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Niemish: Difference between revisions
→Development of Niemish proper
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The coronal palatalisation was still active when the second umlaut happened, as: | The coronal palatalisation was still active when the second umlaut happened, as: | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽#Gothic|taíhun]]'' → Post-Got. ''taíhun'' → ''táin'' → ''tsjan'' → ''[[Contionary:tzan#Niemish|̀tzán]]'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽#Gothic|taíhun]]'' → Post-Got. ''taíhun'' → ''táin'' → ''tsjan'' → ''[[Contionary:tzan#Niemish|̀tzán]]'' ("ten") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃#Gothic|dáigs]]'' → Post-Got. ''dáiχs'' → ''djach'' → ''[[Contionary:zach#Niemish|zách]]'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌲𐍃#Gothic|dáigs]]'' → Post-Got. ''dáiχs'' → ''djach'' → ''[[Contionary:zach#Niemish|zách]]'' ("dough") | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sairaz|*sairaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''sáirs'' → ''sjar'' → ''[[Contionary:szar#Niemish|szár]]'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sairaz|*sairaz]]'' → Post-Got. ''sáirs'' → ''sjar'' → ''[[Contionary:szar#Niemish|szár]]'' ("sore") | ||
The fricatives that arose from coronal palatalisation were analogically extended to all forms of word where it arose, even those forms where no second umlaut had taken place. | The fricatives that arose from coronal palatalisation were analogically extended to all forms of word where it arose, even those forms where no second umlaut had taken place. | ||
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====Development of nasal vowels==== | ====Development of nasal vowels==== | ||
Wherever a nasal consonant occurred word-finally or before a spirant in Post-Gothic, it disappeared in favour of nasalisation of the previous vowel. The length of the vowel was not affected, or else any change in vowel length happened too late to affect the first umlaut and was ultimately rendered irrelevant by syllable weight neutralisation: | Wherever a nasal consonant occurred word-finally or before a spirant in Post-Gothic, it disappeared in favour of nasalisation of the previous vowel. The length of the vowel was not affected, or else any change in vowel length happened too late to affect the first umlaut and was ultimately rendered irrelevant by syllable weight neutralisation: | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼#Gothic|dagam]]'' → Post-Got. ''daχam'' → ''dachą'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼#Gothic|dagam]]'' → Post-Got. ''daχam'' → ''{{term|dach#Niemish|dachą}}'' ("day" dat.pl.) | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐍃#Gothic|uns]]'' → ''ųs'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐍃#Gothic|uns]]'' → ''ųs'' ("us") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''{{term|į#Niemish|į́}}'' ("in") | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kunstiz#Proto-Germanic|*kunstiz]]'' → ''{{term|kųst#Niemish|kųst}}'' ("art") | ||
*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą̀chor]]'' | *Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''[[Contionary:ąchor#Niemish|ą̀chor]]'' ("bucket") | ||
After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes. | After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes. | ||
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This did not happen to geminated /n/: | This did not happen to geminated /n/: | ||
*Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kunja]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunnling'' | *Post-Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kunja]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunnling'' ("relation, relative") | ||
There was no compensatory gemination when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, as with words prefixed with ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'': | There was no compensatory gemination when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, as with words prefixed with ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'': | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃#Gothic|unlustus]]'' → ''*unlust'' → ''ųlust'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃#Gothic|unlustus]]'' → ''*unlust'' → ''ųlust'' ("lethargic, unenergetic") | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/unrehtaz#Proto-Germanic|*unrehtaz]]'' → ''*unriat'' → ''ųrat'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/unrehtaz#Proto-Germanic|*unrehtaz]]'' → ''*unriat'' → ''ųrat'' ("crooked, wrong") | ||
/m/ was not lost (except in Westlandic), but experienced stop insertion much as in Post-Gothic: | /m/ was not lost (except in Westlandic), but experienced stop insertion much as in Post-Gothic: | ||
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Nasal vowels followed by a fricative in unstressed final syllables lost their nasalisation: | Nasal vowels followed by a fricative in unstressed final syllables lost their nasalisation: | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃#Gothic|tug̃gōns]]'' → Post-Got. ''*tug̃gūns'' → ''*tungǭs'' → '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃#Gothic|tug̃gōns]]'' → Post-Got. ''*tug̃gūns'' → ''*tungǭs'' → ''{{term|tunga#Niemish|túngos}}'' ("tongues") | ||
Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:ällin|ällin]]''. | Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:ällin|ällin]]''. | ||
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====S-palatalisation==== | ====S-palatalisation==== | ||
Much like Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (and to an extent High German), Niemish changed Post-Gothic /s, z, t͡s/ to /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ/ before /r, w/ and after /r, uː, iː/: | Much like Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages (and to an extent High German), Niemish changed Post-Gothic /s, z, t͡s/ to /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ/ before /r, w/ and after /r, uː, iː/: | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃#Gothic|swarts]]'' → ''[[Contionary:szwart#Niemish|szwárt]]'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃#Gothic|swarts]]'' → ''[[Contionary:szwart#Niemish|szwárt]]'' ("black") | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''{{term|waszor#Niemish|wàszor}}'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/*wazrą#Proto-Germanic|*wazrą]]'' → Post-Got. ''wasr'' → ''{{term|waszor#Niemish|wàszor}}'' ("spring") | ||
**P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barsaz#Proto-Germanic|*barsaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:barsz#Niemish|bársz]]'' | **P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barsaz#Proto-Germanic|*barsaz]]'' → ''[[Contionary:barsz#Niemish|bársz]]'' ("perch, a type of fish") | ||
***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃|þaúrsus]]'' → Post-Got. ''þaurzus'' → ''{{term|tzorzsz#Niemish|tzórzsz}}'' | ***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌿𐍃|þaúrsus]]'' → Post-Got. ''þaurzus'' → ''{{term|tzorzsz#Niemish|tzórzsz}}'' ("thirsty") | ||
****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrtsō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' | ****P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skurtijǭ#Proto-Germanic|*skurtijǭ]]'' → Post-Got. ''skaúrtjō'' → ''skaúrtsō'' → ''[[Contionary:skorcza#Niemish|skórcza]]'' ("apron") | ||
*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' | *P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūs#Proto-Germanic|*mūs]]'' → ''[[Contionary:musz#Niemish|músz]]'' ("mouse") | ||
**Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]'' → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' | **Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐌳𐌷𐌿𐍃#Gothic|*hūs]]'' → Post-Got. ''hūz'' → ''[[Contionary:huzsz#Niemish|húzsz]]'' ("house") | ||
***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' → Post-Got. ''meis'' → ''[[Contionary:mysz#Niemish|mýsz]]'' | ***Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' → Post-Got. ''meis'' → ''[[Contionary:mysz#Niemish|mýsz]]'' ("table") | ||
This introduced a simple /ʃ/ sound in addition to the geminated /ʃʃ/ that arose with the prepalatal gemination. | This introduced a simple /ʃ/ sound in addition to the geminated /ʃʃ/ that arose with the prepalatal gemination. | ||
S-palatalisation was blocked before plosives: | S-palatalisation was blocked before plosives: | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstw]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstu'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wórst}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅#Gothic|waúrstw]]'' → Post-Got. ''waúrstu'' → ''{{term|worst#Niemish|wórst}}'' ("deed, act") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}'' | ||
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*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|peiks]]'' → ''{{term|pyk#Niemish|pýk}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍀𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌲𐌼𐍃#Gothic|peiks]]'' → ''{{term|pyk#Niemish|pýk}}'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍄#Gothic|beist]]'' → ''{{term|byst#Niemish|bỳst}}'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' → Post-Got. ''meis'' → ''{{term|mysz#Niemish|mýsz}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌼𐌴𐍃#Gothic|mēs]]'' → Post-Got. ''meis'' → ''{{term|mysz#Niemish|mýsz}}'' ("table") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|infeinan]]'' → '' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic|infeinan]]'' → ''ęfynon'' | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽#Gothic|wein]]'' → ''{{term|wyn#Niemish|wýn}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌽#Gothic|wein]]'' → ''{{term|wyn#Niemish|wýn}}'' ("wine") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' → Post-Got. ''qeinō''<sup>1</sup> → ''kʷyna'' → ''[[Contionary:kyna#Niemish|kýna]]'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' → Post-Got. ''qeinō''<sup>1</sup> → ''kʷyna'' → ''[[Contionary:kyna#Niemish|kýna]]'' ("woman, wife") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃#Gothic|ƕeits]]'' → ''hʷyt'' → ''[[Contionary:hyt#Niemish|hýt]]'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃#Gothic|ƕeits]]'' → ''hʷyt'' → ''[[Contionary:hyt#Niemish|hýt]]'' ("white") | ||
#At some point ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉#Gothic|qinō]]'' merged into one word. | #At some point ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃#Gothic|qēns]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉#Gothic|qinō]]'' merged into one word. | ||
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====Labialisation==== | ====Labialisation==== | ||
/kʷ, gʷ, hʷ/ were labialised before back vowels to /p, b, f/: | /kʷ, gʷ, hʷ/ were labialised before back vowels to /p, b, f/: | ||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwalō#Proto-Germanic|*kwalō]]'' → ''{{term|pal#Niemish|pál}}'' | *PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwalō#Proto-Germanic|*kwalō]]'' → ''{{term|pal#Niemish|pál}}'' ("pain") | ||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ankwô#Proto-Germanic|*ankwô]]'' → ''{{term|amp#Niemish|ámp}}'' | *PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ankwô#Proto-Germanic|*ankwô]]'' → ''{{term|amp#Niemish|ámp}}'' ("butter") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|sag̃gws]]'' → ''{{term|samb#Niemish|sámb}}'' | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃#Gothic|sag̃gws]]'' → ''{{term|samb#Niemish|sámb}}'' ("song") | ||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/hauwā#Proto-West_Germanic|*hawwǭ]]'' → Got. ''*haggwō'' → ''{{term|habba#Niemish|hàbba}}'' | *PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/hauwā#Proto-West_Germanic|*hawwǭ]]'' → Got. ''*haggwō'' → ''{{term|habba#Niemish|hàbba}}'' ("mattock") | ||
*Got. ''[[wikt: | *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍈𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃#Gothic|ƕassus]]'' → ''{{term|fass#Niemish|fàss}}'' ("sharp") | ||
====Gemination by assimilation==== | |||
Between vowels, /p, b/ arising from /kʷ, gʷ/ geminated: | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌸𐍃#Gothic|naqaþs]]'' → ''{{term|napt#Niemish|nàpt}}'' ("naked") | |||
Presumably the same would have happened to /b/ arising from /gʷ/, but /gʷ/ did not occur after vowels in Gothic. | |||
WHen /w/ followed any other consonant preceded by a vowel, it elided, causing the consonant to geminate in compensation: | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌲𐌰𐍄𐍅𐍉#Gothic|gatwō]]'' → ''{{term|gatta#Niemish|gàtta}}'' ("street") | |||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swalwǭ#Proto-Germanic|*swalwǭ]]'' → ''{{term|szwalla#Niemish|szwàlla}}'' ("swallow, type of bird") | |||
===Depalatalisation of labials and /r/=== | |||
At the beginning and end of a word, /p, b, m/ | |||
The same applied to the consonant clusters /pr, br, wr/ | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃#Gothic|bráiþs]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''brias'' → ''{{term|bras#Niemish|brás}}'' ("broad, wide") | |||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mainą#Proto-Germanic|*mainą]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''mian'' → ''{{term|man#Niemish|mán}}'' ("sin") | |||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ribją#Proto-Germanic|*ribją]]'' → Post-Gothic ''*rifi'' → Medieval Niemish ''riffj'' → ''{{term|riff#Niemish|rìff}}'' ("rib, spoke") | |||
But not other such consonant + /r/ clusters: | |||
*PGmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kraitaz#Proto-Germanic|*kraitaz]]'' → ''{{term|kriat#Niemish|kriát}}'' ("circle, region, borough") | |||
The fact that /r/ was also depalatalised at the beginnings and ends of words suggests that Medieval Niemish had a distinction between /r, rʲ/ and /ɾ, ɾʲ/ similar to Spanish and Old Irish, although such a distinction was not observed in writing. /r, rʲ/ would have occured at the beginnings and ends of words, while /ɾ, ɾʲ/ only occurred word-medially (unlike in Spanish where both can occur medially, and Old Irish where both can occur medially and finally). Like in Irish, /rʲ/ merged with /r/: | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍄𐍃#Gothic|raíhts]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''riat'' → ''{{term|rat#Niemish|rát}}'' ("straight, correct") | |||
*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍃𐍉𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃#Gothic|sōkāreis]]'' → Medieval Niemish ''sukarj'' → ''{{term|sukar#Niemish|súkar}}'' ("seeker") | |||
Palatalisation was preserved in stem-final labials and /r/ where the flexional ending began with a vowel: | |||
*''{{term|riff#Niemish|rìffian}}'' ("the rib, the spoke") | |||
*''{{term|sukar#Niemish|súkarian}}'' ("the seeker") | |||
====Syllable weight neutralisation==== | ====Syllable weight neutralisation==== | ||