shapes from having subtly different stress in older stages. Netagin nouns and adjectives fall into declension classes:

liet = man (decl. A) qăśteleś = sparrow (decl. B) jůśi = person (decl. C) Nătahin = Netagin person (decl. D)
singular plural singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state liet lietůl qăśtel qăśtel jůśi ŋyjůśi Nătahin Nătahie
Construct state liet- lietů- qyśtylek- qyśtylik- jůśė- ŋyjůśė- - -

The suffix -in (which is analogous to Semitic -i) is used on some nouns and adjectives. These don't have separate construct state forms.

"Qaj, larśip ne dáqer rysohe qalok." baruc ne qama.
/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/
MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING
("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")
"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.
Possessed forms

Unsuffixed nouns:

  • abs: xozăn 'Netagin qanun'
  • const: xozna (Netagin segolates take -a for the construct; the construct csn be unpredictable)
  • 1sg: xoznal
  • 2sg: xoznab
  • 3sg: xozni
  • 1pl: xoznėśů
  • 2pl: xoznăbi
  • 3pl: xoznus

The Class B construct affix -k assimilates with an inalienable suffix beginning with a consonant:

  • bahieneś 'birth'
  • bahienek 'birth of'
  • bahienekal 'my birth'
  • bahienekab 'thy birth'
  • bahieneki 'his birth'
  • bahienekėśů 'our birth'
  • bahienebbi 'your (pl.) birth'
  • bahienekus 'their birth'

ve-words

Ve-words, which are usually determiners, decline as follows:

Declension of ve-words (determiners)
sg. pl.
ne (unstressed); nex no

The following are ve-words:

  • ne (Lushootseed ti; roughly 'that-which'.)
  • ve (Lushootseed kʷi)
  • de ("connegative" determiner, used on the absolutive argument of a negated clause)
  • kyne 'this'
  • kyve 'that'
  • be (relativizer; roughly 'which VERBs' or 'which is a NOUN'. The head of a relative clause is only allowed to be its subject or direct object in Classical Netagin.)
  • qe (vocative particle)

Verbs

Like Hebrew and Arabic, Netagin derives verbs by inflecting a consonantal verb root according to a binyan. The subject is a purely syntactic concept. Different verbs have different theta-roles for the subject, whether agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, location, or recipient; this is determined lexically by the individual verb and must be memorized (though verb voice can promote non-subject arguments to subjects).

Purely form-wise (rather than semantically), the primary axes by which verbs differ are:

  • Binyan: derives verbs from a consonantal root; encodes variables such as transitivity, volition, aspect and manner of action.
  • Voice: patient-oriented, agent-oriented and applicative.
    • Patient-oriented means that the subject (the unmarked argument, one immediately following it) is a patient (or experiencer of a state or a change of state), while the noun phrase marked with a preposed particle qy is a second argument, often an agent, an instrument, or a cause.
    • Agent-oriented means that the subject (the unmarked argument, one immediately following it) is an "agent", while the noun phrase marked with a preposed particle qy is a second argument, often the patient.
    • The patient oriented stem is from an older stative; the agent-oriented form is from an older tensed verb.
  • Agreement: Person/number/gender of participants.
  • Mood: Realis and irrealis. The irrealis is used for imperatives, wishes, purpose clauses, and possible future events.

Binyan and voice are realized with stem changes, and agreement inflection is realized by attaching affixes which change the stem in a regular manner. Notably, Netagin has no tense or aspect forms; aspect is more of a lexical feature, and tense is inferred through context or explicitly through time expressions such as "yesterday", "a moment ago", or "later".

  • The nonfinite forms are:
    • the transgressive: The transgressive is uninflected and does not take person markers; it refers to the syntactic subject in subject-less subordinate clauses.
    • the verbal noun.

Verb stems

Netagin has 10 binyanim (piććetůl from p-ć-t "time"). Diachronically, Netagin binyanim encoded various aspects, aktionsarten or manners of action (rather than mainly voice like Semitic binyanim):

  • Binyan 1 (mėcaŋ) verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
    • For example, teŋal means 'to know'
    • dalum = to go by vehicle (uni), as opposed to Binyan 7 dollam = to go by vehicle (multi).
  • Binyan 2 (qamciŋ) consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"), or perfectives. It's marked by a q- preformative.
  • Binyan 3 (qămacoŋ) contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan c and Binyan g verbs), or a maintainance of state. It's marked by a q- preformative like Binyan 2 but has a different pattern.
  • Binyan 4 (ŋamcoŋ) is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative). It's marked by a ŋ- preformative.
  • Binyan 5 (qymmacaŋ) - telic, intensive, momentane or perfective. It's marked by gemination of the first root consonant.
  • Binyan 6 (maccoŋ) - atelic, iterative, many multidirectional motion verbs. It's marked by gemination of the second root consonant.
  • Binyan 7 (qycmacoŋ) - "X a little, almost X". It's marked by reduplicating the second root consonant.
  • Binyan 8 (mescoŋ) - "X in advance, X for oneself" (tends to be used for self-directed, intentional actions). It's marked by a s infix.
  • Binyan 9 (măcaŋoŋ) - frequentative, "-le"; "mis-X, over-X". It's marked by lengthening the stem with the last root consonant.
  • Binyan 10 (măcacoŋ) verbs express gradual processes and are used for atelic coming motion verbs. It's makred by lengthening with the second root consonant.
    • Ex. hadadex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.

Here are the stems in the regular gizra, i.e. for most choices of root consonants (for other gzarot, see Netagin/Gzarot):

Binyan Patient-oriented Agent-oriented Applicative Transgressive Patient-oriented verbal noun Agent-oriented verbal noun
1 mėcaŋ -emcaŋ -ymyncaŋ macůŋ maciŋ, myciŋ jemceŋ
2 qamciŋ -omcėŋ -ymyncėŋ qamcůŋ tamcieŋ jomceŋ
3 qămacoŋ -amcoŋ -ymyncoŋ qămacůŋ qămcaŋeś jamcoŋ
4 ŋamcoŋ -yŋmocėŋ -yŋmyncėŋ ŋamcůŋ ŋamcuŋeś ŋamceŋ
5 qymmacaŋ -ymmėcoŋ -ymmyncoŋ qymmacůŋ qymmacieŋ jimmėceŋ
6 maccoŋ -ymaccėŋ -ymcyncėŋ qymaccůŋ tymaccieŋ jimacceŋ
7 qycmacoŋ -ycmacėŋ -ycmyncoŋ qycmacůŋ qucmacŋeś jicmaceŋ
8 mescoŋ -ymescėŋ -ymsyncoŋ mescůŋ tymescieŋ jimesceŋ
9 măcaŋoŋ -ymcėŋaŋ -ymnycŋoŋ măcaŋůŋ tymcaŋieŋ jimcėŋeŋ
10 măcacoŋ -ymcėcaŋ -ymnyccoŋ măcacůŋ tymcacieŋ jimcėceŋ

Person marking

The independent pronoun is used when using an agent-oriented stem.

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
exclusive inclusive
Subject affixes: mur 'walk (to somewhere)' murxil 'I walk' murxib mur murśů murśiem murni muro
Object affixes: tėŋal 'to know' lytŋal-0 's/he knows me' bytŋal-0 qytŋal-0 ťitŋal-0 mytŋal-0 dytŋălo qytŋălo

Irrealis forms always use a regularly determined variant of the agent-oriented stem:

sg pl
Intransitives: mur 'walk (to somewhere)' mur! 'walk thou (thither)!' muro! 'walk ye!'
Transitives: tėŋal 'to know (someone)' tyŋal! 'know thou him!' tyŋalo! 'know ye him!'

Gzarot

Gzarot are better analyzed as phonetic rules, ig.

Prepositions

Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition my- (corresponding to Lushootseed ʔal). It has the following inflected forms: miel, mied, mi, miť, mynib, mynėď, mis.

Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:

  • har = generic locative.
    • Qalam-śi har my-tar·al? (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
  • inside
  • outside
  • up
  • down
  • left
  • right
  • in
  • out
  • across, beyond
  • north
  • NE
  • east
  • SE
  • south
  • SW
  • north
  • NW

Derivation

Noun patterns in Netagin are called qehtůnůl 'builders'.

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1ė23, 1o23, 1a22u3, 1a2a3, 1a2o3, ŋa12u3, 1a2a3, 1a2e3, 1ů2a3, 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3
  • 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • be12ů3 = agent noun
  • 1a2a3ė, 1a2i3ė, 1a2u3ė = nouns
  • 1i22e3 = resultatives
  • 1a22ė3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1y22a3 = degree/measure
  • -in = adjective suffix
  • -ům = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ůn (f) = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2i3 = quality adjective
  • 2o2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 2e2ů3 = event
  • qi12u3 = event
  • tu12a3 (< *tūCCaC < *tawuCCaC)
    • Tumhan is derived from m-h-n/tuCCaC
  • qi12a3/qi12ė3 = instrument
  • ba12ie3/ba12a3 = profession
  • ty12a3ė/ty12e3ė = process
  • vy12u3 = patient noun
  • vy12ů3 = resultative noun
  • vysa12ie3 = place noun

Syntax

Like Lushotoseed, Netagin has focus-first or predicate-first word order, which is often realized as VSO order.

Case marking

The particle qy marks the "most relevant" non-subject argument of the verb. For agent-oriented verbs this is the patient; for patient-oriented verbs this is the agent.

Conjunctions

todo: when, before, after, while (relative tense)

  • qi = and, also, so
    • from qaj = indeed; yes, aye; mirative particle, like Biblical Hebrew הנה
  • maŋ = or (both inclusive and exclusive or)
  • ďem = or (can only be used for xor)
  • ba = not
  • bůr = because; lest (< *bār < *ba=qar not=EMPH 'is it not true that...')
  • bůrbymiek = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
  • lynoj = although
  • lynojaćir = although
  • vyzeaŋ = but
  • daja = but
  • qatie = if
  • vean = that (complementizer)
  • he (ve-word) = that (relativizer)

Wackernagel clitics

These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.

  • =me = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
  • =ća = or
  • =qar = (poetic) for
  • =hie = interrogative or "if"
  • =miek = like German ja

Inflected conjunctions

These conjunctions may take pronominal inflections, taking the pronoun suffix for the subject.

Negation

In prose, a clause is negated by adding ba before the verb and using the particle duk. It combines with ve-series determiners to form de-series determiners; de is used before the absolutive constituent.

  • Ba qyŋxar duk. = He is not growing.
  • Ba qytarrea de pyźal. = The dog does not bark.
  • Ba qylmea va vůś da myzuj. (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = The child does not eat fruit.

Ba also translates "no".

Questions

Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ne of the noun being asked about to ve. The particle qu may optionally be added to the beginning.

Lećar ne qama. = Mother is at home.
(Qu) lećar ve qama? = Is Mother at home?

Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word qaj 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.

- (Qu) lećar vea qama? - Qaj/Lećar. = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.

Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.

Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?
Jal ve mieśda? = What (lit. Who) is your name?

Translating "to be"

Netagin translates the following seven senses of English "be" with distinct constructions:

  • "is-a" (membership in a class): Y ne X = "X is a Y"
  • "is-the" (equality): rieh ne X ne Y "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
  • "there exists": qaj ne X = "There exists X"
  • "is + location": [lėćar] ne xib X = "X is [home]" (lit. "home is X's location")
  • "is (going to) + destination": Lėćar ne abev X = 'X is going home' (lit. "home is X's thither")
  • "is (coming from) + source": Tumhan ne rahov X = 'X is from Tumhan' (lit. "Tumhan is X's thence")
  • "is + ADJ": [badej] X = "X [is big]"

Possession

The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine":

Qaj ne padudal. (MIR DET.M book-1SG)

The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun gáqem can be used in a possessive construction:

Ŋáqmal na źiri. = The sword is mine (lit. is my possession).

Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:

Žirjal na źiri. = The sword is mine. (lit. The sword is my sword)

Relative clauses

Balanced relative clauses

For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has the relativizer he. Netagin restricts relative clause syntax in that the head must be a direct object of the relative clause (if necessary, after taking the applicative form of the verb).

nea páles hea sadmurxil - the cake that I made

Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:

ni rycům hi qypymlakvil - the fork that I eat with

Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.

nea jove hea qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb
DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father
the girl whose father I know

Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:

  • Comparing verbs: the man that he(i) gave more to the poor than = "The man whose giving to the poor he(i) exceeded/did_better" or "the man who gave less to the poor than him(i)"
  • Comparing NPs: the team that we ate more apples than = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"
  • For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express the only student I am taller than, for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.
  • For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: the only student I can jump higher than = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR"(pseudogloss)

The pyśme vean "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use the gap strategy, like Southeast Asian languages. Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.

Deranked relative clauses

Netagin also has deranked relative clauses, which uses possessed verbal nouns and mirror similar constructions in Lushootseed (cf. English the weapon of your choosing). The possessor of such a verbal noun is always the patient. This construction must be used exactly when the subject is the head.

ni myzuj bi qylmie viel 'the fruit that I eat' has a deranked relative clause counterpart: ni myzuj lamjal (DET fruit-3SG eat/VN-1SG.POSS 'the fruit of my eating'); however this means 'the fruit that eats me'.

Complement clauses

Balanced complement clauses: nar/var + CLAUSE

Dymiek nar dyktie viel = You know that I love you; (Qu) dymiek var dyktie viel? = Do you know that I love you?

Deranked complement clauses: na/va + poss(subj)-VN + subject + my + secondary argument

Dymiek na lykotie mied = You know that I love you (lit. my love for you)

Time clauses

'when (conjunction)' = toj

'before' = hamet

'after' = ŋahed

'as soon as' = ŋrůb

Conditional clauses

  • =hie = if (realis)
  • =ŋo = if (counterfactual)

Reason clauses

  • ŋahed = since
  • bůr = because; lest (< *bār < *ba=qar not=EMPH 'is it not true that...')
  • bůrbymiek = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)

Purpose clauses

'So that' can be expressed with qi 'and' + irrealis verb (Biblical Hebrew has a similar clause structure).

Circumstantial clauses

For example, the Latin phrase Quaerendo invenietis 'Seek and ye shall find' can be translated using the transgressive:

Hydůp qavvylono.
seek/TRGR 3SG.N-IRR/find-2PL
Look for it and find it. (More literally: [By] seeking, you will find it. or [By] seeking, find it.)

Information structure

A regular independent clause is of the form

[focus] [other constituents].

A topicalized clause is of the form

[regular clause referring to the topic] [topic].

Sometimes the particle miek (from bymiek 'you know') may be used in second position for extra emphasis, or to connote "I think you'll agree that..." (like German ja).

Vocabulary

Verbs of motion

Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination, either away from or towards the speaker. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion. Note that some intransitive-transitive syncretism occurs, but this isn't an issue as verbs themselves have intransitive and transitive conjugations.

go vs. come in atelic?

Meaning Telic, "go" Telic, "come" Atelic, "go" Atelic, "come"
to go by foot, to walk mir (Binyan 1) mur (Binyan 2) vaććol (Binyan 6) văćaćol (Binyan 10)
to go with a land vehicle daluk (Binyan 1) qadlok (Binyan 2) qydalok (Binyan 3) dălalok (Binyan 10)
to ride, to mount (trans.) qapcea (Binyan 3) qyppacea (Binyan 5) pecea (Binyan 1) păcacea (Binyan 10)
to go in xapuŋ (Binyan 1) qaxpoŋ (Binyan 2) xappoŋ (Binyan 6) xăpapoŋ (Binyan 10)
to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings) pakuś (Binyan 1) qapkoś (Binyan 2) pakkoś (Binyan 6) păkakoś (Binyan 10)
to set (of heavenly bodies)
to fall (of precipitation)
śabuď (Binyan 1) qaśboď (Binyan 2) śabboď (Binyan 6) śibaboď (Binyan 10)
to run ŋiź (Binyan 1) ŋuź (Binyan 2) ŋavvoź (Binyan 6) ŋăvavoź (Binyan 10)
to swim nehab (Binyan 1) qanhob (Binyan 2) nahob (Binyan 6) năhahob (Binyan 10)
to fly kall (Binyan 1) qakoll (Binyan 2) kallol (Binyan 6) kaslol (Binyan 8)
to float on water
to go with a small boat, to row
qivvahat (Binyan 5) qavhot (Binyan 2) qyvahot (Binyan 3) văhahot (Binyan 10)
to flow (of a fluid or current) behal (Binyan 1) qabhol (Binyan 2) bahol (Binyan 6) băhahot (Binyan 10)
to roll mall (Binyan 1) qamoll (Binyan 2) mallol (Binyan 6) maslol (Binyan 8)
to climb ďaxep (Binyan 1) qaďxop (Binyan 2) ďaxxop (Binyan 6) ďăxaxop (Binyan 10)
to jump bacc (Binyan 1) qabocc (Binyan 2) baccoc (Binyan 6) bascoc (Binyan 8)
to crawl zir (Binyan 1) zur (Binyan 2) zarzor (Binyan 6) zăvavor (Binyan 10)
to fall (of animates)
to go down (of inanimates)
namea (Binyan 1) qanmea (Binyan 2) nammea (Binyan 6) nămamea (Binyan 10)
to dive, go into water sadea (Binyan 2) qasdea (Binyan 2) saddea (Binyan 6) sădadea (Binyan 10)
to carry, bring (on foot) ŋapsoŋ (Binyan 4) qapsoŋ (Binyan 2) passoŋ (Binyan 6) păsasoŋ (Binyan 10)
to carry, bring (using a vehicle) (trans.) qiddalok (Binyan 6) qadlok (Binyan 2) dallok (Binyan 6) dălalok (Binyan 10)
to carry, bring in ŋaxpoŋ (Binyan 5) qyxxapoŋ (Binyan 5) xappoŋ (Binyan 6) xăpapoŋ (Binyan 10)
to carry, bring out ŋapdoś (Binyan 4) qyppadoś (Binyan 5) paddoś (Binyan 6) pădadoś (Binyan 10)
to pull, drag (trans.) kaćol (Binyan 1) qakćol (Binyan 2) qykaćol (Binyan 3) kăćacol (Binyan 10)
to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead paďor (Binyan 1) qapďor (Binyan 2) paďďor (Binyan 6) păďaďor (Binyan 10)
  • Mir vyŋpielek Săvarxal 'He got into / will get into Săfarchal University'
  • Vaććol vyŋpielek Săvarxal 'He used to attend / attends / will continue to attend Săfarchal University'

Verbs for "to wear"

Poetic Classical Netagin

Classical Netagin poetry uses meters similar to Hebrew piyyut meters. For example, the marnin aka hazaj meter is SLLLSLLL, where S must be an open syllable with a reduced vowel (underlyingly either an ă /ə/ or an y /ɨ/) and L is any heavy syllable (i.e. having a non-reduced vowel). Poetry from the Classical Netagin era is replete with allusions to older Classical Netagin literature (much like how Hebrew piyyutim use Tanakh allusions and Classical Chinese literature allude to older Classical Chinese works); there are some poems that are entirely "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra".

Poetic Netagin was a separate register from prose Classical Netagin, and has the following characteristics:

  • Vowel reductions that don't occur in prose Netagin may be used for metrical purposes. (think "ne3im shimkhem").
  • Determiners omitted
  • "Topic VO" and "VO topic" possible as word orders
  • Negative ba used without duk

Features

Syntax

Gibberish

Hazaj meter:
Tyhům śatlej ry-ćannevear,
Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,
Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,
Hypiere źůj vyto śotnem.

Shakhar Avakeshkha:
Takum pyćie takum | paruj pălen qakhoj,
Qeki śikov leťin | qabsan typien lahoj.

Yigdal meter:
Peslam myŋeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,
Mireať ćypa korin pa-ruze'ůx.
Dolper qyniv neliem tyja toźie,
Bon niem sy-daśkavin lyma peźie.

Piyyut meter + luc bat:
Lavympălić kasvo,
Cymil ťoleŋ śivo tamlis,
Meři tyvůŋ qollis,
Qyher malśam xylis banhie!
Mi-ďpal, ny roxep hie,
Pyqiź baťům vyhie vocem.

Trivia

A common language game in Netagin, called ne bric Pălohin 'the marine demon/ogre/troll language', consists of reversing the consonants of the consonantal root of every content word:

Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn. -> Šekăro ne qanbal ruś my-taćkiel nahůl.

bric Pălohin -> crib Hălopin

Consonant reversal is less trivial when weak consonants are present: talea 'a musical term' becomes jlt/1a2i3 = jelit. Certain patterns are only used for certain weaknesses (like Hebrew: qry -> taqrit, yry -> torah, yrš -> torešet), so it's always a challenge!

Sample texts

The Round Table

(The Shalaian was just a draft)

Modern Std. Netagin

Rekăśo ne qalban śur my-talkieć lahůn. Qysvăxo ne Saxieř Băravied: Hadir vyni?

Original (Classical Wdm.)

Ngiiθ dur se taχ χaaθ mogor. Tăbiits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Măra łĭnam?"

Mi-ăngnuung căχθaaθ năθa emrĭtsal sen doon: "Șrüχ te-stiiw: taχ mognas, θaφ te-müts θraaφ, liw stăliiw, θaφ te-müts mălsaaχ, taχ mălüüts, doon tălaχ."

Tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid: "Ǎna mee ra, srü hĭdeen croθ năθa?"

Eφθooc φin χaaθ, "Op cănga, φin Pĭda: tsor pădiχ φnărtaang, te ămsaχ păχwădiχ năθa ya φin croθ φi!"

Esngim φin Pĭda Brăwid șa φin χaaθ șa-ngiil, "Ăruy șa-χaaθ ses tsărüng te sen θăpal φănaw φănaw."

English

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them a question: "How many people are you?"

While five children were still counting, one child called out: "Sixty-three! Specifically: 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, 15 teams of 4, 6 teams of 5, and one team of 6."

Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person joins the group?"

The child replied: "Isn't that obvious, Master? We'll have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"

The Master praised the child, saying, "This child has wisdom and understanding indeed."


A piyyut

Phrasebook

  • Dyktie viel = I love you.
  • Dyrśid viel = I admire you.