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Niemish: Difference between revisions
→Historical changes
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===Wulfilan Gothic to Post-Gothic=== | ===Wulfilan Gothic to Post-Gothic=== | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Wulfilan Gothic had three (in some analyses five) short vowels and seven long vowels. The short vowels were maintained in Post-Gothic and | Wulfilan Gothic had three (in some analyses five) short vowels and seven long vowels. The short vowels were maintained in Post-Gothic and ''ē'' merged with ''ei'': | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' /eː/ → Post-Got. ''meis'' /iː/ | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' /eː/ → Post-Got. ''meis'' /iː/ | ||
Wulfilan Gothic already showed signs of merging ''ē'' with ''ei'' attested in variant spellings such as ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|leikeis]]'' for ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌴𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|lēkeis]]''. In Post-Gothic this merger was complete. | |||
Syllable-final ''h'' /h/ with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel: | Syllable-final ''h'' /h/ with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel: | ||
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌽#Gothic|hlifan]]'' → Post-Got. ''hliban'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌰𐌽#Gothic|hlifan]]'' → Post-Got. ''hliban'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃#Gothic|qiþus]]'' → Post-Got. ''qidus'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃#Gothic|qiþus]]'' → Post-Got. ''qidus'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|áikklēsjō]]'' → Post-Got. '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|áikklēsjō]]'' → Post-Got. ''áikkleizjō'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|giba]]'' → Post-Got. ''gifa'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰#Gothic|giba]]'' → Post-Got. ''gifa'' | ||
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszund'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|láisjan]]'' → ''*lēʃʃan'' → ''leszund'' | ||
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic| | *Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉#Gothic|aíkkleizjō]]'' → ''*klīʒʒō'' → ''klizsza'' | ||
The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]]. | The prepalatal gemination was a very early sound change, likely beginning in late Post-Gothic itself. The coronal palatalisation is also found in early Romance and what little is attested of the closely related [[w:Vandalic_language|Vandalic language]]. | ||
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*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''appul'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''appul'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''sittil'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''sittil'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃#Gothic|táikn]]'' → '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃#Gothic|táikn]]'' → ''tzakkyn'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃#Gothic|akrs]]'' → '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃#Gothic|akrs]]'' → ''akkur'' | ||
Other consonants did not: | Other consonants did not: | ||
*Lat. ''[[wikt:tabla#Latin|tabla]]'' → ''tabul''<ref name="tabul">''tabul'' is no longer extant in Niemish, although the dual definite form ''Tabla'' is still used as a name for the game Backgammon.</ref> | *Lat. ''[[wikt:tabla#Latin|tabla]]'' → ''tabul''<ref name="tabul">''tabul'' is no longer extant in Niemish, although the dual definite form ''Tabla'' is still used as a name for the game Backgammon.</ref> | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → ''fudor'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''bachum'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''bachum'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''tagar'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''tagar'' | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → '' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''waszur'' | ||
====Epenthesis==== | ====Epenthesis==== | ||
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* ''i'' if the vowel in the previous syllable was ''i'' ''ē'' or ''ei'' in Gothic | * ''i'' if the vowel in the previous syllable was ''i'' ''ē'' or ''ei'' in Gothic | ||
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''sittil'' | **Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌹𐍄𐌻𐍃#Gothic|sitls]]'' → ''sittil'' | ||
* ''i'' if the final consonant was palatal or palatalised: | |||
**Got. | |||
Otherwise: | Otherwise: | ||
* ''u'' before syllabic ''m'' | * ''u'' before syllabic ''l'', ''m'', or ''r'' in masculine words: | ||
**P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic|*aplaz]]'' → ''appul'' | |||
** Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''bachum'' | ** Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|bagms]]'' → ''bachum'' | ||
* ''u'' before syllabic ''l'' | **Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂#Gothic|tagr]]'' → ''tagur'' | ||
* | * ''u'' before syllabic ''l'', ''m'', or ''r'' in masculine words: | ||
In all other cases, the epenthetic vowel was '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂#Gothic|fōdr]]'' → ''fudor'' | ||
In all other cases, the epenthetic vowel was ''y'': | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌽𐍃#Gothic|táikn]]'' → ''tzakkyn'' | |||
Nouns affected by epenthesis did not experience epenthesis in inflected forms that lacked syllabic consonants in the first place. This lead to the formation of syncopating nouns: | Nouns affected by epenthesis did not experience epenthesis in inflected forms that lacked syllabic consonants in the first place. This lead to the formation of syncopating nouns: | ||
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|infeinan]]'' → ''ęfynund'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|infeinan]]'' → ''ęfynund'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽#Gothic|wein]]'' → ''wyn'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽#Gothic|wein]]'' → ''wyn'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' → Post-Got. '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' → Post-Got. ''qeinō''<sup>1</sup> → ''kʷyna'' → ''kyna'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃#Gothic|ƕeits]]'' → ''hʷyt'' → ''hyt'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃#Gothic|ƕeits]]'' → ''hʷyt'' → ''hyt'' | ||