Netagin

Pages with the prefix 'Netagin' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Netagin

• Netagin/Gzarot

Netagin/Lexicon

Netagin/Music

Netagin/Proto-Netagin

Netagin/Sketchbook

Netagin/Tumhanian

Netagin/Wieb

Netagin/he

Talk:

This article describes Classical Netagin; for the modern Netagin vernacular see Netagin/Vernacular.

Netagin
ne Nătagin
Pronunciation	[nɛː nətɐːˈgiːːn]
Created by	User:IlL
Setting	Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond
Language family	Idavo-Etalocian Idavic Netagin

In Tricin, Netagin (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ne Nătagin [nɛː nətɐːˈgiːːn]; Windermere: fi brits Intăgin; Eevo: a łynǿñ Yntyjín) is a major Bjeheondian language, belonging to the Idavic language family. Netagin has influenced many other languages, especially Ouřefr. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing piyyutim (without being a Hebrew giblang): like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S and predicate-first with some Austronesian elements.

Modern Netagin is highly diglossic. The standard written language, Modern Standard Netagin (MSNtg), is based on Classical Netagin (CNtg), whose grammar is verb-initial but very weird by Talman standards, including many features such as focus-prominent grammar and split-S verbs which are found in Lakovic languages outside Talma but were lost in Classical Windermere and Tseer. Most spoken Netagin varieties are still triconsonantal derivational morphology-wise, but have lost most inflections and are analytic head-initial SVO languages, like Modern Windermere. Netagin is the official and the main spoken language of Tumhan and is the second most spoken language of the United States of Bjeheond after its relative Shalaian.

This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, and Windermere and its grammar is Semitic, Indonesian, Lushootseed and Slavic-inspired.

Todo

• think absolute vs. construct plays more nicely in piyyutim than nominative vs. genitive
• not completely happy with the binyanim morphologically
  • double-check gzarot
• roots, vocab

WCONS 3SG.M-CAUS/walk/TELIC 3PL.INDEP DET.F ocean WCONS die-3SG.M "They made him go out into ocean and he died"

Phonology

Consonants

Netagin has 24 consonants:

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	[ɲ]	[ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/	ť /c/	k /k/	q /ʔ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/	ď /ɟ/	g /g/
Fricative	voiceless		s /s/	š /ʃ/	x /x/
	voiced	v /v/	z /z/	ž /ʒ/		h /ɦ/
Affricate			c /ts/	č /tʃ/
Trill			r /r~ɾ/
Approximant			l /ɫ/, ř /(Tamil zh)/	j /j/

The following classes of consonants are 'weak letters' and cause irregular gzarot:

• Semivowels: j v
• Palatals: š ž č ť ď j
• Ungeminables: q h r ř

In Modern Standard Netagin, /r/ is a uvular approximant, and ť ď š č ž are pronounced as Polish ć ź sz cz ż.

Vowels

Proto-Netagin vowels

	Front		Back
	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	ī /i:/	u /ʊ/	ū /u:/
Open	e /æ/	ē /æ:/	a /a/	ā /ɑ:/

Classical Netagin vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i/	y /ɨ/	u /u/
Diphthong	ie /iə/		ů /uə/
Mid	ė /e/	ă [ə]	o /o/
Open	e /æ/	a /a/

Modern Standard Netagin vowels

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	u /y/	y /ɨ/	ů /u~ʊ/
Close-mid	ė /e/		ie /ɚ/
Mid	e /ɛ/		ă [ə]	o /o/
Near-open			a [ɐ]
Open			a /a/

Vowels in stressed syllables are lengthened, unstressed vowels reduced when historically short

Russian/Hebrew style alternation between pretonic a and propretonic a:

• In pretonic syllables, a is pronounced /ɐ/;
• In propretonic syllables, a is pronounced /ə/.

Vowel diachronics: Proto-Netagin had the vowels *a e i u ā ē ī ū.

• In stressed syllables: a e i u ā ē ī ū > a e ė o ů ie i u.
• In pretonic syllables (open): a o i e > a y y e
• In propretonic syllables: a o i e > a y y y

Stress

Usually final, some penultimately-stressed "segolates" CVCVC or CVCCV

Penult long vowels + every other stress gives the language a distinctive "Scotch snap" rhythm.

Phonotactics

no initial clusters, max cluster length 2

cluster consonants can be arbitrary as long as voice assimilated

Possible vowel final vowels: /ɪ, e, a, ea, o, u, i, y/ (cf TibH /ɔ, ɛ, e, o, i, u/)

Vowel reduction

Pretonic to propretonic: (Most commonly occuring type) a > a, e > y.

Tonic to pretonic: *a, *o > a; *e > e; *i > y

Other phonetic rules

• y > i, after C[+palatal]: šy žy čy ťy ďy jy > ši ži či ťi ďi ji
• In unstressed syllables, a > e after C[+palatal]: ša ža ča ťa ďa ja > še že če ťe ďe je
• unstresssed y > a adjacent before /l/

Script

Netagin script is an abugida developed from the Ancient Gwnax script. Before vowel markings were codified, some Netagin writings used the consonant letters as an abjad.

Vowel signs shouldn't rely on the number of dots. I dislike drawing dots lol, I'm looking at you, segol

Morphology

Pronominal markers

Netagin has many sets of personal markers:

• Independent personal pronouns, serving as subject pronouns in independent clauses (corresponding to Lushootseed čəd-words)
• Emphatic personal pronouns: used for emphasis, and for calling someone with a 2nd person pronoun (corresponding to Lushootseed ʔaca-words)
• The "me too, you too, etc." forms
• Alienable prefixes
• Inalienable/preposition/conjunction suffixes
• Verb object affixes
• Verb subject suffixes

	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl		2pl	3pl
				exclusive	inclusive
Independent	viel	vied	-	voť	vum	vyni	-
Emphatic	hali	hadů	qenna	hynťů	hynťiem	hanni	qeana
Alienable	l(e)-	t(e)-	qen-/qem-	ť(e)-	b(e)-	č(e)-	ha-
Inalienable	-al	-da	-i	-ťů	-ťiem	-bi	-us
"X too"	telaš	tedaš	qenaš	tyťaš	tymaš	tynnaš	qevaš

Nouns and adjectives

Todo: construct instead of this

Netagin has two forms that are called cases (nominative, genitive) for convenience, but they are not true cases. The genitive is used for the last noun of a genitive or prepositional phrase; the genitive thus functions more like an "end of noun phrase marker".

Netagin nouns and adjectives fall into declension classes:

	lyt = man (decl. A)		ďešetle = sparrow (decl. B)		jůši = person (decl. C)
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
Nominative	lyt	lytů	ďešetle	ďešetla	jůši	qyjůši
Genitive	lyto	lytůx	ďešetlean	ďešetleax	jůšid	qyjůšid

The suffix -in (which is analogous to Semitic -i) is used on some nouns and adjectives:

Declension of -in words: Qarbecin (of the city Qarbec)

	singular	plural
Nominative	Qarbecino	Qarbecie
Genitive	Qarbecino	Qarbecien

Comparison of adjectives

hotter than X = "exceed X hotly" (need adverb form)

"Qaj, laršip ne dáqer rysohe qalok." baruc ne qama.

/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'lok ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/

MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING

("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")

"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.

ve-words

Ve-words, which are usually determiners, decline as follows:

Declension of ve-words (determiners)

sg.	pl.
ne (unstressed); nech	no

The following are ve-words:

• ne (Lushootseed ti; roughly 'that-which'.)
• ve (Lushootseed kʷi)
• de ("connegative" determiner, used on the absolutive argument of a negated clause)
• kyne 'this'
• kyve 'that'
• be (relativizer; roughly 'which VERBs' or 'which is a NOUN'. The head of a relative clause is only allowed to be its subject or direct object in Classical Netagin.)
• qe (vocative particle)

Verbs

Like Hebrew and Arabic, Netagin derives verbs by inflecting a consonantal verb root according to a binyan. The subject is a purely syntactic concept. Different verbs have different theta-roles for the subject, whether agent, patient, experiencer, instrument, location, or recipient; this is determined lexically by the individual verb and must be memorized (though verb voice can promote non-subject arguments to subjects).

Purely form-wise (rather than semantically), the primary axes by which verbs differ are:

• Binyan: derives verbs from a consonantal root; encodes variables such as transitivity, volition, aspect and manner of action.
• Voice: intransitive~passive, active (only with transitive verbs) and applicative.
• Agreement: Person/number/gender of participants.
• Mood: Realis and irrealis. The irrealis is used for imperatives, wishes, purpose clauses, and possible future events.

Binyan and voice are realized with stem changes, and agreement inflection is realized by attaching affixes which change the stem in a regular manner. Notably, Netagin has no tense or aspect forms; aspect is more of a lexical feature, and tense is inferred through context or explicitly through time expressions such as "yesterday", "a moment ago", or "later".

• The nonfinite forms are:
  • the transgressive: The transgressive is uninflected and does not take person markers; it refers to the syntactic subject in subject-less subordinate clauses.
  • the verbal noun.

Verb stems

Netagin has 11 binyanim. They encode various aspects, aktionsarten or manners of action (rather than mainly voice like Semitic binyanim):

• Binyan 1 verbs are primarily basic iterative, imperfective or habitual actions, including stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
  • For example, tegal means 'to know'
  • dalum = to go by vehicle (uni), as opposed to Binyan 7 dollam = to go by vehicle (multi).
  • tagul means 'to get to know'
• Binyan 2 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"), or perfectives.
• Binyan 3 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs), or a maintainance of state.
• Binyan 4 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
• Binyan 5 - telic, intensive, momentane or perfective
• Binyan 6 - atelic, iterative, many multidirectional motion verbs
• Binyan 7 - "X a little, almost X"
• Binyan 8 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (tends to be used for self-directed, intentional actions)
• Binyan 9 - frequentative, "-le"
• Binyan 10 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
  • Ex. hadadex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
• Binyan 11 - "mis-X, over-X"

Here are the stems in the regular gizra, i.e. for most choices of root consonants (for other gzarot, see Netagin/Gzarot):

Binyan	Intransitive (or passive)	Transitive (or active)	Applicative	Transgressive	Verbal noun
1	1ė2a3	-y12a3	-y1yn2a3	1a2ů3	1a2i3, 1y2i3
2	qa12i3	-o12ė3	-o1yn2ė3	qa12ů3	qa12ie3
3	qa1a2o3	-a12ė3	-a1yn2a3	qa1a2ů3	qa12a3ė
4	da12o3	-ud1o2ė3	-ud1yn2ė3	da12ů3	ta12u3ė
5	qi1:a2a3	-u1:ė2o3	-u1:yn2o3	qi1:a2ů3	qu1:a2ie3
6	1a22o3	-u1a22ė3	-u12yn2ė3	qy1a22ů3	ty1a22ie3
7	qi21a2o3	-i21a2ė3	-i21yn2o3	qi21a2ů3	qu21a23ė
8	1as2o3	-u1is2ė3	-u1isyn2o3	1as2ů3	tu1as2ie3
9	1a2a3o3	-i12ė3e3	-i1yn2y3o3	1a2a3ů3	tu12a3ie3
10	1a2a2ė3	-a12a2ė3	-i1yn2a2o3	1a2a2ů3	ti12a2ie3
11	1i31a2o3	-i1i31a2ė3	-i1i31yn2o3	1i31a2ů3	1i31a2ie3

Person marking

The independent pronoun is used when using a transitive stem.

	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl		2pl	3pl
				exclusive	inclusive
Subject affixes: mur 'walk (to somewhere)'	murxil 'I walk'	murxid	mur	muršů	muršiem	murni	muro
Object affixes: tegal 'to know'	lytgal-0 's/he knows me'	dytgal-0	ytgal-0	ťitgal-0	mytgal-0	dytgalo	sytgalo

Irrealis forms always use a regularly determined variant of the transitive stem:

	sg	pl
Intransitives: mur 'walk (to somewhere)'	mur! 'walk thou (thither)!'	muro! 'walk ye!'
Transitives: tegal 'to know (someone)'	tygal! 'know thou him!'	tygalo! 'know ye him!'

Gzarot

Main article: Netagin/Gzarot

Gzarot are better analyzed as phonetic rules, ig.

Prepositions

Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition my-. It has the following inflected forms: miel, mied, mi, miť, mynib, mynėď, mis.

Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:

• har = generic locative.
  • Qalam-ši har my-tar·al? (be_at.3SG.M=Q LOC OBL-house-1SG) = 'Is it in my house?'
• inside
• outside
• up
• down
• left
• right
• in
• out
• across, beyond
• north
• NE
• east
• SE
• south
• SW
• north
• NW

Derivation

From Netagin2:

• 1a23, 1ė23, 1o23 = noun
• 1a2a3, 1a2o3 = adjective, noun?
• 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
• da12u3 = noun
• qe12ů3 = agent noun
• 1a2a3, 1a2e3 = noun
• 1ů2a3 = noun
• 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3 = noun
• 1a2a3ė, 1a2i3ė, 1a2u3ė = nouns
• 1i22a3, 1u22a3
• 1a22ė3 = tendency/quality of X
• -in = adjective suffix
• -ům = augmentative
• -ůn (f) = abstract noun, collective
• CaCiC: quality adjective
• CoCaC: resultative adjective
• CeCůC: event
• tyCCuC: event
• tuCCaC (< *tawuCCaC): ???
  • Tumhan is derived from m-h-n/tuCCaC
• tyCCaC/tyCCėC: instrument
• vaCCieC/vaCCiC: profession
• tiCCaCė/tyCCeCė: process
• vyCCuC: patient noun
• vyCCůC: resultative noun
• CyCCaCė: degree/measure

Syntax

Netagin has focus-first or predicate-first word order, which is often realized as VSO order.

Conjunctions

todo: when, before, after, while (relative tense)

• qi = and, also, so
  • from qaj = indeed; yes, aye; mirative particle, like Biblical Hebrew הנה
• mat = or (both inclusive and exclusive or)
• ďem = or (can only be used for xor)
• ba = not
• bůr = because; lest (< *bār < *ba=qar not=EMPH 'is it not true that...')
• bůrdymiek = because (etym. not=EMPH 2SG.know)
• lynoj = although
• lynojačir = although
• vyzeaq = but
• daja = but
• qatie = if
• vean = that (complementizer)
• be (ve-word) = that (relativizer)
• myri = that, whom

Wackernagel clitics

These conjunctions are unstressed clitics that come in second position. They attach to the emphatic form of the pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.

• =me = waw-consecutive (used for each event in a narrative sequence of events; often implies past tense)
• =ča = or
• =qar = (poetic) for
• =hie = interrogative or "if"
• =miek = like German ja

Inflected conjunctions

These conjunctions may take pronominal inflections, taking the pronoun suffix for the subject.

Negation

In prose, a clause is negated by adding ba before the verb and using the particle duš. It combines with ve-series determiners to form de-series determiners; de is used before the absolutive constituent.

• Ba qygxar duš. = He is not growing.
• Ba qytarrea de pyžal. = The dog does not bark.
• Ba qylmea va macni da myzuj. (NEG 3SG.N-eat-3SG.N VE.N child NEG.ABS-VE.N fruits) = The child does not eat fruit.

Ba also translates "no".

Questions

Yes-no questions are formed by changing the determiner ne of the noun being asked about to ve. The particle qu may optionally be added to the beginning.

Lečar ne qama. = Mother is at home.

(Qu) lečar ve qama? = Is Mother at home?

Answering yes-no questions in the positive may use the word qaj 'indeed' or repeat the focused constituent.

- (Qu) lečar vea qama? - Qaj/Lečar. = - Is Mother at home? - Yes.

Wh-questions are formed by putting the appropriate interrogative word at the beginning, and using the same determiner change.

Jos ve qama? = Where is Mother?

Jal ve miešda? = What (lit. Who) is your name?

Translating "to be"

Netagin translates all five senses of English "be" with distinct constructions:

• "is-a" (membership in a class): Y ne X = "X is a Y"
• "is-the" (equality): rieh ne X ne Y "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite)
• "there exists": qům ne X = "There exists X"
• "is + adjunct": [had lėčar] ne X = "X is [at home]"
• "is + ADJ": [badej] X = "X [is big]"

Possession

The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine":

Qům ne padudal. (exist DET.M book-1SG)

The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun gáqem can be used in a possessive construction:

Gáqmal na žiri. = The sword is mine (lit. is my possession).

Alternatively, the possessive construction "X is Y's X[head noun in X]" can be used:

Žirjal na žiri. = The sword is mine. (lit. The sword is my sword)

Relative clauses

Netagin has two relativizers:

• be: a noun relativized with be can be either the subject or the direct object.
• myri unambiguously denotes a direct object (if necessary, after taking the applicative).

subject:

nea vůlqe bea lyxžamis - the woman who loves me

direct object:

nea páles bea/myri sadmurxil - the cake that I made

Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:

ni rycům bi/myri qypymlakvil - the fork that I eat with

Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.

nea jove bea/myri qytymgalxil (*sytymgalxil) ne qeb

DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father

the girl whose father i know

Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:

• Comparing verbs: the man that he(i) gave more to the poor than = "The man whose giving to the poor he(i) exceeded/did_better" or "the man who gave less to the poor than him(i)"
• Comparing NPs: the team that we ate more apples than = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"
• For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express the only student I am taller than, for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.
• For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: the only student I can jump higher than = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)

The pyšme vean "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in post-classical literary Netagin (the applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use either the gap strategy or resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry.

Complement clauses

Balanced complement clauses: nar/var + CLAUSE

Dymiek nar dyktie viel = You know that I love you; (Qu) dymiek var dyktie viel? = Do you know that I love you?

Deranked complement clauses: na/va + poss(subj)-VN + subject + my + secondary argument

Dymiek na lykotie mied = You know that I love you (lit. my love for you)

Time clauses

'when (conjunction)' = toj

'before' = hamet

'after' = gahed

Purpose clauses

'So that' can be expressed with qi 'and' + irrealis verb (Biblical Hebrew has a similar clause structure).

Circumstantial clauses

For example, the Latin phrase Quaerendo invenietis 'Seek and ye shall find' can be translated using the transgressive:

Hydůp qavvylono.

seek/TRGR 3SG.N-IRR/find-2PL

Look for it and find it. (More literally: [By] seeking, you will find it. or [By] seeking, find it.)

Information structure

A regular independent clause is of the form

[focus] [other constituents].

A topicalized clause is of the form

[regular clause referring to the topic] [topic].

Sometimes the particle miek (from dymiek 'you know') may be used in second position for extra emphasis, or to connote "I think you'll agree that..." (like German ja).

Vocabulary

Verbs of motion

Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion.

Meaning	Unidirectional verb	Multidirectional verb
to go by foot, to walk	mur (Binyan 1)	voččal (Binyan 6)
to go with a land vehicle	dalum (Binyan 1)	dollam (Binyan 6)
to ride, to mount (trans.)	qapcea (Binyan 3)	pecea (Binyan 1)
to go in	xapun (Binyan 1)	xoppan (Binyan 6)
to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings)	paduš (Binyan 1)	poddaš (Binyan 6)
to set (of heavenly bodies) to fall (of precipitation)	šabud (Binyan 1)	šobbad (Binyan 6)
to run	qagiž (Binyan 3)	govvaž (Binyan 6)
to swim	narub (Binyan 1)	nerab (Binyan 1)
to fly	kall (Binyan 1)	kollal (Binyan 6)
to float on water to go with a small boat, to row	qivvahar (Binyan 5)	qyvahir (Binyan 3)
to flow (of a fluid or current)	beral (Binyan 1)	borral (Binyan 6)
to roll	mall (Binyan 1)	mollal (Binyan 6)
to climb	ďexuč (Binyan 1)	qyďxič (Binyan 7)
to jump	bacc (Binyan 1)	boccac (Binyan 6)
to crawl	zarzur (Binyan 1Q)	zorzar (Binyan 6)
to fall (of animates) to go down (of inanimates)	namea (Binyan 1)	nommea (Binyan 6)
to dive, go into water	sadea (Binyan 2)	soddea (Binyan 7)
to carry, bring (on foot)	pasun (Binyan 2)	qypasin (Binyan 4)
to carry, bring (using a vehicle) (trans.)	qiddalam (Binyan 6)	qydalim (Binyan 5)
to carry, bring in	qixxapin (Binyan 6)	qyxapin (Binyan 5)
to carry, bring out	qippadaš (Binyan 6)	qypadiš (Binyan 5)
to pull, drag (trans.)	kačun (Binyan 2)	qykačin (Binyan 4)
to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead	paťur (Binyan 2)	poťťar (Binyan 7)

Poetic Netagin

Netagin poetry uses Hebrew piyyut meters. For example, the marnin aka hazaj meter is SLLLSLLL, where S must be an open syllable with a reduced vowel (underlyingly either an ă /ə/ or an y /ɨ/) and L is any heavy syllable (i.e. having a non-reduced vowel). Poetry from the Classical Netagin era is replete with allusions to older Classical Netagin literature (much like Hebrew piyyutim and Classical Chinese literature).

Poetic Netagin is a separate register from prose Netagin, and has the following characteristics:

• Vowel reductions that don't occur in prose Netagin may be used for metrical purposes. (think "ne3im shimkhem"). This is marked by using a brave: ă.
• Determiners omitted
• constituent order freer
• Negative ba used without duš

Gibberish

Hazaj meter:
Tygům šatlej ry-čannevear,
Kadob pehlať qa-vahmavear,
Qale'ad tu pa-nojjannem,
Hypiere žůj vyto šotnem.

Shakhar Avakeshkha:
Takum pyčie takum | paruj pălen qakhoj,
Qeki šikov leťin | qabsan typien lahoj.

Yigdal meter:
Peslam mygeptak ďah mynej ve'ůx,
Mireať čypa korin pa-ruze'ůx.
Dolper qyniv neliem tyja tožie,
Bon niem sy-daškavin lyma pežie.

Phrasebook

• Dyktie viel = I love you.
• Dyršid viel = I admire you.