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In Tricin, '''Netagin''' (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ''ne Nătahin'' [nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]; [[Nurian]]: ''xi Nŧeahem''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi brits Inthăgin''; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Ynþyjín'') is a major [[Bjeheond]]ian language and an isolate within the [[Idavic languages|Idavic]] language family. It is native to [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]] (Netagin: ''Tumhan'' /tʉmˈɦan/). Netagin has influenced | In Tricin, '''Netagin''' (English: net-ə-GHEEN; natively ''ne Nătahin'' [nɛː nət̪ɐːˈɦiːːn]; [[Nurian]]: ''xi Nŧeahem''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi brits Inthăgin''; [[Eevo]]: ''a łynǿñ Ynþyjín'') is a major [[Bjeheond]]ian language and an isolate within the [[Idavic languages|Idavic]] language family. It is native to [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]] (Netagin: ''Tumhan'' /tʉmˈɦan/). Classical Netagin has influenced [[Naeng]], [[Nurian]] and [[Ksieh]]. Netagin is intended to be optimized for writing poems in Hebrew piyyut meters (without being a Hebrew giblang): like Hebrew, Netagin has triconsonantal morphology, final stress and stressed suffixes, so that it is natural to rhyme by having the last syllables the same like in Jewish piyyutim. It tends to be verb-initial and head-initial like Hebrew, and its morphosyntactic alignment is split-S and predicate-first with some Austronesian elements. Netagin is the most grammatically conservative extant branch of Idavic, because it has preserved Proto-Idavic triconsonantal morphology and morphosyntax. Despite being a head-initial language like most Talman languages including [[Naeng]] and [[Talmic languages]], as well as Hebrew and Irish, Classical Netagin grammar is meant to have some alien features even to speakers of these languages. Hebrew is a heavy inspiration for the diachronics, however (except postvocalic lenition). | ||
This article describes Classical Netagin which is used for special effect in modern times, e.g. in classical Netagin music and poetry. The standard variety today is [[ | This article describes Classical Netagin which is used for special effect in modern times, e.g. in classical Netagin music and poetry. The standard variety today is [[Śinax Netagin]], spoken in Bjeheond's capital Șinach (''Śinax'') and in Cualuav's Andaegor, though there are many other mutually unintelligible Netagin varieties. | ||
This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, Middle Vietnamese and [[Naeng]]. Its morphology is inspired by Semitic, its morphosyntax by Lushootseed and Austronesian, and its motion verbs by Slavic. | This is the seventh version of Netagin. Its aesthetic is inspired by Hebrew, Maltese, Czech/Slovak, Middle Vietnamese and [[Naeng]]. Its morphology is inspired by Semitic, its morphosyntax by Lushootseed and Austronesian, and its motion verbs by Slavic. | ||
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Voiceless stops are unaspirated. | |||
The following classes of consonants are 'weak letters' and cause [[Netagin/Gzarot|irregular gzarot]]: | The following classes of consonants are classified as 'weak letters' in Classical Netagin and cause [[Netagin/Gzarot|irregular gzarot]]: | ||
*'''Semivowels''': ''j v'' | *'''Semivowels''': ''j v'' | ||
*'''Palatals''': ''ś ź ć j'' | *'''Palatals''': ''ś ź ć j'' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Absolute state''' | |align="right"|'''Absolute state''' | ||
|''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl''''' | |''liet'' ||''liet'''ůl''''' | ||
|''qăśtel'''eś''''' ||''qăśtel''' | |''qăśtel'''eś''''' ||''qăśtel'''iś''''' | ||
|''jůśi'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśi'' | |''jůśi'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśi'' | ||
||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie''''' | ||''Nătah'''in'''''||''Nătah'''ie''''' | ||
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|align="right"|'''Construct state''' | |align="right"|'''Construct state''' | ||
|''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-'' | |''liet-'' ||''liet'''ů'''-'' | ||
|''qyśtyl'''ek-''''' ||''qyśtyl''' | |''qyśtyl'''ek-''''' ||''qyśtyl'''ik-''''' | ||
|''jůśė-'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśė-'' | |''jůśė-'' ||'''''ŋy'''jůśė-'' | ||
||''-''||''-'' | ||''-''||''-'' | ||
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:("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.") | :("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.") | ||
:"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother. | :"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother. | ||
===== Possessed forms ===== | |||
Unsuffixed nouns: | |||
* abs: ''xozăn'' 'Netagin qanun' | |||
* const: ''xozna'' (Netagin segolates take -a for the construct; the construct csn be unpredictable) | |||
* 1sg: ''xoznal'' | |||
* 2sg: ''xoznab'' | |||
* 3sg: ''xozni'' | |||
* 1pl: ''xoznėśů'' | |||
* 2pl: ''xoznăbi'' | |||
* 3pl: ''xoznus'' | |||
The Class B construct affix -k assimilates with | The Class B construct affix -k assimilates with an inalienable suffix beginning with a consonant: | ||
* bahieneś 'birth' | |||
* bahienek 'birth of' | |||
* bahienekal 'my birth' | |||
* bahienekab 'thy birth' | |||
* bahieneki 'his birth' | |||
* bahienekėśů 'our birth' | |||
* bahiene'''bbi''' 'your (pl.) birth' | |||
* bahienekus 'their birth' | |||
===''ve''-words=== | ===''ve''-words=== | ||
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===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
Noun patterns in Netagin are called ''qehtůnůl'' 'builders'. | |||
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1ė23, 1o23, 1a22u3, 1a2a3, 1a2o3, ŋa12u3, 1a2a3, 1a2e3, 1ů2a3, 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' | * Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1ė23, 1o23, 1a22u3, 1a2a3, 1a2o3, ŋa12u3, 1a2a3, 1a2e3, 1ů2a3, 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' | ||
* ''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities | * ''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities | ||
*'' | *''be12ů3'' = agent noun | ||
*''1a2a3ė, 1a2i3ė, 1a2u3ė'' = nouns | *''1a2a3ė, 1a2i3ė, 1a2u3ė'' = nouns | ||
*''1i22e3'' = resultatives | *''1i22e3'' = resultatives | ||
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*''2o2a3'' = resultative adjective | *''2o2a3'' = resultative adjective | ||
*''2e2ů3'' = event | *''2e2ů3'' = event | ||
*'' | *''qi12u3'' = event | ||
*''tu12a3'' (< *tūCCaC < *tawuCCaC) | *''tu12a3'' (< *tūCCaC < *tawuCCaC) | ||
** ''Tumhan'' is derived from m-h-n/tuCCaC | ** ''Tumhan'' is derived from m-h-n/tuCCaC | ||
*'' | *''qi12a3/qi12ė3'' = instrument | ||
*'' | *''ba12ie3/ba12a3'' = profession | ||
*''ty12a3ė/ty12e3ė'' = process | *''ty12a3ė/ty12e3ė'' = process | ||
*''vy12u3'' = patient noun | *''vy12u3'' = patient noun | ||
*''vy12ů3'' = resultative noun | *''vy12ů3'' = resultative noun | ||
*''vysa12ie3'' = place noun | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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*"is-a" (membership in a class): ''Y ne X'' = "X is a Y" | *"is-a" (membership in a class): ''Y ne X'' = "X is a Y" | ||
*"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite) | *"is-the" (equality): ''rieh ne X ne Y'' "X is Y" (implies that both X and Y are definite) | ||
*"there exists": '' | *"there exists": ''qaj ne X'' = "There exists X" | ||
*"is + location": ''[lėćar] ne xib X'' = "X is [home]" (lit. "home is X's location") | *"is + location": ''[lėćar] ne xib X'' = "X is [home]" (lit. "home is X's location") | ||
*"is (going to) + destination": ''Lėćar ne abev X'' = 'X is going home' (lit. "home is X's thither") | *"is (going to) + destination": ''Lėćar ne abev X'' = 'X is going home' (lit. "home is X's thither") | ||
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The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine": | The h-possessive ("X has a Y") is formed with the existence construction, applied to the genitive phrase "X's Y". So to say "I have a book" one literally says "There is a book of mine": | ||
Qaj ne padudal. (MIR DET.M book-1SG) | |||
The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction: | The b-possessive ("X belongs to Y" etc.): The noun ''gáqem'' can be used in a possessive construction: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings) | | to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings) | ||
| '' | | ''pakuś'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapkoś'' (Binyan 2) || ''pakkoś'' (Binyan 6) || ''păkakoś'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation) | | to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation) | ||
| '' | | ''śabuď'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaśboď'' (Binyan 2) || ''śabboď'' (Binyan 6) || ''śibaboď'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to run | | to run | ||
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| ''paďor'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapďor'' (Binyan 2) || ''paďďor'' (Binyan 6) || ''păďaďor'' (Binyan 10) | | ''paďor'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapďor'' (Binyan 2) || ''paďďor'' (Binyan 6) || ''păďaďor'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|} | |} | ||
* ''Mir vy{{ng}}pielek Săvarxal'' 'He got into / will get into Săfarchal University' | |||
* ''Vaććol vy{{ng}}pielek Săvarxal'' 'He used to attend / attends / will continue to attend Săfarchal University' | |||
===Verbs for "to wear"=== | ===Verbs for "to wear"=== | ||
==Poetic Classical Netagin== | ==Poetic Classical Netagin== | ||
Classical Netagin poetry uses meters similar to Hebrew piyyut meters. For example, the marnin aka hazaj meter is SLLLSLLL, where S must be an open syllable with a reduced vowel (underlyingly either an ''ă'' /ə/ or an ''y'' /ɨ/) and L is any heavy syllable (i.e. having a non-reduced vowel). Poetry from the Classical Netagin era is replete with allusions to older Classical Netagin literature (much like Hebrew piyyutim and Classical Chinese literature); there are some poems that are entirely "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra". | Classical Netagin poetry uses meters similar to Hebrew piyyut meters. For example, the marnin aka hazaj meter is SLLLSLLL, where S must be an open syllable with a reduced vowel (underlyingly either an ''ă'' /ə/ or an ''y'' /ɨ/) and L is any heavy syllable (i.e. having a non-reduced vowel). Poetry from the Classical Netagin era is replete with allusions to older Classical Netagin literature (much like how Hebrew piyyutim use Tanakh allusions and Classical Chinese literature allude to older Classical Chinese works); there are some poems that are entirely "Darmok and Jalad at Tanagra". | ||
Poetic Netagin was a separate register from prose Classical Netagin, and has the following characteristics: | Poetic Netagin was a separate register from prose Classical Netagin, and has the following characteristics: | ||